Practice

Reading Comprehension Practice    

This is a sample of literary texts from different writers, songs, newspaper articles followed by some vocabulary and questions which the students have to answer according to the texts.

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I

About the rat which was turned into a beautiful lady.

  Once upon a time, a hermit lived in a remote land. The hermit happened to see a hawk that was flying through the skies carrying a rat in its beak. When he saw it, he  begged God to make the rat fall near him. He started praying and after a moment the rat fell beside him. Then he asked God to turn it into a beautiful lady and He, in return  pleased the hermit. The lady was tall and had blond hair. Her eyes were blue and she was as delicate as a rose.

 The hermit asked her if she wanted to marry the Sun. "I'm afraid not," the lady replied " I do not wish to marry the sun because it sometimes hides behind the clouds and its brightness can't be seen." The hermit tried again and asked her if she wanted to marry the moon. The lady refused again because the moon has no proper light and takes it from the sun. This time, the hermit invited the lady to marry the clouds. Again, she did not accept because she said that the wind often takes the clouds where he wants. As she had mentioned the wind, the hermit offered her the chance to marry him. Once again, she refused  this time because she believed that the mountains do not let him  blow freely; nor did she want to marry the mountains because rats make holes through them and destroy them. Finally, he asked her if she wanted to marry a man but she refused this too because men kill rats. At last, the lady asked the hermit to pray to God to turn her into a rat once more and beg Him to find a male rat for her so that she could marry him.

QUESTIONS.

 1.         What did the hermit see?

2.         What did the hermit ask God?

3.         Did the lady marry the sun? Why?

4.         Did the lady marry the moon? Why?

5.         What did the lady ask the hermit to beg God?

6.         Take out from the text all the verbs in the passive voice and tell their tense.

7. In the text there is a sentence in the direct speech. Take it out from it and transform it into the indirect speech.

8.         Rewrite the text using your own words in not more than 50 words.

9.             Vocabulary:

 

            Beast:

Rat:

Hole:

Pray:


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                     II  

In the Kingdom of Beasts, the Lion was the king. The rest of the animals all wanted to please him so they agreed to offer the Lion a beast to eat every day so that he wouldn't have to search for food. Every day, the beasts played a sort of animal lottery to see which one had to go near the Lion and be eaten. One day, the unfortunate animal was a rabbit. It was really afraid of dying so instead of going to the Lion at the appointed time it didn't go to him until lunch time. The Lion got really angry because of this and when he saw the rabbit, he demanded why it was so delayed. The fearful rabbit told the Lion that it was delayed because there was another lion in the kingdom who wanted to have the rabbit for himself. When the king of animals heard this, he ordered the rabbit to take him to the other lion to find out if  this  was true. The rabbit took the Lion to a huge pool of water that was enclosed by high walls. The rabbit jumped into the water. The Lion walked to the edge to see where the rabbit had gone. To his surprise he saw another lion. Then the rabbit asked the Lion":can you see this lion in the water? He wants to eat a rabbit!"The Lion jumped upon his own shadow and fought against himself and at last killed himself thinking his own shadow was a different lion. Thus the rabbit freed itself from the Lion's jaws.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Why did the animals offer themselves to the Lion?

2. Did the rabbit want to die?

3. Why didn't the rabbit arrive in time?

4. Why did the Lion want to find the other lion?

5. What was the pool like?

6. Do you think the rabbit was an astute animal? Why?

7. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

 

   Delay:

   Jaw:

   Shadow:

   Jump:

8. Composition. What do you think about "Fairy tales"? (50 words)


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                    III

  While we are waiting for him I'll set you a moral problem. You know what a moral problem is? It's a problem about right and wrong. I'll get you buggers thinking if it's the last thing I do. Now listen. There are four huts. Now there are two huts on one side of a stream and two huts on the other side. On one side a girl lives in one hut and a wise man in the other. On the other side Tom lives in one hut and Archie in the other. Also there is a ferryman that runs a boat across the river. The girl loves Archie but Archie doesn't love the girl. And Tom loves the girl but the girl doesn't go much on Tom.

One day the girl hears that Archie ‑who doesn't love her‑ is going to America, so she decides to try once more to persuade him to take her with him. So listen what she does. She goes to the ferryman and asks him to take her across. The ferryman says, I will, but you must take off all your clothes. Now the girl doesn't know what to do so she asks the wise man for advice, and he says that she must do what she thinks best. So the girl thinks about it and being so in love she decides to strip. So the girl strips and the ferryman takes her over ‑he doesn't touch her or anything‑ just takes her over and she rushes to Archie's hut to implore him to take her with him and to declare her love again. Now Archie promises to take her with him and so she sleeps with him the night. But when she wakes up in the morning he's gone. She's left alone. So she goes across to Tom and explains her plight and asks for help. But soon ever he knew what she'd done, he chucked her out, see? And there she is. Poor little girl. Left alone with no clothes and no friends and no hope of staying alive. Now this is the question, think about it, don't answer quick. Who is the most responsible person for her plight? Now she can't do anything. She's finished. Now, who is to blame?   

QUESTIONS.

 1. How many huts are there in the story?

2. Who is going to America?

3. On what condition does the ferryman take the girl across the river?

4. What makes you think Archie isn't honest?

5. Do you think Tom behaves like a good friend? Why?

6. Take out from the text all the adverbial clauses of time.

7. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Plight:

   Strip:

   Advice:

   Rush:

   Blame:


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                    IV

  Dear sir, have you ever heard about the request that a hermit made to a king? Which one do you mean? On a high mountain there was a holy hermit. This hermit was a man of good deeds, and used to  hear many complaints about the king that ruled the lands he lived in. Everybody said the king was a sinner and a bad ruler. The hermit got really concerned to hear about the bad habits the king had so he decided to go to the king's court to see him and try to convince him to be a better king. The hermit climbed down the mountain and reached a marvellous  city where the king lived. When the hermit at last was able to see the king, he asked him: "Gracious king, what do you think God likes best: a hermitage life or the life of a king very well trained to rule his country"? Before the king gave an answer he thought about the question for a long time and at last he decided that being a good and honest king produced more happiness and satisfaction on the others than being a hermit. The hermit was pleased of the king's answer and said: "so that means that  a bad king produces more evil than the good a hermit can do in his hermitage". "That is the reason why I have come to you and climbed down from  my hermitage. I promised  myself to be beside you as long as your kingdom is ruled properly. I want you to know God and His creed as well as to fear Him". Thus the hermit spent a long time with the king teaching him about God. Because of his tuition and the knowledge of God, the ruler became a good king and from then onwards he did his kinging properly. Eventually, his kingdom turned into a rich and prosperous country as well.

  QUESTIONS.

  1. Give a title to the text.

2. Why did the hermit know the king was bad?

3. Did the hermit see the king straight away?

4. Where did the king live?

5. Take out from the text an adverbial clause of place.

6. Explain the difference between the simple past and the present 

   perfect. Use examples from the text.

7. Do you like moral tales? What do you think about them? (50 words)

8. Vocabulary.

 

   Properly:

   Tuition:

   To rule:

   Climb down:

   Knowledge:


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                     V

  A raven used to make her nest on a rock but every year a snake ate her little babies. The raven was angry about that, however, he daren't to fight against the snake because she knew she was weaker than the snake and could be easily beaten. So after thinking for a while the raven convinced herself she could beat the snake by means of her wit rather than by her strength.

One day, the king's daughter was playing with her maids in a garden. For safety, she had left her gold and diamond bracelet hanging on the branch of a tree. It was a very beautiful bracelet especially made for her by an artist that lived abroad. It was the only sample in the world. The raven took the bracelet from the branch and quickly flew  from the place for a long time making sure she was being followed and her pursuers could see where she left the beautiful bracelet. When the raven reached the snake's nest, she dropped the bracelet. The snake happened to be sleeping so she did not realize that something had fallen beside her. The men that had been following the raven looked for it and when they found it they saw the snake in the same place so they carefully took the bracelet and killed the snake at once. This is how the raven using her wit was able to get rid of her enemy by means of somebody else's strength. The king's daughter was happy again because she had recovered her bracelet and from then onwards she was careful to keep it in a safer place.

  QUESTIONS.

  1. Where did the raven use to make her nest?

2. What happened to the little ravens?

3. Could the raven beat the snake by means of her strength?

4. Where was the princess bracelet?

5. Where did the raven take the bracelet?

6. Write down a sentence using in the same sentence the simple past and 

   the past perfect tenses.

7. Take out from the text all the Modal auxiliaries and explain their 

   meaning in the sentence they are included.

8. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

 

   Strength:

   Sample:

   By means of:

   Wit:

9. Differences between strength and wit. (50 words)


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                    VI

  In a big pool,  there was a heron which usually caught many fish a day. That heron got older and older and the older he got, the fewer fish he could get. He thought of ways of getting more fish using his wits. This became the cause of his death. That heron spent the whole day trying to fish but he couldn't fish at all and  he was sad. A crayfish was amazed to see the heron didn't fish as much as he used to. The crayfish asked the heron why he was looking so miserable. The heron began to weep and said he felt pity for the fish's lives  because two fishermen were fishing in another pool not far from the place and planned to come to their own pool after finishing with the first one. As soon as the crayfish heard this, he went to tell the others about the fishermen. All the fish in the pool became afraid  and begged the heron to counsel them. "There is no chance unless I take you one after the other to another lake which is quite near", he said. "The lake I mean has plenty of canes and mud and you won't be in any danger over there".

Everybody agreed that was a good idea so every day the heron took as many fish as he wanted pretending to take them to the lake, but instead of this he went to a hill and ate them all. The heron did so for a long time but one day the crayfish asked the heron to take him to this fantastic lake where everybody could live peacefully. The crayfish held himself to the heron's neck. After they had been flying for a while, the crayfish was surprised not to see the lake. Watching from the air he saw the bones of the fish the heron had eaten and then realized they had been tricked. So the crayfish pressed his claws against the heron's neck and killed him. Then he went back to his own pool to tell the others about the disgraceful event.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Why couldn't the heron fish?

2. Was the story he told the fish true? Why?

3. Did the fish believe the heron?

4. How did the crayfish kill the heron?

5. Uses of the simple past and past perfect. Take examples from the 

   text.

6. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Mud:

   Neck:

   Event:

   Bone:

   Cane:

7. Tell the same story using your own words. (5 or 6 lines)

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                  VII

  A king had heard about a holy man who was very wise. The king thought about the possibility of bringing that man to his Court, so he decided to send someone to look for him. That wise man obeyed the king and went to his side and the king begged him to stay with him and guide him as well as to punish his vices if he had any. The wise man accepted the King's offer and stayed with him giving him guidance and helping him to avoid evil. One day the king happened to be with his counsellors to decide about an important event occurring in their kingdom. Near the king there was a huge snake which was the  most important counsellor to the king. When the wise man saw the snake, he asked the king what being a king meant to  him. The king answered: "Being a king is the same as being God on Earth, that is to say, to be right and rule the people God has commended to him". The wise man replied: "According to your answer you have to kill the snake otherwise you will sin against God because you must refuse all that God refuses most". When the wise man had finished his speech the king killed the snake and it had no time to protect itself.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Give a title to the story.

2. What do you think about the king's decision? Why?

3. Why do you think the unwanted animal is a snake?

4. Do you think the story has a religious background. Why?

5. Are there in the text any conditional sentences? Which ones?

6. Explain the difference between MUST and HAVE TO.

7. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Avoid:

   Guidance:

   Huge:

   Speech:

8. Retell the same story in not more than five lines.

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                 VIII

  Once, a bear, a raven, a man and a snake happened to fall into a pit. A hermit walking past looked down the pit and saw them. They couldn't get out and asked the hermit's help. In return they promised to give him a good present. So he helped the bear, the raven and the snake out. The snake told him not to help the man since he wouldn't be thanked properly. The hermit ignored the snake's advice.

The bear gave him a bee-hive full of honey. After eating as much honey as he pleased he left for a town where he wanted to pray. While entering the town the raven offered him a precious diadem which he had taken from the King's daughter's head. The hermit accepted it with pleasure as it was an expensive gift. A town‑crier announced that the one who had stolen the valuable jewel should give it back to the king's daughter for which he would be given a good reward. Otherwise, he would be punished.

The good hermit met the man he had helped. As this man was a jeweller, the hermit handed him over the diadem. Although this was secretly done the man took the jewel to Court accusing the holy man. Then the latter was tortured and imprisoned. In the meantime the snake managed to find the king's daughter sleeping and bit her hand. It became infected. The king was furious about his daughter's illness and sent his town-criers to announce that any person who could cure his daughter would be highly rewarded. This time, the snake found the King asleep; she whispered in his ear that there was a prisoner in his own dungeons who had a herb that would cure his daughter. The holy man had been previously given the herb by the snake; he had also been taught how to use it on the king's daughter's hand.

The hermit was freed and the wicked jeweller was banished forever.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Who was in the pit? Why?

2. Who freed them?

3. Did the snake want to free the man? Why?

4. Which present was the best?

5. Take out from the text all the relative sentences and classify them.

6. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Ignore:

   Pit:

   Latter:

   Banish:

   Town‑crier:

7: Do you think the snake is good in the story? Give reason for your 

   answer.   (5 or 6 lines)


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                    IX

Once upon a time there was a man who could understand the language of animals and birds. God had given him that precious science provided that he would die the day he said a word to anybody about what he had heard or understood.

This man had an orchard where an ox worked a water-wheel and a donkey who manured the soil. One afternoon, the ox got fed up with his hard work. The donkey advised him to pretend to be ill then the master wouldn't make him work and he could rest. The ox followed the donkey's advice. The following morning it was the donkey who had to labour in his place the whole day in the orchard. That night he found the ox resting in the stable and crying mournfully. The donkey said: our master wants to sell you to a butcher because you can't work. If I were you I would stop looking ill and go back to my business.

These were the words the donkey said so that he could avoid hard work. Manuring was easier. The ox panicked and started eating his barley again that very night. The master of both, the ox and the donkey understood what had happened between them,  which made him laugh. His wife wondered what he was laughing at but as he refused to tell her, she threatened to starve herself to death. The whole day and night the woman stuck to her threat. Her husband, who loved her a lot, promised to tell her. As this meant his death he started making his last will. While doing so the cock crew and a dog near him scolded him. How could he crow when their master wished to die in order that his wife could live? The cock disagreed, the man deserved death since he had failed to be lord of a woman. While talking he called his ten hens and ordered them to sit on a particular place to show he was able to manage them. All this stuff was meant to console the dog on the master's death. The cock succeeded in consoling the dog. "Mate", the dog said, "what would you do if you had such a stupid wife?" "I would take five sticks from a tree and strike her till the sticks were broken, and I'd also force her to eat and drink. If she refused, I would let her die."

The man understood these words, got up from bed and followed the cock's advice and his wife obeyed him ever since.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Could the man understand the animals? Why?

2. What happened between the ox and the donkey?

3. Why couldn't the man tell his wife?

4. Tell the story in five or six lines.

5. Separate the story into smaller parts.

6. Take out from the text all the conditional sentences and explain them

7. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Succeed:                                                           Stuck:

   Deserve:                                                           Scold:

   Mournfully:                                                     Orchard:


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                     X

     DAY-OLD BABY IS SNATCHED FROM HOSPITAL.

She's found safe by police.

 

A NEWBORN baby snatched from her hospital cot was back in her tearful mother's arms last night. The day-old girl vanished from a side ward after her 23-year-old mother left her alone for 20 minutes.

  The distraught mother went home with her husband to wait and hope while a big police search went on. Last night the parents 22 hours of agony ended. Police acting on a tip-off found the baby safe at a house ten miles from the hospital. A 20-year-old single woman was later helping with inquiries.

Detective Superintendent Ken Cook said: "The child has been well cared for. She has been medically examined and is fit and well. But as a precaution, more thorough medical tests are now being carried out."

Police are understood to have discovered a blue carry‑cot and other baby equipment at the house. The mother, who has not been named, was with her baby in a single room off the main ward at New Cross Hospital in Wolverhampton. She returned from a brief visit to the nearby day room to find the child  missing. The baby was last seen just before visiting time on Saturday evening. Police with tracker dogs were joined by mounted officers to search the grounds. Frogmen investigated a nearby canal. The baby was found at a house at Dudley, West Midlands. Detective Superintendent Cook said the woman helping with inquiries was not related to the child's family.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. How old was the baby's mother?

2. Where was the baby found?

3. Explain what happened in about 50 words.

4. Who else helped with inquiries?

5. What do you think about this fact?

6. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

 

   Frogman:                                                                           Ward:

   To be related:                                                                    Fit:

   Nearby:


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                    XI

    MURDER AT THE QUEEN ROCK FESTIVAL

Fan bleeds to death in crowd.

  A 21-year-old pop fan was knifed to death early yesterday during a massive  open air concert by rock super group Queen.

  As Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury thrilled 120.000 people at Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, a fight broke out between rival fans only yards from the stage. The dead man, believed to be from Glasgow, was stabbed five times in the stomach and chest. He died before an ambulance could get him to hospital in nearby Stevenage. A shocked witness said: "The guy didn't have a chance in hell. Ambulancemen couldn't get to him because of the crowds and he was just bleeding to death." An ambulanceman confirmed: "People were standing shoulder to shoulder and it was impossible to get through quickly. The whole thing was overcrowded and badly organised."

Last night several youths were helping police in Stevenage with their inquiries. In another incident an ambulance was called to help a young woman attacked by a Hell's Angel who poured boiling water over her. More than 1000 people needed first aid during the concert. There were about a dozen arrests but none for drug offences.

QUESTIONS.

1. Did the fan die?

2. How old was he?

3. Where was the concert played?

4. Why couldn't the fan be saved or rescued?

5. How many people needed help?

6. What do you think about safety in pop concerts? (five or six lines)

7. Vocabulary.

   Nearby:

   Bleed:

   Pour:  

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                  XII

  WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

  What does the macabre mean? In the macabre, people get damaged. The hero is often the victim. Life is seen through a glass, darkly, bloodily. The macabre is the art from the failure. The failure of imagination and energy to keep in touch with reason and love. The failure of Dr. Faustus, the failure of Macbeth.

What the artist does is to produce "Myths". He takes some vital philosophical problem like evil, disorder, violence. He reasons it out not through logic or experiment like an scientist but through the creation of a world of characters and circumstances that mimic his understanding of the real world through a narrator who may also be a character and he presents events from that world, using signs to create images. And the text that results, the marks on paper, add up a kind of explanation of the problem or conflict he has been exploring. The artist in general is saying, here is an object I have made: a film, a book, a painting: this object is a model, in this little theatre, it might help you understand where we come from, who we are, where we are going. It might help because I, in my imagination, have tried to live in this world myself. My film, my book, my painting is a map of where I've been a model of what happened there.

The map and the model make up a myth. In the macabre the models are madness, mystery and murder in action and the maps are maps of hell.

QUESTIONS.

 1. What kind of art is the macabre?

2. What kind of problem does the writer deal with?

3. Does the artist talk about the world? Who through?

4. Why does the product of the artist help us?

5. What are the models in the macabre?

6. Vocabulary. Give synonyms, antonyms or explain the meaning of:

   Glass:

   Failure:

   Kind:

   Murder:

   Hell:

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                XIII

  One of the Pharisees invited him to a meal. When he arrived at the Pharisee's house and took his place at table, a woman came in who had a bad name in the town. She had heard he was dining with the Pharisee and had brought with her an alabaster jar of ointment. She waited behind him at his feet, weeping, and her tears fell on his feet, and she wiped them away with her hair; then she covered his feet with kisses and anointed them with the ointment.

When the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, 'If this man were a prophet, he would know who this woman is that is touching him and what a bad name she has'. Then Jesus took him up and said, 'Simon, I have something to say to you'. 'Speak Master' was the reply. 'There was once a creditor who had two men in his debt; one owed him five hundred denarii, the other fifty. They were unable to pay, so he pardoned them both. Which of them will love him more?' 'The one who was pardoned more, I suppose' answered Simon. Jesus said, 'You are right'.

Then he turned to the woman. 'Simon', he said 'you see this woman? I came into your house, and you poured no water over my feet, but she has poured out her tears over my feet and wiped them away with her hair. You gave me no kiss, but she has been covering my feet with kisses ever since I came in. You did not anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment. For this reason I tell you that her sins, her many sins, must have been forgiven her, or she would not have shown such great love. It is the man who is forgiven little who shows little love.' Then he said to her, 'Your sins are forgiven'. Those who were with him at table began to say to themselves, 'Who is this man, that he even forgives sins?' But he said to the woman, 'Your faith has saved you; go in peace'.

  QUESTIONS.

  1. Why did the woman go to the Pharisee's house?

2. What did the woman do?

3. What did the Pharisee think?

4. What did Jesus answer?

5. Did Jesus consider the woman's action a good fact?

6. Underline all the adverbial clauses and classify them.

7. Vocabulary. Give synonyms, antonyms or explain the meaning of the 

   following words:

  

   Ointment:                                                                        Unable:

   Owe:                                                                                 Sin:

   Faith:  

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                  XIV

        PLEASE SIR, YOU'VE GOT IT CUSHY!

BRITISH teachers have some of the best working and pay conditions in the world.

Compared to colleagues in America, France, Germany and Japan, they have a cushy time of it.

Secondary school teachers here average around ,13.000‑a‑year and work a 9am-3pm day. They generally work 190 days a year and have at least 12 weeks holiday. Though many dedicated teachers put in longer hours, the average master or mistress works fewer hours, gets more cash and faces fewer checks on work performances than foreign counterparts.

Here's how our teachers compare with those around the world:

AMERICA. Wages vary from state to state. Teachers earn up to ,15.000 a year or as little as ,11.800 -about ,1.200 less than the British average. But virtually all U.S. teachers face stiff tests of their abilities -with most forced to sit regular exams to check that they are still competent. If they fail these written tests, they face being sacked on the spot. There is also the problem of violence. Nearly 450.000 crimes are committed in American schools each year.

JAPAN. Violence is a major problem here, too. But education is revered by the Japanese, and children are pushed very hard by teachers and parents. Masters face constant checks on their performances through exams. They have to work much longer hours, too. A typical school day in Japan can begin as early as 6.30am and go on until 10.30pm. So many teachers have to work shifts. Despite the longer, unsociable hours, Japanese teachers earn around the same as the British.

GERMANY. Teachers are forbidden by law to go on strike. And because of that promise of uninterrupted work, they are rewarded with more pay. One of the major differences between us and them is that the Germans have retained grammar schools and rejected the comprehensive system. They have three tiers of schooling, according to ability, and German education experts believe this allows pupils of all abilities to do better than in Britain. Teachers have starting salaries around ,13.000  ‑about ,5.000 more than in Britain.

But they also are under constant pressure to do their job well. German society demands that schools maintain incredibly high standards.

FRANCE. Teachers are very poorly paid. Starting salaries are around ,6.000, a teacher with ten years experience can get just ,8.500 and even an experienced teacher earns only around ,11.000 a year.

 They also have to work harder and longer. The average school day begins at 8.30am and ends at 4.30pm -longer than anywhere else in Europe. They do get longer holidays though.

 QUESTIONS.

1. How many holidays do English teachers get a year?

2. Which are the main features of American teachers?

3. How long does a typical school day last in Japan?

4. Can German teachers go on strike? Why?

5. How much does an experienced teacher get in France?

6. Take out from the text a conditional and a passive sentence.

7. Vocabulary: Average, Push, Shifts, Reward, Earn.  

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                   XV

They sounded so perfectly absorbed in the game as their voices came out of the night, that they had the feel of wild creatures singing. It stirred the mother; and she understood when they came in at ten o'clock, ruddy, with brilliant eyes, and quick, passionate speech.

They all loved the Scargill Street house for its openness, for the great scallop of the world it had in view. On summer evenings the women would stand against the field fence, gossiping, facing the west, watching the sunsets flare quickly out, till the Derbyshire hills ridged across the crimson far away, like the black crest of a newt.

In this summer season the pits never turned full time, particularly the soft coal. Mrs Dakin, who lived next door to Mrs Morel, going to the field fence to shake her hearthrug, would spy men coming slowly up the hill. She saw at once they were colliers. Then she waited, a tall, thin, shrewd‑faced woman, standing on the hill brow, almost like a menace to the poor colliers who were toiling up. It was only eleven o'clock. From the far‑off wooded hills the haze that hangs like fine black crape at the back of a summer morning had not yet dissipated. The first man came to the style. "Chock‑chock!" went the gate under his thrust.

Sons and lovers.

                D.H. Lawrence.

  QUESTIONS.

 

1. Why did they love Scargill Street house?

2. What would the women do on summer evenings

3. What would Mrs Dakin do?

4. Where were the men coming from?

5. Take out from the text all the relative clauses and classify them.

6. Composition. Would you like to work in a mine? Why? (5 or 6 lines)

7. Vocabulary.

   Scallop

   Gossip

   Crimson

   Hearthrug

   Haze

   Crape  

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                 XVI

  The relentless beating heat was beginning to confuse me and I had a bad moment there before I realized that so far his suspicions hadn't alighted on Tom. He had discovered that Myrtle had some sort of life apart from him in another world, and the shock had made him physically sick. I stared at him and then at Tom, who had made a parallel discovery less than an hour before -and it occurred to me that there was no difference between men, in intelligence or race, so profound as the difference between the sick and the well. Wilson was so sick that he looked guilty, unforgivably guilty ‑as if he had just got some poor girl with child.

"I'll let you have the car", said Tom. "I'll send it over tomorrow afternoon".

That locality was always vaguely disquieting, even in the broad glare of afternoon, and now I turned my head as though I had been warned of something behind. Over the ashheaps the giant eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg kept in vigil, but I perceived, after a moment, that other eyes were regarding us with peculiar intensity from less than twenty feet away.

In one of the windows over the garage the curtains had been moved aside a little, and Myrtle Wilson was peering down at the car. So engrossed was she that she had no consciousness of being observed, and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing picture.

The great Gatsby.

F. Scott Fitzgerald.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. What was the weather like?

2. What had Tom discovered?

3. Who was watching them from the distance?

4. Did Myrtle know she was being observed?

5. In the text there are different types of subordinate clauses. Take

   out three at least.

6. Vocabulary.

   Glare

   Warn

   Regard

   Peer

Top

                XVII

  We always had the same meal on Saturday nights at Pencey. It was supposed to be a big deal, because they gave you steak. I'll bet a thousand bucks the reason they did that was because a lot of guys' parents came up to school on Sunday, and old Thurmer probably figured everybody's mother would ask their darling boy what he had for dinner last night, and he'd say, "Steak". What a racket. You should've seen the steaks. They were these little hard, dry jobs that you could hardly even cut. You always got these very lumpy mashed potatoes on steak night, and for dessert you got Brown Betty, which nobody ate, except maybe the little kids in the lower school that didn't know any better -and guys like Ackley that ate everything.

It was nice though, when we got out of the dining‑room. There were about three inches of snow on the ground, and it was still coming down like a madman. It looked pretty as hell, and we all started throwing snowballs and horsing around all over the place. It was very childish, but everybody was really enjoying themselves.

I didn't have a date or anything, so I and this friend of mine, Mal Brossard, that was on the wrestling team, decided we'd take a bus in to Agerstown and have a hamburger and maybe see a lousy movie. Neither of us  felt like sitting around on our ass all night. I asked Mal if he minded if Ackley came along with us. The reason I asked was because Ackley never did anything on saturday night, except stay in his room and squeeze his pimples or something.

The catcher in the rye.

   J. D. Salinger.

 

  QUESTIONS.

 

1. What was the steak like?

2. What did they have for dessert?

3. Why was it nice when they left the dining-room?

4. Did he have a date?

5. Who did he go out with?

6. What do you think of boarding schools? (5 or 6 lines)

7. Vocabulary.

   Buck

   Kid

   Lumpy

   Wrestling  

Top

              XVIII

Nothing happened until afternoon. The doctor was a thin quiet little man who seemed disturbed by the war. He took out a number of small steal splinters from my thighs with delicate and refined distaste. He used a local anæsthetic called something or other "snow", which froze the tissue and avoided pain until the probe, the scalpel or the forceps got below the frozen portion. The anæsthetized area was clearly defined by the patient and after a time the doctor's fragile delicacy was exhausted and he said it would be better to have an X‑ray. Probing was unsatisfactory, he said.

The X‑ray was taken at the Ospedale Maggiore and the doctor who did it was excitable, efficient and cheerful. It was arranged by holding up the shoulders, that the patient should see personally some of the larger foreign bodies through the machine. The plates were to be sent over. The doctor requested me to write in his pocket notebook, my name, and regiment and some sentiment. He declared that the foreign bodies were ugly, nasty, brutal. The Austrians were sons of bitches. How many had I killed? I had not killed any but I was anxious to please ‑and I said I had killed plenty. Miss Gage was with me and the doctor put his arm around her and said she was more beautiful than Cleopatra. Did she understand that? Cleopatra the former queen of Egypt. Yes, by God she was.

              Ernest Hemingway.

A farewell to arms.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Why did the patient have to have an X-ray?

2. Where was the X-ray taken?

3. What was the doctor who did it like?

4. Had the patient killed any Austrians?

5. Who was Miss Gage compared to?

6. Take out from the text all the verbs in the passive and say their

   tense.

7. Vocabulary.

   Splinter

   Thigh

   Scalpel

   Forceps

Top

                 XIX

  In the course of time, Mr Earnshaw began to fail. He had been active and healthy, yet his strength left him suddenly; and when he was confined to the chimney-corner he grew grievously irritable. A nothing vexed him, and suspected slights of his authority nearly threw him into fits.

This was especially to be remarked if any one attempted to impose upon, or domineer over his favourite: he was painfully jealous lest a word should be spoken amiss to him, seeming to have got into his head the notion that, because he liked Heathcliff, all hated, and longed to do him an ill-turn.

It was a disadvantage to the lad, for the kinder among us did not wish to fret the master, so we humoured his partiality; and that humouring was rich nourishment to the child's pride and black tempers. Still it became in a manner necessary; twice or thrice, Hindley's manifestations of scorn, while his father was near, roused the old man to a fury. He seized his stick to strike him, and shook with rage that he could not do it.

At last our curate (we had a curate then who made the living answer by teaching the little Lintons and Earnshaws, and farming his bit of land himself), he advised that the young man should be sent to college, and Mr Earnshaw agreed, though with a heavy spirit, for he said-

"Hindley was naught, and would never thrive as where he wandered".

        Wuthering Heights.

   Emily Brontë.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Do you think Mr Earnshaw was bad-tempered? Why?

2. Who was Mr Earnshaw's favourite?

3. Did Hindley respect his father?

4. Who advised Mr Earnshaw to take the lads to college?

5. Vocabulary.

   Fret

   Rage

   Curate

   Thrive

   Jealous  

Top

                   XX

  An engagement is so potent a thing that sooner or later it reduces all who speak of it to this state of cheerful awe. Away from it, in the solitude of their rooms, Mr Beebe, and even Freddy, might again be critical. But in its presence and in the presence of each other they were sincerely hilarious. It has a strange power, for it compels not only the lips, but the very heart. The chief parallel -to compare one great thing with another- is the power over us of a temple of some alien creed. Standing outside, we deride or oppose it, or at the most feel sentimental. Inside, though the saints and gods are not ours, we become true believers, in case any true believer should be present.

So it was that after the gropings and the misgivings of the afternoon they pulled themselves together and settled down to a very pleasant tea-party. If they were hypocrites they did not know it, and their hypocrisy had every chance of setting and of becoming true. Anne, putting down each plate as if it were a wedding present, stimulated them greatly. They could not lag behind that smile of hers which she gave them ere she kicked the drawing-room door. Mr Beebe chirruped. Freddie was at his wittiest, referring to Cecil as the "Fiasco" -family-honoured pun on fiancé. Mrs Honeychurch, amusing and portly, promised well as a mother-in-law. As for Lucy and Cecil, for whom the temple had been built, they also joined in the merry ritual, but waited, as earnest worshippers should, for the disclosure of some holier shrine of joy.

A room with a view.

  E. M. Forster.

  QUESTIONS.

 1. Why is an engagement so potent?

2. What happened in the afternoon?

3. How do we feel about engagement?

4. Does the writer think Mrs Honeychurch is going to be a good mother-in-law?

5. Vocabulary.

   Hilarious

   Compel

   Deride

   Earnest

   Shrine


Top

                 XXI

  The hot weather of July had crept upon them unawares, and the atmosphere of the flat vale hung heavy as an opiate over the dairy-folk, the cows, and the trees. Hot steaming rains fell frequently, making the grass where the cows fed yet more rank, and hindering the late haymaking in the other meads.

It was Sunday morning; the milking was done; the outdoor milkers had gone home. Tess and the other three were dressing themselves rapidly, the whole bevy having agreed to go together to Mellstock Church, which lay some three or four miles distant from the dairy‑house. She had now been two months at Talbothays, and this was her first excursion.

All the preceding afternoon and night heavy thunderstorms had hissed down upon the meads, and washed some of the hay into the river; but this morning the sun shone out all the more brilliantly for the deluge, and the air was balmy and clear.

The crooked lane leading from their own parish to Mellstock ran along the lowest levels in a portion of its length, and when the girls reached the most depressed spot they found that the result of the rain had been to flood the lane over‑shoe to a distance of some fifty yards. This would have been no serious hindrance on a week‑day; they would have clicked through it in their high pattens and boots quite unconcerned; but on this day of vanity, this Sun's‑day, when flesh went forth to coquet with flesh while hypocritically affecting business with spiritual things; on this occasion for wearing their white stockings and thin shoes, and their pink, white and lilac gowns, on which every mud spot would be visible, the pool was an awkward impediment. They could hear the church‑bell calling ‑as yet nearly a mile off.

Tess of the d'Urbevilles.

Thomas Hardy.

  QUESTIONS.

1. How far was Mellstock Church from the farm?

2. How long had she been there?

3. Was it Tess' first excursion?

4. Was there a pond in the lane? Why?

5. Why didn't they want to cross the pond on that occasion?

6. Do you think the church service was going to start? Why?

7. Vocabulary.

   Opiate

   Hinder

   Bevy

   Flesh

   Flood

Top

                XXII

e dasn't stop again at any town, for days and days; kept right along down the river. We was down south in the warm weather, now, and a mighty long ways from home. We begun to come to trees with Spanish moss on them, hanging down from the limbs like long grey beards. It was the first I ever see it growing, and it made the woods look solemn and dismal. So now the frauds reckoned they was out of danger and they begun to work the villages again.

First they done a lecture on temperance; but they didn't make enough for them both to get drunk on. Then in another village they started a dancing school; but they didn't know no more how to dance than a kangaroo does; so the first prance they made, the general public jumped in and jumped them out of town. Another time they tried a go at yellocution; but they didn't yellocute long till the audience got up and give them a solid good cussing and made them skip out. They tackled missionarying, and mesmerizing, and doctoring, and telling fortunes, and a little of everything; but they couldn't seem to have no luck. So at last they got just about dead broke, and laid around the raft, as she floated along, thinking, and thinking, and never saying nothing, by the half a day at a time, a dreadful blue and desperate.

At last they took a change, and begun to lay their heads together in the wigwam and talk low and confidential two or three hours at a time. Jim and me got uneasy. We didn't like the look of it. We judged they was studying up some kind of worse deviltry than ever.

The adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

    Mark Twain.

 

  QUESTIONS.

  1. Who are the frauds?

2. Why did they begin to work the villages again?

3. How many things did they try to do  in the villages? Did they succeed?

4. Why were Jim and the writer uneasy?

5. How long did the frauds spend thinking?

6. Correct the grammatical errors in the text.

7. Vocabulary:

   Limbs

   To prance

   tackle

   raft

   wigwam

Top

              XXIII

  Upon my entrance, Usher arose from a sofa on which he had been lying at full length, and greeted me with a vivacious warmth which had much in it, I at first thought, of an overdone cordiality ‑of the constrained effort of the ennuyé man of the world. A glance, however, at his countenance convinced me of his perfect sincerity. We sat down; and for some moments, while he spoke not, I gazed upon him with a feeling half of pity, half of awe. Surely man had never before so terribly altered, in so brief a period, as had Roderick Usher! It was with difficulty that I could bring myself to admit the identity of the wan being before me with the companion of my early boyhood. Yet the character of his face had been all the times remarkable. A cadaverousness of complexion; an eye large, liquid, and luminous beyond comparison; lips somewhat thin and very pallid, but of surpassingly beautiful curve; a nose of delicate Hebrew model, but with a breadth of nostril unusual in similar formations; a finely moulded chin, speaking, in its want of prominence, of a want of moral energy; hair of a more than web‑like softness and tenuity; these features, with an inordinate expansion above the regions of the temple, made up altogether a countenance not easily to be forgotten. And now in the mere exaggeration of the prevailing character of these features, and of the expression they were wont to convey, lay so much of change that I doubted to whom I spoke. The now ghastly pallor of the skin, and the now miraculous lustre of the eye, above all things startled and even awed me.

The fall of the house of Usher.

Edgar Allan Poe.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Was Usher sincere in his greeting?

2. Was Usher altered?

3. What was he like now?

4. Had they known each other long?

5. Was the writer afraid of his friend?

6. Vocabulary:

   Ghastly

   Pallor

   Nostril

   Startle

Top

              XXIV

  On the German side there was little will to continue the fight. Kuhlmann had in any case been on the point of proposing peace terms himself, similar to those which the British Government now suggested. And the German High Command was shaken to its roots by the situation in the east and south. Nothing at that stage was known in Germany of the existence of the huge Plain of Glass, but all the communication with the East had mysteriously ceased. The railways tracks to the east continued normally to Warsaw and somewhat beyond that. Every town, every village, down to the smallest hamlet, seemed to be entirely normal up to a certain point. Then it all simply vanished. The railway tracks ceased. The vegetation ceased. Not a single person could be found. It was just a complete desert. Those who knew these facts, and there were not many at this stage, had the bottom knocked out of their self‑confidence. Hinderburg and Ludendorff knew of course, as did most of the High Command. It could only mean that what was being said in the west, in Britain, was true. Added to the already bad state of the war, to the privations in Germany, it was decisive. It was agreed that Hindenburg should travel to London for the proposed conference.

A cease fire was already in effect by the time the conference was held. The biggest card in the hand of the British government was of course the military weapons of 1966. The immediate problem was to bring the strength of those weapons over to the Germany mind. An actual physical demonstration was to be avoided if at all possible.

October the First is too late.

      Fred Hoyle.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Did the Germans want to go on with the war?

2. What strange event happened to the east?

3. Who was going to London for a conference?

4. Which was the biggest card in the hand of British government?

5. Which was the immediate problem now?

6. The passive voice. Classification of tenses.

7. Vocabulary:

   Vanish

   Track

   Weapon

   Avoid

   Will

Top

                XXV

      Eliza, in telling Higgings she would not marry him if he asked, was not coquetting: she was announcing a well-considered decision. When a bachelor interests, and dominates, and teaches, and becomes important to a spinster, as Higgings with Eliza, she always, if she has character enough to be capable of it, considers very seriously indeed whether she will play for becoming that bachelor's wife, especially if he is so little interested in marriage that a determined and devoted woman might capture him if she set herself resolutely to do it. Her decision will depend a good deal on whether she is really free to choose; and that, again, will depend on her age and income. If she is at the end of her youth, and has no security for her livelihood, she will marry him because she must marry anybody who will provide for her. But at Eliza's age a good‑looking girl does not feel that pressure: she feels free to pick and choose. She is therefore guided by her instinct in the matter. Eliza's instinct tells her not to marry Higgings. It does not tell her to give him up. It is not in the slightest doubt as to his remainings one of the strongest personal interests in her life. It would be very sorely strained if there was another woman likely to supplant her with him. But as she feels sure of him on that last point, she has no doubt at all as to her course, and would not have any, even if the difference of twenty years in age, which seems so great to youth, did not exist between them.

       Pygmalion.

Bernard Shaw.

  QUESTIONS.

1. In which case would a woman marry an old bachelor?

2. Did Eliza feel the pressure to get married? Why?

3. What does Eliza's instinct tell her?

4. Does the difference of age exist between them?

5. Do people still get married? Why? (five of six lines)

6. Conditional sentences in the text. Classify them.

7. Vocabulary:

   Spinster

   Bachelor

   Strain

   Youth

Top

              XXVI

      She lived with great simplicity. Young Hari must have had a shock. From the outside the house in Chillianwallah Bagh looked modern. I suppose it still does. What I believe you used to call a suntrap. All the houses on the Chillianwallah Bagh reclamation and development were put up in the late twenties. It was waste land before then, and was called Chillianwallah Bagh because the land belonged to the estate of a Parsee called Chillianwallah. The Parsees have also always concentrated on business but they are much more westernised, hardly Indians at all. The land was bought from the Chillianwallah heirs by a syndicate of Mayapore businessmen headed by old Romesh Chand, who would never have lived in the sort of modern European-style house that was to be put up there, but saw nothing new-fangled in the anticipated profits. In fact it was to make sure of the amenities for development, such as lighting and water and drainage, and a Government grant-in-aid, that he saw to it his otherwise unsatisfactory younger brother -the one who married Shalini Kumar- got a seat on the Municipal Board. So, in time, up went these concrete suntrap-style monstrosities -suntrap only in the style  because with so much sun about it's necessary to keep it out, not trap it, to have very small windows, you see, unless you have wide old-fashioned verandahs.

The Jewel in the Crown.

       Paul Scott.

  QUESTIONS.

1. When were the houses in Chillianwallah Bagh built?

2. Why were they called so?

3. What did the Parsees do?

4. Who bought the land?

5. Did Chand like this type of houses?

6. Were the houses suntraps?

7. Vocabulary:

   Heir

   To head

   Unless

   Seat

Top

             XXVII

      The tube train was even more crowded than usual that morning. I had done the walk to Gloucester Road passing the now forever numinous place where I had met Lady Kitty, and had at first rejected her. The dawn, which had been a pale glowing primrose yellow behind the bare trees of the park, was already clouding over by the time I reached the station. Jammed body to body, we yawned and swayed, breathing into each other's expressionless faces, like forms packaged up for hell. I kept, as always, a sharp lookout for people with colds. I breathed nervously, consciously, feeling the elasticated in and out of the warm intrusive bodies of my fellow passengers. Reggie Farbottom often lauded the pleasure of being crushed against a bosomy typist. This could not please me. Female forms and faces were, in this stuffy insipid proximity, if anything more terrible. The tired made up faces of girls, thrust up against mine, smelling of cheap cosmetics and expressing the vacancy of youth without its joy, seemed simply to declare the poverty of the human race, its miserable limitations, its absolute inability to grasp the real. Or were these spiritless surfaces simply the mirrors of my own mediocrity? I thought about Tommy sitting in her dressing gown over her cup of coffee. No glove puppets this morning. No joyful quartets.

   A word child.

   Iris Murdoch.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Where is the character going?

2. Who lauded the pleasure of being crushed?

3. Who was he aware of?

4. What did people look like?

5. Means of transport. (5 or 6 lines)

6. Vocabulary:

   Crowded

   Dawn

   Poverty

   Vacancy


Top

           XXVIII

  Crossing the road by the bombed-out public house on the corner and pondering  the mystery which dominates vistas framed by a ruined door, I felt for some reason  glad the place had not yet been rebuilt. A direct hit had excised even the ground floor, so that the basement was revealed as a sunken garden or site of archaeological excavation long abandoned, where great sprays of willow herb and ragwort flowered through cracked paving stones; only a few broken milk bottles and a laceless boot recalling  contemporary life. In the midst of this sombre grotto five or six fractured steps had withstood the explosion and formed a projecting island of masonry on the summit of which rose the door. Walls on both sides were shrunk away, but along its lintel, in niggling copybook handwriting, could still be distinguished the word Ladies. Beyond, on the far side of the twin pillars and crossbar, nothing whatever remained of that promised retreat, the threshold falling steeply to an abyss of rubble; a triumphal arch erected laboriously by dwarfs, or the gateway to some unknown, forbidden domain, the lair of sorcerers.

Then, all at once, as if such luxurious fantasy were not already enough, there came from this unexplored country the song, strong and marvellously sweet, of the blonde woman on crutches, that itinerant prima donna of the highways whose voice I had not heard since the day, years before, when Moreland and I listened in Gerrand Street, the afternoon he had talked of getting married; when we had bought the bottle labelled Tawny Wine (port flavour) which even Moreland had been later unwilling to drink.

       Casanova's Chinese Restaurant.

           Anthony Powell.

  QUESTIONS.

 

1. What is the writer describing?

2. Why was the place in ruins?

3. Why had they bought the bottle of wine?

4. What was the woman like?

5. Vocabulary:

   Rubble:

   Dwarf:

   Lair:

   Unwilling:

   Highway:

Top

              XXIX

MBX bikers dice with death in railway "chicken" stunt

  MBX-BIKERS as young as eight are riding straight at onrushing express trains, leaping from the track just before impact.

Other children are sniffing glue, lying between rails and then letting the Inter-City carriages thunder over them.

Now police and British Rail fear it is only a matter of time before the "chicken" games end in death.

And terrified train drivers have dubbed the daredevil-hit stretch of track near Andover, Hampshire, "Nightmare Valley".

They have visited schools, or written to teachers, to try to warn off the eight to 11-year-olds.

But games have intensified with the end of term. Now extra police patrols are planned. For BR Southern Region, spokesman Graham Coombs said: "The reality of dicing with trains is a gory death. Sadly, often the first that parents know about their children playing on the lines is when a policeman turns up on the doorstep." Three children died on Southern Region's lines last year. But that could be nothing to the toll in "nightmare valley". Drivers say the children ride straight towards them. The specially-sprung MBX bikes, with thick tyres for cross-country riding, easily bounce over sleepers.

  QUESTIONS

  1. How old are the children?

2. Are they drugged?

3. Has action been taken against these facts?

4. Why do they use MBX bikes?

5. Vocabulary:

   Dice:

   Carriage:

   Dub:

   Nightmare:

Top

                XXX

      Constance, his wife, was a ruddy, country‑looking girl with soft brown hair and sturdy body, and slow movements, full of unusual energy. She had big, wondering eyes, and a soft mild voice, and seemed just to have come from her native village. It was not so at all. Her father was the once well known R.A., Sir Malcom Reid. Her mother had been one of the cultivated Fabians in the palmy, rather pre‑Raphaelite days. Between artists and cultured socialists, Constance and her sister Hilda had what might be called an aesthetically unconventional upbringing. They had been taken to Paris and Florence and Rome to breathe in art, and they had been taken also in another direction, to the Hague and Berlin to great Socialist conventions, where the speakers spoke in every civilized tongue, and no one was abashed.

The two girls, therefore, were from an early age not the least daunted by either art or ideal politics. It was their natural atmosphere. They were at once cosmopolitan and provincial, with the cosmopolitan conventionalism of art that goes with pure social ideas.

They had been sent to Bresden at the age of fifteen, for music among other things. And they had had a good time there. They lived freely among the students, they argued with the men over the philosophical, sociological and artistic matters, they were just as good as men themselves: only better, since they were women.

                D.H. Lawrence.

                Lady Chatterley's Lover.

  QUESTIONS.

1.         What was Constance like?

2.         What kind of upbringing did Constance have?

3.         Where had they been taken?

4.         Was Constance impressed by politics? Why?

5.         Take out from the text all the sentences in the passive and say what tense is the verb. Then, put  one of the sentences into the active.

6.         Write a summary of the text in 60 words.

7.             Vocabulary:

            Mild:

               Breathe:

            Argue:

               Upbringing:

Top

              XXXI

        THE NILE

  Without the Nile, Egypt is nothing. Apart from the scattered oases in the Western Desert and the coastal areas along the Mediterranean and the Red seas, the Nile Valley is the only habitable area of the country, and for centuries the river has provided Egypt's entire water supply, its chief means of internal communication, its only source of power, and the basic factor in its complex and vital pattern of agricultural development.

Until the nineteenth century this pattern had remained virtually unchanged since the days of the Pharaohs. The flood waters of the Nile, which reach Egypt in summer after the rainy season far to the south in the highlands of Ethiopia, were diverted by irrigation canals on to as much as possible of the land lying on either side of the river; when the water subsided, the peasants gathered their single crop for the year, and lived on it until the yearly miracle was repeated. Occasionally Nature failed them and they went hungry; sometimes the flood was excessive and washed away their villages and drowned their animals. Either way, the Egyptians accepted with resignation an apparently unchangeable and on the whole beneficent natural cycle.

The great dam at Asswan, completed as the twentieth century began, culminated attempts to control the Nile. The Egyptians now had some freedom from the river's dictation. It was possible for two or even three plantings to be grown on the same land -incidentally increasing land values considerably.

  QUESTIONS.

1.         Which parts of Egypt are populated?

2.         How do Egyptians travel mainly?

3.         What type of energy do they use?

4.         What sometimes went wrong in the Egyptian agricultural system?

5.         Explain in your own words why the Nile is important. (60 words).

6.         Take out from the text all the sentences with the verb in the passive and say what tense is the verb. After that put one of the sentences into the active.

7.             Vocabulary:

            Supply:

               Highlands:

            Divert:

            Gather:

            Crop:

Top

             XXXII

                  THE SPORTING SPIRIT.

  I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates good will  between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your most to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling and local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.

 At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe ‑at any rate for short periods‑ that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

Even a leisurely game like cricket, demanding grace rather than strength, can cause much ill-will. Football, a game in which everyone gets hurt, is far worse. Worst of all is boxing.

George Orwell.

  QUESTIONS.

1. What do people say about sport?

2. Does the writer agree with them?

3. What is the attitude of the spectators?

4. Do you agree with the author's opinions about sport?

5. Write a summary of the text in no more than 80 words.

6. Vocabulary.

   Amazed:

   Battlefield:

   Behaviour:

   Contest:

   Leisurely:


Top

           XXXIII

 

"What is the matter?" I asked the men.

"Signalman killed this morning, sir".

"Not the man belonging to that box?"

"Yes, sir."

"Not the man I know?"

"You will recognize him, sir, if you knew him", said the man who spoke for the others, solemnly uncovering his own head, and raising an end of the tarpaulin, "for his face is quite composed."

"Oh, how did this happen, how did this happen?" I asked, turning from one to another as the hut closed in again.

"He was cut down by an engine, sir. No man in England knew his work better. But somehow he was not clear of the outer rail. It was just at broad day. He had struck the light, and had the lamp in his hand. As the engine came out of the tunnel his back was towards her, and she cut him down. That man drove her, and was showing how it happened. Show the gentleman, Tom."

The man, who wore a rough dark dress, stepped back to his former place at the mouth of the tunnel.

"Coming round the curve in the tunnel, sir," he said, "I saw him at the end, like as if I saw him down a perspective glass. There was no time to check speed, and I knew him to be very careful. As he didn't seem to take heed of the whistle, I shut it off when we were running down upon him, and called to him as loud as I could call."

  The signalman.

            Charles Dickens.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Was the signalman a careful man?

2. Why couldn't he see the engine?

3. What was the machine driver wearing?

4. Tell the story in five or six lines.

5. Write the following sentences in the indirect speech with the introducing verb in the past.

   a. How did this happen?

   b. He was cut down by an engine, sir.

   c. I saw him at the end, like as if I saw him down a perspective glass.

6. Vocabulary.

   Box:                                                                                     Hut:

   Engine:                                                                                 Step back:

   Whistle:

Top

            XXXIV

 

Among living masters of the art of Oriental porcelain, there are few as distinguished as Chien-Ying May. His work highly acclaimed and honoured both in China and in the West- has long been sought by museums around the world. And in his homeland his award-winning works of art have been exhibited at the prestigious China National Art Exhibition.

And now, you have the opportunity to commission a work by this eminent artist. A work of rare beauty, designed and crafted exclusively for you in China, which has been world famous for its extraordinary porcelain for over a thousand years.

In this inspired new work, "The Dance of Celestial Dragon", Chien-Ying May has created a masterpiece. his mysterious dragon is a spectacular creature. Head reared high... claws outspread... he is possessed of a wild and awesome power, conveying all the grandeur of the mythical beast that is China's timeless symbol of spring... of renewal... and of life itself.

Surrounding the dragon are elegant designs of fascinating Oriental symbolism. An elaborate spray of spring flowers grace the top of the vase. An encircling chain of red, green and blue "ruyi" symbols foretell good fortune, while a deep border rich with symbols of prosperity adorns the base. And as a final touch of elegance, three bands of 22 carat gold are painstakingly applied by hand.

         Daily mail

  QUESTIONS.

1. What's the artist's name?

2. Where have his works been exhibited?

3. What's the Dragon in the vase like?

4. What other designs  are there in the vase?

5. Vocabulary.

   Homeland:

   Outspread:

   Painstakingly:

   Awesome:


Top

             XXXV

  During the last five or six years television has become  more and more important to drama in general, not only in offering a valuable  testing ground for new dramatists, but also in forming taste and preparing audiences, almost imperceptibly, for new things. The advantage with television in this respect is precisely what has generally been taken as its main disadvantage: the relatively uncritical approach of the mass audience. This is not to say they are really "captive", as superior people like to say: one has only to look at the series of TAM ratings, which record the state of the television set in the testing sample's home every thirty seconds, to find out the speed with which a programme will be switched off if viewers don't like it. But though they know what they like and what they don't like when they see it , they do not on the whole have any marked preconceptions before any given programme begins. A play, whoever it is by and whatever style it is written, is judged by the same simple but reliable rule of thumb as Wagon Train or What's my line: if they like it, if it holds their attention, it stays on; if not they switch to the other channel or even, in extreme cases switch off.

  QUESTIONS.

1. When has television become important?

2. What is it important for?

3. Why is it important?

4. Which is the real advantage for television?

5. Do you think it is important to have any preconceptions of a  programme before watching it?

6. Do you agree with the text?

7. Explain the meaning of:

   Valuable:

   Sample:

   Drama:

   Reliable:


Top

            XXXVI

Comedy is, to my mind, the only thing worth writing in this despairing age, provided the comedy is truly on the side of the lonely, the neglected, the unsuccessful, and plays its part in the war against the imposing of an arbitrary code of behaviour upon individual and unpredictable human beings. There may, for all I know, be great and funny plays to be written about successful lawyers, brilliant criminals, wise schoolmasters, or families where children can grow up without silence and without regret. There are many plays that show that the law is always majestic or that family life is simple and easy to endure. Speaking for myself I am not on the side  of such plays and the writer of comedy must choose his side with particular care. He cannot afford to aim at the defenceless, nor can he, like the more serious writer, treat any character with contempt.

I use comedy because it is a better weapon than frontal attack. I want to give audiences the shock of recognition in which they see actors reflecting their own behaviour and laugh at it. I want to open their hearts. Normally  they come along expecting to see something serious. But, as we know, life is not like that, and I don't force the two things apart. In any case it makes for surprise when you don't know what to expect next. There is the interaction between reality and illusion, circumstance pulling against fantasy. It gives you that feeling of your stomach turning over.

  John Mortimer

  QUESTIONS.

1. What is comedy for the writer?

2. Which side is comedy on?

3. Why does he use comedy?

4. Which is the intention of the writer?

5. Do you agree with John Mortimer? Why?

6. Vocabulary:

   Against:

   Great:

   Successful:

   Life:

   Comedy:


Top

          XXXVII

      Christmas approached with no news of my aunt, not even by the medium of a Christmas card. A card, of course, arrived from Koffiefontein, a rather unlikely card with an old church seen across an acre of snow, and a comic one from Major Charge which showed goldfish in a bowl being fed by Father Christmas; it was delivered by hand to save the stamp. The local store sent me a tear-off calendar with a different treasure of British art for each month, the colours bright and shiny as though they had been washed in Omo, and on 23rd December the postman brought a large envelope which when I opened it at breakfast shed a lot of silvery tinsel into my plate, so that I couldn't finish my marmalade. The tinsel came from an Eiffel Tower which Father Christmas was climbing with his sack over his shoulder. Under the printed Meilleurs Voeux was only one name written in block capitals: "Wordsworth". He must have seen my aunt in Paris, for how else could have he obtained my address? At the bank I had always used the official Christmas cards to send to my best clients, with the bank's coat of arms stamped on the cover and inside a picture of the main office in Cheapside or a photograph of the board of directors. Now that I had retired there were few people to whom I posted cards: Miss Keene, of course, Major Charge perforce. I sent one also to my doctor, my dentist, to the vicar of St. John's and my former chief cashier who had become manager of a branch in Nottingham.

Travels with my aunt.

            Graham Greene.

  QUESTIONS.

1. How many people sent letters?

2. What did the first card show?

3. In your opinion, which was the best card?

4. Could he finish his marmalade? Why?

5. Whom did the narrator send letters?

6. In the text there is one result clause. Which one?

7. Vocabulary.

   Goldfish:

   Tinsel:

   Branch:

   Silvery:

   Envelope:


Top

         XXXVIII

      It happened a long time ago. The weather was fine and there was plenty of food and good beer to drink. There was a country and like all good countries it had a king. He wasn't a bad old stick either, as kings go, and his queen was a good‑looking woman. So he did his kinging in the daytime and his queening in the night and everything passed off very pleasant for everyone concerned. But like all good things it had to come to an end, and soon the king went off to war and the queen was left on her own for years. And naturally enough she got a bit fed up with it, and one night when she was in bed she heard the west wind knocking on her bedroom door. Well she knew what he was after all right, but she let him in all the same, and soon after he'd whispered a few sweet nothings in her ear and succumbed to his passion and one thing led to another and when she woke up next morning she found she was pregnant. So the west wind carried her off to his palace and when her husband came back from the wars and found out that she'd buzzed of he was very upset. Anyway, after a bit he got angry and snatched a thunderbolt out of the sky and threw it and he followed it to the place where it had landed, but his wife wasn't there. So he did the same thing again and again until he arrived at a palace. Well by this time the west wind had got a bit fed up with the queen and he'd left her flat, her and her baby, and when the queen realized that her husband the king had caught up with her she felt so ashamed that she ran away with her child and jumped off the edge of the world, straight into the sea, and as soon as she touched the water she was changed into a great rock.

The lion in love.

            Shelagh Delaney.

  QUESTIONS.

 

1. What was the king like?

2. What was the queen like?

3. What happened after a time?

4. Who went to look for the queen?

5. Where did the wind take the queen?

6. What happened after the king came back from war?

7. What did he do to find the queen?

8. Was the wind with the queen when the king found her?

9. What did the queen turn into?

10.Vocabulary.

   Fed up:             

   Whispered:

   Jumped off:

Top

            XXXIX

  PART-TIME LOVER.

 

Call up, ring once, hang up the phone,

to let me know you made it home.

Don't want nothing to be wrong with part-time lovers.

If she's with me I'll blink the light

to let you know tonight's the night

for me and you, my part-time lover.

We're undercover passion on the run

chasing love up against the sun.

We are strangers by day lovers by night

knowing it's so wrong but feeling so right.

If I'm with friends and we should meet

just pass me by don't even speak.

Know the word's "discreet" when part-time lovers.

But if there's some emergency

have a male friend to ask for me

so then she won't peek it's really you my part-time lover.

Chorus. (repeat)

I've got something that I must tell:

last night someone rang our door bell

and it was not you my part-time lover.

And then a man called our exchange

but didn't want to leave his name.

I guess that two can play the game

of part-time lovers.

You and me, part-time lovers,

but she and he, part-time lovers.

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the song about?

2. How does he know that she is at home?

3. Why are they part-time lovers?

4. When has she got to be discreet?

5. What has she got to do in case of emergency?

6. How do they feel about the situation?

7. Are they the only couple of lovers in the song?

8. Are there in the song any grammatical mistakes?

9. Vocabulary. Explain the meaning of:

   Blink:                                                                                     Chase:

   Peek:                                                                                      Guess:


Top

                   XL

  One of the difficulties that a man has to cope with as he goes through life is what to do about the persons with whom he has once been intimate and whose interest for him has in due course subsided. If both parties remain in a modest station the break comes naturally, and no ill feeling subsists, but if one of them achieves eminence the position is awkward. He makes a multitude of new friends, but the old ones are inexorable; he has a thousand claims on his time, but they feel that they have the first right to it. Unless he is at their beck and call they sigh and with a shrug of the shoulders say:

"Ah, well, I suppose you're like everyone else. I must expect to be dropped now that you're a success."

That, of course, is what he would like to do if he had the courage. For the most part he hasn't. He weakly accepts an invitation to supper on Sunday evening. The cold roast beef is frozen and comes from Australia and was over‑cooked at middle day: and the burgundy -ah, why will they call it burgundy? Have they never been to Beaune and stayed at the Hôtel de la Poste? Of course it is grand to talk of the good old days when you shared a crust of bread in a garret together, but it is a little disconcerting when you reflect how near to a garret is the room you are sitting in.

Cakes and ale.

W. Somerset Maugham.

  QUESTIONS.

 

1. Could you explain what is courage necessary for?

2. What do they have for dinner?

3. Is it pleasant to talk about the past? Is there anything pleasant at all about it?

4. Write down 5 or 6 lines about friendship.

5. Take out from the text all the conditional sentences and classify  them.

6. Vocabulary:

   Garret:

   Crust:

   Burgundy:

   To be dropped:


Top

                 XLI

      They looked long into one another's eyes. Then she gave him a little bow and went to her room. Don Pedro sighed. He wondered whether she still loved Pepe Alvarez and whether it was on account of this that she had never loved him. But he would not allow himself to give way to the unworthy emotion of jealousy. He looked into his heart and was sure that it harboured no feeling of hatred for the young artilleryman. On the contrary, he liked him. This was not an affair of love and hate, but of honour. On a sudden, he remembered that a few days before when he went to his club he noticed that the conversation suddenly failed, and, looking back, he seemed to remember that several of the group who were sitting there and chatting eyed him curiously. Was it possible that he had been the subject of their conversation? He shivered at the thought.

The Fair was drawing to its end, and when it was over the Agurias had arranged to go to Cordova, where Don Pedro had an estate which it was necessary for him to visit from time to time. He looked forward to the peace of a country life after the turmoil of Seville. The day after this conversation Soledad, saying she was not well, stayed in the house, and she did the same the day following. Don Pedro visited her in her room morning and evening and they talked of indifferent things. But on the third day his cousin Conchita de Santaguador was giving a ball. It was the last of the season and everyone in her exclusive set would be there. Soledad, saying she was still indisposed, announced that she would stay at home.

The point of honour.

W. Somerset Maugham.

   

QUESTIONS.

1.  Did Don Pedro want to be jealous. Why?

2. Why were the Agurias going to Cordova?

3. Where and when did Pedro visit Soledad?

4. What did they talk about?

5. Write down 5 or 6 lines about love, hate and honour.

6. Take out from the text a noun-clause and say what kind it is.

7. Vocabulary:

   Estate:

   Turmoil:

   Ball:

   Season:

Top

                XLII

 

     WRAPPED AROUND YOUR FINGER (The Police)

 You consider me the young apprentice

caught between the Scilla and Charibdes,

hypnotized by you if I should linger

staring at the ring around your finger.

I have only come here seeking knowledge,

things they would not teach me of in college.

I can see that destiny you sold

turned into a shining band of gold.

I'll be wrapped around your finger (bis)

Mephistopheles is not your name

but I know that you're up to just the same.

I will listen hard to your tuition,

you will see it comes to its fruition.

I'll be wrapped around your finger (bis)

Devil and the deep blue sea behind me

vanish in the air you'll never find me.

I will turn your face to alabaster

when you find your servant is your master

and you'll be wrapped around my finger (bis)

  QUESTIONS.

1. Who is the young apprentice looking for?

2. What kind of knowledge is he interested in?

3. The expression "wrapped around your finger", what does it refer to?

4. Who is Mephistopheles?

5. Give your opinion about selling your soul to the devil. (60 words)

6. Put the following sentences into the passive:

   a. Things they would not teach me of in college.

   b. I will listen hard to your tuition.

   c. I will turn your face to alabaster.

   d. I can see that destiny you sold.

7. Vocabulary:

   Linger:                                                                                     Stare:

   College:                                                                                  Wrap:

   Tuition:                                                                                   Fruition:


Top

              XLIII

JESUS HE KNOWS ME

   

Do you see the face on the TV screen

coming at you every Sunday

see the face on the billboard?

that man is me.

On the cover of the magazine

there's no question why I'm smiling

you buy a piece of paradise

you buy a piece of me

I'll get you everything you wanted

I'll get you everything you need

don't need to believe in hereafter

just believe in me.

Cos Jesus he knows me

and He knows I'm right

I've been talking to Jesus all my life

oh, yes he knows me

and He knows I'm right

and He's been telling me

everything is alright.

I believe in the family

with my ever loving wife beside me

but she don't know about my girlfriend

or the man I met last night.

Do you believe in God

cos that's what I'm selling

and if you wanna go to Heaven

I'll see you right.

You won't ever have to leave your house

or get out of your chair

you don't ever have to touch that dial

cos I'm everywhere

And Jesus he knows me.

Won't find me practising

what I'm preaching

won't find me

making no sacrifice

but I can get you

a pocketful of miracles

if you promise to be good,

try to be nice,

God will take

good care of you

just do as I say,

don't do as I do.

I'm counting my blessings,

I've found true happiness

cos I'm getting richer day by day

you can find me in the phone book,

just call my toll free number

you can do it anyway you want

just do it right away.

 

There'll be no doubt in your mind

you'll believe everything I'm saying

if wanna get closer to him

get on your knees and start paying

 

Cos Jesus He knows me.

QUESTIONS.

 1.             What is this song about?

 2.             Do you like it? Why?

 3.             What do false preachers aim at?

4.             Do you think you would be more religious if you could attend church services watching TV at home?

 5.             Do you think that people that pay money for salvation act according to their beliefs, or do you think they act that way because they are cheated?

6.             Does this kind of preachers find their happiness in their acts, or in the money they get?

 7.             Vocabulary:

Billboard:

Pocketful:

Toll:

Dial:

 8.             Write 50 words about sermons on TV. Do you think we'll ever have them here in Spain?


Top

                       XLIV

CAN IT BE WORTH ,4000 TO PINCH

           A GIRL'S BOTTOM?

  A HOTEL guest who pinched a chambermaid's bottom and groped a receptionist has paid the price -,4000.

A court fined Tony Brewer ,2000 for each offence of indecent assault.

Brewer, 32, a carpet firm boss, said yesterday: "I'm not complaining about the fine but I'd rather not say any more."

Receptionist Jacqueline Davies, 24, said: "The money won't bother him. But the embarrassment will."

Brewer, married with two children, pounced on the women after drinking at the hotel, where he was staying for a conference.

He tweaked the 22-year-old chambermaid's bottom as she tied up his room at 10am. "She fled to another room but Brewer followed and began chasing her around the bed," prosecutor Paul Latner said at Blackwood, South Wales.

"She was very distressed."

Ten minutes earlier Brewer, from Bromsgrove, Worcs, had asked Jacqueline to wake a friend of his in another room at Blackwood's Maes Manor hotel.

She said yesterday after the hearing: "I didn't know if he was genuine or if he wanted to get me into a bedroom.

"He was very persistent and harassing me. So I decided to get the house keeper, a lady in her fifties.

"He told me, 'It's got to be you.' I said, 'Forget it.' With that he made a grab for me, groping my bottom and trying to kiss me.

"I was in tears. He was doing his utmost to make me feel cheap."

"I wet back to my desk, but even then he didn't stop. He was leaning over me and making lurid remarks about my breasts."

Brewer's lawyer Peter Mallia told the court: "It was more like a bedroom farce than a serious assault.

"He had been up since 3am with his colleagues and was in high spirits.

"There was a jovial atmosphere and he completely misread the situation.

Mr Brewer admits he put his arm around the receptionist's flank and touched the chambermaid's bottom. But it was horseplay.

"The incident could easily have involved someone younger and more naive."

               Afford

She added: "The man was obviously well-to-do. But no one should be allowed to get away with that sort of behaviour."

The magistrates ruled that Brewer could afford to pay the maximum ,100 for each of the forty units he was fined -making a total of ,4000.

A spokeswoman for the Fawcett Society, which promotes equality between the sexes, said last night:

"In general women do not like having their bottoms pinched. It is about time men realised this."

  QUESTIONS

1. Where did the event happen?

2. Where was the guest from?

3. Was he married?

4. Was he drunk?

5. What time was it?

6. Why was the gest at the hotel?

7. How many girls did the guest offend?

8. Tell the news again in no more than 60 words.

9. Vocabulary: grab, grope, chambermaid, harass.


Top

                       XLV

Snow White and the Seven Vertically challenged Folk

      HER 'DWARFS' MAY UPSET SHORTIES

    SAYS DAFT COUNCIL

Roll up, roll up, for a fun-filled, production of Snow White. But don't care mention the word dwarf.

It's so much nicer to say seven "vertically challenged" chums.

Dopey councillors, you see, think the word dwarf could make the little people a bit grumpy.

They want the Christmas panto at Hull's New Theatre changed from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to just plain snow White.

             Killjoys

Liberal Democrat Andrew Meadowcroft insisted: "This would ensure that those suffering from the disease are not offended."

  But Hull comedian Norman Collier described councillors on the cultural committee as a "bunch of killjoys."

He said: "Whatever will they do next? Will the giant in Jack And The Beanstalk be the next to go because he is too tall? And then they will be saying Snow White is racist and Humpty Dumpty too fat.

"I really don't know what is happening to our sense of humour.

"Kids will have nothing to laugh at soon."

QUESTIONS

1. Who wants to change the name of the film?

2. Where did it happen?

3. Who defends the original name of the film? Why?

4. What is your opinion about this news? 2 or 3 lines.

5. Tell the news again in 60 words.

6. Put the following sentences into the indirect speech with the introducing verb in the past:

1. Whatever will they do next?

2. Will the giant in Jack and the Beanstalk be the next to go because he is too tall?

3. I really don't know what is happening to our sense of humour.

4. Kids will have nothing to laugh at soon.

7. Vocabulary:

Disease:                                                                       Kids:

Committee:                                                                  Dwarf:


Top

               XLVI

  Now the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner going out at daybreak to hire workers for his vineyard. He made an agreement with the workers for one denarius a day, and sent them to his vineyard. Going out at about the third hour he saw others standing idle in the market place and said to them, "You go to my vineyard too and I will give you a fair wage". So they went. At about the sixth hour and again at about the ninth hour, he went out and he did the same. Then at about the eleventh hour he went out and found more men standing round and he said to them, "Why have you been standing here idle all day?" "Because no one has hired us" they answered. He said to them, "You go into my vineyard too". In the evening, the owner of the vineyard said to his bailiff, "Call the workers and pay them their wages, starting with the last arrivals and ending with the first". So those who were hired at about the eleventh hour came forward and received one denarius each. When the first came,  they expected to get more, but they too received one denarius each. They took it but grumbled at the landowner. "The men who came last" they said "have done only one hour, and you have treated the same as us, though we have done a heavy day's work in all the heat." He answered one of them and said, "My friend, I am not being unjust to you; did we not agree on one denarius? Take your earnings and go. I choose to pay the last-comer as much as I pay you. Have I no right to do what I like with my own? Why be envious because I am generous?" Thus the last will be first, and the first, last.

      Matthew's Gospel 20, 1-16

  QUESTIONS

 1. Is it the first time you read or listen to that Parable?

2. Do you accept the message included in the text? Why?

3. Do you think something similar to it could happen in your school? Why?

4. Has it ever happened to you?

5. Take out from the text three sentences in reported speech.

6. Tell the story again in no more than 50 words.

7. Vocabulary. Give a synonym, antonym or explain the meaning of the following words:

Landowner:

grumble:

earning:

Top

             XLVII

 Victoria College

Women's Residence

University of Toronto.

Toronto, Ontario

December 7th., 1983

 

Dear mother and dad,

It has been three month since I left for college. I have been remiss in writing, and I very sorry for my thoughtlessness in not having written before. I will bring you up to date now. But, before you read, please sit down. O.K?

Well then, I am getting along pretty well now. The skull fracture and the concussion I got when I jumped out of the window of my dormitory when it caught fire shortly after my arrival are pretty well healed now. I only spent two weeks in the hospital, and now I can see almost normally and get those sickly headaches only once in a while.

Fortunately, the fire in the dormitory and my jump were witnessed by an attendant at the gas station near the dorm, and he was the one who called the fire department and the ambulance. He also visited me at the hospital, and since I had nowhere to live because of the burned out dorm, he was kind enough to invite me to share his apartment with him. It is really a basement room, but it's kind of cute. He is a very fine boy and we have fallen deeply in love and are planning to get married. We haven't set the date yet, but it will be before my pregnancy begins to show.

Yes, mother and dad, I am pregnant. I know how much you are looking forward to being grandparents, and I know you will welcome the baby and give it the same love and devotion and tender care that you gave me when I was a child. The reason for the delay in our marriage is that my boyfriend has some minor infection which prevents us from passing our premarital blood tests, and I carelessly caught it from him. This will soon clear up with the penicillin injections I am now taking  daily.

I know you will welcome him into our family with open arms. He is kind, and although not well-educated, he is ambitious. Although he is of a different race and religion than ours, I know your often expressed tolerance will not permit you to be bothered by these facts.

Now that I have brought you up to date, I want to tell you that there was no dormitory fire, I did not have a concussion or a skull fracture, I was not in hospital, I am not pregnant, I am not engaged, I do not have syphilis, and there is no one in my life. However, I am getting a D in History and an F in Science, and I wanted you to see these marks in their proper perspective.

Your loving daughter,

                                                     Edna.

QUESTIONS

1.         Tell the letter in about 80 words.

2.         Where is the girl from?

3.         Where does she study?

4.         What marks has she got in History and Science?

5. Why does she tell lies to her family?

6. Would you do the same? Why?

7. Vocabulary:

Skull:               Concussion:

Blood test:            Dormitory:


Top

               XLVIII

ROD'S EX TO SUE

SURGEON WHO BOOBED.

        My breast op went wrong claims Alana

  By MARK DOWDNEY, Foreign Editor.

  POP star Rod Stewart's ex-wife Alana has launched a multi-million dollar legal battle - claiming her breast-boosting op went wrong.

The 48-year-old former Hollywood actress had her boobs enlarged 11 years ago months before Rod left her and moved in with model Kelly Emberg.

Now she is suing the surgeon, claiming negligence, deceit and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Her court case in Los Angeles also alleges breach of warranty against two medical companies.

Alana's action comes as 12,000 women in the US are suing over breast implants that have gone awry.

Many say that their health has been devastated.

             Painful

She has not revealed what went wrong with her implants but common complaints include leaking silicone and hardened, painful lumps.

Some women claim they developed rheumatoid arthritis.

It has become such a scandal that two years ago US government watchdogs banned the use of silicone in breast implants.

One firm Alana is suing Bristol-Myers Squibb is among three US cosmetic surgery syppliers who have put aside a record ,2.8 billion to settle lawsuits.

Alana wed Rod in April 1979 but filed for divorce  five years later, just four moths after her breast op.

She was among many Hollywood  stars to have implants, including Melanie Griffith, Mariel Hemingway, Jane Fonda, Cher, Loni Anderson and Heather Locklear.

           Divorce

Friends say she had it done with Rod's approval but it did not help to keep the marriage together.

Alana, mother of their children Kimberly, now 15, and Sean, 14, is said to have won a ,3 million divorce settlement plus ,15,000 a month child support from Rod.

She also has a son Ashley, 19, from her four year marriage to actor George Hamilton.

Alana, now one of Hollywood's fashionable hostesses, has since dated Rambo star Sylvester Stallone, producer Stan Dragosi and Texas oil millionaire Jim Randall.

QUESTIONS

1. What company is Alana suing?

2. What are the most common complaints when the operation goes wrong?

3. How old is Alana?

4. How much did she get after her divorce?

5. How many children has she got?

6. What other Holliwood actresses are mentioned in the text?

7. Who has Alana been going out with after her divorce?

8. Who was Alana married to before Rod?

9. Vocabulary: fashionable, hostess, leaking, breast.

10.What is your opinion about breasts operations? Explain your ideas.


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               XLIX

No sex please ... we're only human. By Gill Swain.

FORGET those juicy stories of non-stop bonking in the nineties. They're a load of porkies.

For many couples LIE to researchers by claiming that they have  sex several times a week.

They're afraid to admit that the passion has gone out of their marriage, leaving their love-life totally. limp. Couples have been fibbing like this for years. And that's not all.

Claims of extra-marital flings and gay sex have also been wildly exaggerated, say experts.

Glenn Wilson, sex psychologist at London University, said yesterday: "A high proportion of long-standing marriages become virtually sexless because the partners become so familiar with each other it would be like committing incest.

                       Lurid

"But they don't want anyone to think their marriage is breaking down, so they report the 'correct' figure of three times a week."

The experts have stamped on those lurid charts of non-stop lust after a survey by Chicago University

This, like January's report Sexual Behaviour in Britain, shatters the image that people are flitting from one partner to another.

Instead, it paints a picture of stay-at-homes with sex lives about as exciting as a nice cup of cocoa. It reveals that 94 per cent of people had been faithful to their partners in the past year.

Couples lie about their lays

And 75 per cent of married men and 85 per cent of married women declared they had never strayed.

Nearly 3,500 randomly-selected Americans aged 18 to 59 took part in the survey.

A third said they had sex only a few times a year or not at all.

Another third have a romp several times a month and a quarter make love two or three times a week.

Only 7 per cent said they had sex more than four times a week.

So why have many surveys in recent years branded us as rabbits going at it non-stop?

The answer, says researcher Julia Field, lies in how are picked for the surveys.

Julia, who helped compile January's report, said that couples who volunteered to take part in them are likely to have full sex lives.

Such people cannot be taken as par for the country.

                       Wives

Julie and her fellow researchers got round this by quizzing a broad cross-section of people.

Only a tenth of married men and a twentieth of wives said they had been unfaithful.

BRITISH couples make love less than most other Europeans, say researchers. We average 1.9 times a week, the same as the Danes.

The Dutch lead on 2.5, followed by Austria and Switzerland on 2.4.

Italians score 2.3, the French 2.1 and Swedes and Spanish 2.0.

  QUESTIONS.

1. Where has this research been carried out?

2. What does the research reveal?

3. Give some reasons why couples lie about their sex life.

4. Give the name of the magazine where the truth about sex-life was said.

5. Vocabulary: sexless, couple, survey, cocoa, shatter.

6. Summarize the text in about 60 words.

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                      L

Dear Sir,

I was surprised to read your recent editorial on the question os student's part-time jobs. You appear to be making a los of generalisations on the basis of just one unfortunate incident (I assure you that not all young people who deliver newspapers are as foolish and dishonest as the two youths mentioned in your article).

The first point I would like to make is that there are many jobs teenagers can do which gave them useful experience of the working world. They are brought into contact with a variety of people, often older, and are given experience of expressing themselves clearly and coherently. I am thinking here of jobs such as travel guides and shop assistants.

Another argument for schoolchildren and college students having holiday or weekend jobs is that many parents need the finantial assistance. If we take, for example, a family in which the father is unemployed or perhaps a single-parent family on a low income, it seems logical and fair that a son or daughter should try to bring money into the household.

One futher thing I want to say is that a lot of jobs fot the young can be fun for the people who do them and also useful to the community. Youngsters who help in schools, hospitals and with the elderly often derive a great deal of pleasure ans satisfaction as well as contributing something valuable to local society.

In conclusion, I would add that when I was a girl, my father said my teens were a time for books, hobbies and academic studies. Thinking back, I feel I would have learnt much more -about myself, other people and life in general- if he had allowed me to do a limited amount of real work. Certainly, when she is old enough, I shall encourage my own daughter to do so, rather than waste her time with soap operas, computer games and discotheques, like so many people today.

Yours faithfully,

Margaret Williams (Mrs)

 QUESTIONS

1. Answer according to the text:

a) Give two the advantages of working while still at school.

b) Give two cases in which financial assistance would be helpful.

2. Are the statements True or False. Write the evidence from the text.

a) This letter was written to a newspaper.

b) All young people that work are intelligent and honmest.

c) Children in one-parent families should not work.

d) The authoress worked when she was at school.

3. Insert the right word(s) in the blanks. Use the right form of the word(s) in brackets.

a) A son or daughter (ought) __________________ work to bring money into the household.

b) A lot of generalizations (make) ______________ ____________ in your article.

c) If he had let me (do) ___________________ a limited amount of real work I would have  learnt a lot.

d) She enjoys (waste) _________________ her time with soap operas, computers, games.

4. Fill the blanks with the blanks with the best words from the list below: fair, teens, job, work.

a) I had a good______________ at the Ford factory.

b) Boys should also do housework. If only girls do things in the house, it isn't ___________.

Match the following words with the correct meaning on the right.

Financial Assistance                                           a) money we spend.

Income                                                  b) lack of money.

c) money we earn.

d) money to help someone.


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                    LI

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY

In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a "University on the air" -an educational system which would make usee of television, radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea, but it became part of the Labour Party's Programme, to give educational opportunity to those people who, for one reason or another, had not had a chance to receive further education. The Open University has been a great success in one respect. About 6000 students of all ages get degrees every year. It is disappointing, however, that the great majority of students are from middleclass, educated backgrounds. There have, however, been a number of men and women, serving long sentences in prison, who have taken courses successfully, and obtained degrees.

Students of the Open University receive their lessons and lectures in their homes, by means of special TV and radio programmes. More than 40.000 people applied, but only 25.000 people could be accepted, for the first courses in 1971. By 1980 there were about 60.000 undergraduates.

Written work is corrected by part-time tutors who meet their students once a month to discuss their work with them and to set them on the right course. Science students are given mini-laboratories which can be set up in their own homes.

  QUESTIONS

1. Answer the following questions in your own words:

a) What kind of students was the Open University designed for?

b) Was the idea of an Open University accepted easily?

c) How often do students see their tutors?

d) Where are practical science experiments done?

2. Are the following statements True or False? Support your answers with evidence from the text.

a) By 1963 the Open Universityhad already started.

b) The Government wanted most of the students to be middleclass.

c) Open University students regularly attend classes.

d) In 1980, 60.000 students graduated from the Open University.

3. Fill in the gaps or complete the following sentences:

a) The Open University__________ __________ a success since it started.

b) Thsoe people __________ are serving long sentences in prison are also able __________ __________ use of the educational facilities.

c) Mass media are __________ __________ importance in education.

d) A speech __________ __________ by the Leader of the Labour Party.

4. Who or What do the following words refer to?

a) it (line 3)

b) their (line 14)

5. Match the words on the left with one of the words on the right.

a) sentence                                                              1) conference

b) further                                                   2) higher

c) chance                                                   3) word

d) speech                                                   4) occasional

5) opportunity

6) shout

7) a talk

8) conviction

6. Write about 50/60 words on the following topic: Give arguments for and against both traditional universities and the Open University.

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