IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS / ACUTE CONFUSIONAL STATE

infections:

encephalitis (eg. herpes simplex)

typhoid fever

septicaemia

severe pneumonia

meningitis (viral, bacterial, fungal, tuberculous, cryptococcal)

cerebral abscess

cerebral malaria (usually falciparum)

HIV encephalopathy

vascular lesions:

cerebral thrombosis / embolism (including fat embolism)

intracerebral bleed

subarachnoid bleed

subdural or extradural haematoma

hypertensive encephalopathy

hypotension (shock from any cause)

transient global amnesia (no loss of consciousness)

space-occupying lesions:

tumours (primary or metastatic)

cerebral abscess

metabolic:

renal or hepatic failure

electrolyte, osmotic and acid-base disturbances , eg. hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia

acute porphyrias

endocrine:

diabetic ketoacidosis

thyrotoxic crisis

Addisonian crisis

hypoglycaemia

hypothyroidism ('myxoedema madness')

Cushing's syndrome

toxins / drugs:

alcohol intoxication or withdrawal

opiates (heroin, etc.), cannabis, amphetamines

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants

salicylates

digoxin

steroids

indomethacin

cimetidine

carbon monoxide poisoning

lead (especially organic form)

atropine

anoxia:

severe cardiac or respiratory failure from any cause, including arrhythmias

severe anaemia

nutritional deficiencies:

B1 (Wernicke's encephalopathy) and/or B12 ,especially in alcoholics

nicotinic acid (niacin) in pellagra (triad of dementia, diarrhoea and dermatitis)

other / miscellaneous causes:

psychiatric disease/hysterical state

narcolepsy

head injury (cerebral contusion)

hyperthermia, eg. heat stroke

eclampsia

post-ictal

hypothermia (besides hypothyroidism)

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