SHOCK (ACUTE CIRCULATORY FAILURE)

hypovolaemic [low CVP; cold peripheries and poor pulses]:

haemorrhage (external, into bowel or into body cavities):

acute pancreatitis

other fluid loss:

excess urinary fluid loss, eg. diabetic ketoacidosis

excess fluid loss in ileus, persistent vomiting or diarrhoea

other:

severe dehydration

cardiogenic [high CVP; cold peripheries and poor pulses]:

severe aortic stenosis or regurgitation, eg. cusp rupture

myocarditis, eg. in rheumatic fever

arrhythmias, eg. SVT, VT, VF, onset of AF in mitral stenosis

cardiac rupture

with low CVP, good pulses and warm peripheries:

septic shock:

Gram negative septicaemia

anaphylactic shock:

insect stings, eg. bee

neurogenic shock:

spinal anaesthesia