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EXACERBATION OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE |
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cardiac |
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acute ischaemia / infarction arrhythmias, eg. onset of atrial fibrillationacute aortic or mitral regurgitation ventricular septal rupture |
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systemic |
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increased metabolic demand: |
anaemia infection fever post-operative state stress |
thyrotoxicosis pregnancy fluid overload acute BP rise |
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other: |
pulmonary embolism alcohol excess non-compliance with treatment or diet / excess fluid intake |
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drugs: |
steroids NSAID's tricyclic antidepressants |
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negative inotropes: |
beta-blockers Ca-channel blockers |
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