LOWER CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS (IX TO XII)

syringobulbia (nuclei in medulla affected)

posterior fossa tumours

basal meningitis (cranial nerve course in posterior fossa affected)

nasopharyngeal carcinoma (spreading to base of skull)

Paget's disease (affecting foramina at base of skull)

sarcoidosis

diabetes mellitus

porphyrias

jugular foramen lesions:

thrombophlebitis (following neck or skull suppuration)

glomus jugulare tumour

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