PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND / OR PERICARDITIS

infective [2-14%]:

viral, eg. coxsackie B, influenza A and B, echo viruses, EBV

bacterial, eg. Staph. aureus (purulent effusion)

tuberculous (later causes constrictive pericarditis)

fungal, eg. coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis

protozoal, eg. toxoplasmosis

metabolic disorders:

renal failure [5-10%]

'cholesterol pericarditis'

autoimmune / hypersensitivity [2-11%]:

collagen diseases, eg. SLE, RA, scleroderma

drug-induced

other:

metastases [15-40%; usually haemorrhagic effusion]

following radiation [4-7%]

trauma [7-9%; penetrating or blunt injury; haemopericardium]

following pericardiotomy [2-16%; eg. following CABG]

idiopathic [13-14%; ?viral]