|
CONSTIPATION |
|
acute abdominal conditions |
renal colic salpingitis biliary colic appendicitis, etc. |
|
decreased peristalsis |
old age hypothyroidism diabetes mellitus spinal cord injuries multiple sclerosis parkinsonism |
|
painful anal conditions |
fissure stricture haemorrhoids |
|
drugs |
aluminium or calcium-containing antacids opiates / opioids Ca-channel blockers anticonvulsants anticholinergics cholestyramine iron supplements |
|
psychogenic / psychiatric |
anorexia nervosa irritable bowel syndrome depression |
|
other |
intestinal obstruction (various causes) poor / low residue diet / inadequate fluid intake change in daily routines, eg. travelling, inactivity, hospitalisationhypercalcaemia hypokalaemia pregnancy Hirschsprung's disease congenital atresia of bowel imperforate anus meconium ileus / cystic fibrosis |
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