Trephination

            http://www.he.net/~archaeol/9709/newsbriefs/trepanation.html

Pre-columbian trephination:

            http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/treph/trephination.html

Hammurabi and Mesopotamia

            http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/meso.HTM

            http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/9705/9705.hammurabi.shtml

 

Summeria

            http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/demandmesomed.html

            http://www.fact-index.com/s/su/sumer.html#Medicine

Divination and quantum theory

            http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/OM/BA/Har.html

 

Maya divination:

http://www.mayacalendar.com/mayadivination5.htm

Divination in the bible:

http://www.biblelearn.com/east2303.htm

Medicine in ancient Egypt:

http://www.arabworldbooks.com/articles8.htm

http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/medicine.htm

http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/sekhmetnew.html

Imhotep: first physician, father of medicine

http://www.nbufront.org/html/MastersMuseums/JHClarke/HistoricalPersonalities/hp2.html

            http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/imhotep.htm

            http://www.africawithin.com/hpi/hp2.htm

Edwin Smith papyrus: oldest known text referring to treatments of injuries.

            http://www.trauma.org/history/egypt.html

            http://www.touregypt.net/edwinsmithsurgical.htm

            http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html

Egypt: Center of Civilization

            http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/dailylife/medicine.html

            http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/history.html

            http://history.evansville.net/egypt.html

Magic and Medicine

            http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcs05e.html

            http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/lecture/rath_ex4.html

            http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptmedicine.html

Grace before meal incantation

            http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/IS/RITNER/Annual_Dinner_1998.html

Eye of Horus:udjat

            http://www.pantheon.org/articles/h/horus.html

            http://www.greatscott.com/hiero/eye.html

 

Greek Medicine

            http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson1.htm

            http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hippocrates/h7w/aphorism.html

From Gods to Galen

            http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/index.html

Homer: Iliad and Odyssey

            http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/Homer.htm

Hippocrates and rationalized medicine

            http://www.medicinaantiqua.org.uk/sa_hippint.html

Hippocratic oath

            http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/culture/greekmedicine.html

Hippocratic oath today: meaningless relic?

            http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_today.html

Dreams

            http://www.medicinaantiqua.org.uk/sa_dreams.html

Classical Greek worldview

            http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rogert/greecewv.html

Ancient Rome

Surgical instruments: http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/instru.html

Midwives in the Roman world

            http://www.indiana.edu/~ancmed/midwife.HTM

Keeping men in battling condition: military medicine

            http://www.mcatmaster.com/medicine&war/ancientrome.htm

            http://www.dl.ket.org/latin1/mores/medicine/doctors.htm

Caesarian section

            http://www.unrv.com/culture/caesarean-section.php

Romans and public health

            http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_in_ancient_rome.htm

            http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stextb.htm

Islamic medicine

            http://www.islam-usa.com/im3.html

            http://www.iiim.org/islamed3.html

National Library of Medicine

            http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_14.html

            http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_00.html

The Crusades

http://www.medieval-life.net/crusades.htm

http://www.medical-careers.org/History-of-Medicine-Part-2.htm

A book on Medicine in the Crusades: http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052184455X

 

Medicine in the Middle Ages

            http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson3.htm

            http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medicine_in_the_middle_ages.htm

            http://library.thinkquest.org/15569/hist-6.html?tqskip1=1

            http://www.learner.org/exhibits/middleages/health.html

          Disease transmitted by “invisible animals”

          Microscopes: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1685) “animalcules”, first to see bacteria

          Spontaneous Generation Theory* Life ONLY arises from dead or organic matter

e.g. blowflies from rotten meat

 

The Black Death

            A comprehensive history: http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/

            Medical measures: http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/10.shtml

The Black Death “..fostered an association between epidemic disease and poverty, pollution, and moral degeneration..” http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/histreview/vol6/gallagher.html

Lepers

            http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Margin/lepers.htm

Medicine in the Renaissance

Renaissance and reformation - questioning of RC belief by religious reformers such as Luther, Calvin and Zwingli led to a questioning atmosphere in which more progress was possible.

            Leonardo da Vinci  http://www.mos.org/leonardo/scientist.html

            http://library.thinkquest.org/15569/hist-7.html

            http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/history/history7.html

Humanism in the Renaissance

            http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/c-humanism/Humanism.html

            http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/c-humanism/Scholarship.html

           

Industrial Revolution – diseases of urbanization, overcrowding

            Improved communications – printing press, medical journals

 

            Technology – telegraph, rail, canal, travel, steam engine, textiles,

improved instruments

 

War,  Brittain’s experience in the care of the wounded –Crimean War and nursing, Franco-Prussian war and Koch and Pasteur, France surrenders, http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Florence.html

http://www.ccsn.nevada.edu/math/matovina/math120/research/nigthingale.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/medicine/nightingale_05.shtml

 

The Red Cross Movement - -International call for aid and support is successful

Parisians and the Red Cross.

-Wealthy Parisians and the "Communards": the lower class partisans. For more on this: http://www.indiana.edu/~warmed/FPnotes.html

 

Knowledge and Science – Chemical dyes, stains, chemical drugs, anesthetics , germ theory

 

Union civil war surgeons (pre-Lister) experimented with other disinfecting agents (bromine, turpentine, nitric acid).

1860s Civil War Medicine

            http://www.cl.utoledo.edu/canaday/quackery/quack8.html

http://www.civilwarhome.com/medicinehistory.htm

http://www.civilwarmed.org/research.cfm

 

Government reform – public health, sanitation, working class men voting rights

            From Laissez faire to government intervention

 

Economy – French and Prussian economy prospered , Pasteur sponsored by the French wine industry

 

The Golden Age of Microbiology 1850-1900( http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap1.html)http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/timeline/tmln_1.htm

Edward Jenner was responsible for the first real break through in the fight against infectious disease

. (1796) Immunisation; Milk maids (cowpox) immune to small pox.http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/edwardjenner.htmlhttp://www.wfu.edu/users/georja1/Discoveryofthesmallpoxvaccination.html

1881 Louis Pasteur- germs cause disease. Later discovered a vaccine for Cholera, Anthrax and Rabies.http://www.labexplorer.com/louis_pasteur.htm

http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/timeline/tmln_0.htm

Louis Pasteur “Father of Microbiology” 1897. Disproved spontaneous generation theory. SWAN-NECK FLASKS*http://www.foundersofscience.net/interest1.htm

http://www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/special/pasteur/cohn.html

Microorganisms cause disease by producing specific types of molecules (yeasts cause “diseases” of wine & beer)

Lister* (UK) recognised importance of Pasteur. Theorised open wound infections due to microbes in air.

http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol2007.htm

 Spray air with phenol (Beginning of aseptic technique)

http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html

http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1905a.html

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/history/notes/microbiology/

Robert Koch: proved the Germ Theory of Disease. 1875 identified organisms that cause anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis.

http://www.educationforum.co.uk/Revtests1.htm

Koch’s postulates to prove that a type of germ cause a specific disease.

            1901 Landasteiner discovers ABO blood group

 

First World War 1914-1918 – use of citrate to keep blood from clotting

http://www.cdha.nshealth.ca/programsandservices/transfusion/forPatients/transfusionThroughAges.html

http://www.educationforum.co.uk/causeandcure.htm. Interactive quiz.

 

Disease and pollution. http://webexhibits.org/dir/i/a/

 

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