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Verb Structure
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There are five parts of a verb:
Note: Whenever a letter is indicated in parentheses (), it means that it is
only used if the letter before or after it is of the opposite type, depending
on whether it is an initial or final letter.
For example: Suppose we have an ending "(a)p" the "a" would only be used if
the final letter of the part before it is a consonant. So, if we wanted to add
the ending "(a)p" to "kat" we would have "katap" because "kat" ends in a consonant.
But if we added "(a)p" to "ka" it would be "kap."
The reverse is true with consonants, if we added the ending "(k)o" to "amma" we
would end up with "ammako" but if we used "amman" we would end up with "ammano."
In a case where you have two parenthesized letters, both are used. For example:
"am(n)" and "(o)p", the result would be "amnop."
All endings and words in the examples were not real, merely for demonstration.
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If a verb is negative, the prefix "ty" is added, otherwise it is ignored.
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The Infinitive or Verb Stem is the form of the verb that is listed in a dictionary or vocabulary list.
It corresponds to the English verb form "to (whatever)." For example, "to run," "to play," "to be."
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After the infinitive an ending is added to indicate the person performing the action.
The endings are as follows:
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| First |
(o)n |
(o)m |
| Second |
(a)t |
k |
| Third |
va |
ta |
Explanation: So, you would choose the ending bassed on who is performing the action, for example:
If you are performing the action, you would choose "(o)n". If you and others are performing the action, you
would choose "(o)m". If a single person you are speaking to is performing the action, you would choose "(a)t".
If more than one person you are speaking to is performing the action, you would choose "k". If any other
single person or thing is performing the action, you would choose "va", and if any other persons or things
are performing the action you would choose "ta".
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The Tense indicates when an action occurs, familiar tenses from English include the Present, the Past and the Future.
Tenses you may not know include the Perfect and the Pluperfect. The Perfect indicates the concept expressed in English by
the helping verb "to have" "I have run," "he has cleaned," "you have been." The Pluperfect indicates "will have," "I will have
run," "he will have cleaned," "you will have been."
| Tense |
Ending |
| Present |
(a)k(k) |
| Past |
(e)t(u) |
| Future |
(k)ä(nn) |
| Perfect |
s(t) |
| Pluperfect |
(ö)c |
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The mood of the verb sets the "tone" so to speak. It tells whether a verb makes a statement, a command, shows condition or volition, or if the
subject receives the action.
| Mood |
Ending |
| Indicative |
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The Indicative shows that the verb is making a statement, or is posing a question. |
unnen |
| Passive |
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The Passive mood indicates that the subject is also the recipient of the action. |
tor |
| Imperative |
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The Imperative indicates that the verb is issuing a command. |
aat |
| Conditional |
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The Conditional makes a statement about whether the subject would perform the action. |
äti |
| Potential |
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The Conditional makes a statement about whether the subject can perform the action. |
ari |
| Volitional |
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The Volitional makes a statement about whether the subject wants to perform the action. |
eksi |
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| Äkkä - to be |
äkkänakkunnen - I am.
äkkänetunnen - I was.
äkkänännunnen - I will be.
äkkänstunnen - I have been.
äkkänöcunnen - I will have been.
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| Kyntää - to kill |
kyntäävakktor - He is killed.
kyntäävatutor - He was killed.
kyntäävakänntor - He will be killed.
kyntäävastor - He has been killed.
kyntäävactor - He will have been killed.
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| Ketta - to run |
kettatakkaat - Run!
kettatännaat - You will run!
kettatöcaat - You will have run!
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| Synaa - to go |
synaamakkäti - We would go.
synaamstäti - We would have gone.
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| Toljavat - to work |
toljavatkakkari - You all can work.
toljavatketari - You all were able to work.
toljavatkännari - You all will be able to work.
toljavatkstari - You all have been able to work.
toljavatköcari - You all will have been able to work.
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| Kemta - to accept |
kemtatakkeksi - They want to accept.
kemtatateksi - They wanted to accept.
kemtatakänneksi - They will want to accept.
kemtatasteksi - They have wanted to accept.
kemtataceksi - They will have wanted to accept.
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