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HEART FAILURE |
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myocardial disease (systolic dysfunction, causing low output failure): |
ischaemic heart disease [various mechanisms contribute to CHF]dilated cardiomyopathy [various causes, including alcohol and beriberi]infiltrations, eg. haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosisarrhythmias (tachy or brady) myocarditis muscular dystrophy |
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excessive workload (high output failure): |
severe anaemia aortic or pulmonary incompetence mitral or tricuspid incompetence thyrotoxicosis [vasodilatation, tachycardia]shunts or fistulae, eg. extensive Paget's disease, ASD, VSD, PDAfluid overload vasodilators beriberi [thiamine deficiency; � beriberi cardiomyopathy] |
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inflow obstruction: |
mitral stenosis tricuspid stenosis pericardial effusion or tamponade constrictive pericarditis atrial myxoma |
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diastolic dysfunction: |
hypertensive cardiomyopathy [concentric hypertrophy]ischaemic heart disease [various mechanisms contribute to CHF]aortic stenosis [causing myocardial hypertrophy]restrictive cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy endocardial fibrosis |
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outflow obstruction: |
aortic or pulmonary stenosis pulmonary embolism systemic hypertension pulmonary hypertension hyperviscosity syndromes |
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