# TimeLineChronology (V204)
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# a.out TimelineChronologyV204.txt >! music_time_line.html
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-800; 500; ERA: Ancient
-800; Rise of Greek City-States (800-461 B.C.)
-700; Homer: Iliad and Odyssey (700 B.C. or earlier)
-600; Sacadas of Argos wins musical competition at Pythian Games with Nomos Pythicos (586 B.C.)
-497; Pythagoras dies.
-458; Aeschylus, Agamemnon.
-414; Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris.
-380; Plato, Republic.
-330; Aristotle, Politics.
-320; Aristoxenos, Harmonic Elements.
-46; Julius Caesar becomes dictator.
-26; Vergil, Aeneid (26-19 B.C.)
-4; Birth of Jesus (4 B.C.)
33; Crucifixion of Jesus (ca. 33 A.D.)
54; Nero Emperor of Rome.
70; Temple at Jerusalem destroyed.
313; Constantine I issues Edict of Milan.
325; Constantine declares Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The spread of Christianity in the western world spurred the development of European music.
330; Constantinople established as new capital of Roman Empire.
386; Responsorial psalmody introduced at Milan under Bishop Ambrose.
395; Separation of Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
400; St. Augustine (354-430) City of God (413)
500; 1300; ERA: Medieval
500; Boethius (480-524) De instituzione musica.
520; Rule of St. Benedict (of Nursia)
529; Benedictine order founded.
590; Election of Pope Gregory I (The Great, ca.540-604)
600; 719; Muslim conquests in Asia, North Africa, and southern Europe.
600; Pope Gregory the Great codifies and collects the chant, which is used in Roman Catholic services and is named the Gregorian chant in his honor.
633; Council of Toledo recognizes Hispanic Liturgy.
715; Election of Pope Gregory II (d.731)
754; Pepin (d. 768) crowned King of the Franks.
742; 814; Charlemagne
789; Charlemagne orders the Roman rite to be used throughout the Empire.
800; Charlemagne (742-814) crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
840; Aurelian of Réôme, earliest treatise on Gregorian Chant (840-850)
850; Antiphoner of Charles the Bald - earliest Greek antiphoner for the Office without notation (9th Century)
850; Western music begins to move from monophony to polyphony with the vocal parts in church music moving in parallel intervals.
870; Earliest notated MSS of Gregorian Graduale (9th Century, late)
900; Monks at St. Gall compose tropes and sequences (Notker Balbulus, ca.840-912; Tuotilo, d.915)
1000; Guido of Arezzo (ca. 955-1050), writings on music Goliards flourish.
1030; Guido of Arezzo, an Italian monk, develops a system for learning music by ear. Voice students often use the system, called solfége, to memorize their vocal exercises.
1066; Norman Conquest of England (Battle of Hastings).
1071; Hispanic Chant replaced by Gregorian in Spain.
1075; Chanson de Roland.
1095; 1099; First Crusade.
1098; 1179; Hildegard of Bingen.
1147; 1149; Second Crusade.
1157; 1199; Richard the Lion Heart.
1163; Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris cornerstone laid.
1180; Troubadours appear in Germany and call themselves minnesingers, 'singers about love.'
1182; 1226; St. Francis of Assisi
1189; 1192; Third Crusade.
1189; Richard the Lion Heart becomes King of England
1209; St. Francis of Assisi establishes Franciscan Order.
1215; Magna Carta signed.
1240; De mensurabili musica (Garlandia)
1265; 1321; Dante
1266; 1337; Giotto
1280; Franco of Cologne, Ars Cantus Mensurabilis.
1300; 1400; ERA: Pre-Renaissance
1307; Dante: The Divine Comedy.
1313; 1375; Bocaccio
1322; Ars nova (Vitry)
1323; Papal Bull: Docta sanctorum
1325; Speculum musicae (Jacob of Liege)
1338; 1453; Hundred Years' War.
1340; 1400; Chaucer (The Canturbury Tales)
1350; Codex Ivrea (Vitry)
1360; Missa Notre Dame (Machaut)
1374; Petrarch dies.
1377; Guillaume de Machaut dies.
1398; 1468; Johann Gutenberg
1400; 1474; Guillaume Dufay
1420; 1497; Johannes Ockeghem
1431; Joan of Arc executed.
1435; 1511; Johannes Tinctoris
1436; Nuper rosarum flores (Dufay)
1440; 1521; Josquin des Prez
1450; 1600; ERA: Renaissance
1450; Missa Se la face ay pale (Dufay)
1452; 1519; Leonardo da Vinci
1452; Lorenzo Ghiberti completes doors of Baptistry in Florence.
1453; Fall of Constantinople.
1454; Johann Gutenberg invents movable type.
1459; Josquin des Prez singer at Milan Cathedral.
1466; 1536; Desiderius Erasmus
1469; 1527; Machiavelli
1473; 1543; Nicolas Copernicus
1475; 1564; Michelangelo Buonarotti
1477; Liber de arte contrapuncti (Tinctoris)
1478; 1529; Baldassare Castiglione
1478; 1535; Sir Thomas More (Utopia)
1478; Lorenzo de' Medici ("il Magnifico") becomes ruler of Florence.
1483; 1546; Martin Luther
1485; 1603; England: Tudor Dynasty
1490; 1562; Adrian Willaert
1490; Missa La sol fa re mi (Josquin)
1491; 1547; England: Henry VIII.
1492; First voyage of Columbus to America.
1492; Jews expelled from Spain.
1494; 1576; Hans Sachs
1495; Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper.
1496; Franchino Gauffurio: Practica musicae.
1500; 1558; Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)
1501; Missa Hercules (Josquin)
1501; Petrucci publishes Odhecaton.
1503; Da Vinci: Mona Lisa.
1504; Michelangelo Buonarotti: David.
1505; 1568; Jacques Arcadelt
1514; Missa Pange lingua (Josquin)
1517; 1590; Gioseffo Zarlino (Le istitutioni harmoniche)
1517; Martin Luther 95 Theses.
1525; 1594; Giovanni da Palestrina
1527; Adrian Willaert becomes Music Director at St. Mark's, Venice.
1528; Attaignant publishes first collection of Chansons, Paris.
1532; 1594; Orlando di Lasso
1543; Nicolas Copernicus: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.
1544; 1595; Torquato Tasso
1545; 1563; Council of Trent
1550; 1602; Emilio de Cavalieri
1551; 1618; Giulio Caccini
1553; 1612; Giovanni Gabrieli
1554; First Book of Masses (Palestrina)
1555; Pope Marcellus Mass (Palestrina)
1562; In Pope Pius IV's Counter-Reformation, he restores church music to its pure vocal form by eliminating all instruments except the organ, any evidence of secularism, harmony and folk melody.
1564; 1616; William Shakespeare
1565; In Italian music, castration emerges as a way of preserving high male singing voices. St. Paul's dictum prohibited women from singing on stage and in churches.
1567; 1610; Claudio Monteverdi
1571; 1610; Caravaggio
1571; 1630; Johannes Kepler
1573; Tasso's pastoral drama, Aminta first performed, Ferrara.
1580; Concerto delle Donne established, Ferrara.
1580; Dialogo della musica (Galilei)
1583; 1643; Frescobaldi
1585; 1672; Heinrich Schütz
1587; 1640; Francesca Caccini
1587; Mary Stuart (of Scotland) executed.
1588; The English Madrigal School is firmly established. The movement, led by Thomas Morley, produces some of the most delightful secular music ever heard.
1590; Missa Sine Nomine (Palestrina)
1592; Madrigals Book II (Monteverdi)
1594; 1642; Galileo Galilei
1594; William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet
1596; 1650; René Descartes
1597; 1653; Luigi Rossi
1597; G. Gabrieli: Sacrae symphoniae
1598; 1680; Giovanni Lorenzi Bernini
1598; Jacopo Peri's Dafne, the first Italian opera, is produced in 1598.
1600; 1750; ERA: Baroque
1600; Emilio de Cavalieri: La rappresentazione di Anima et di Corpo
1600; Peri-Caccini-Rinuccini: Euridice, Florence
1602; Le nuove musiche (Caccini)
1602; 1676; Francesco Cavalli
1602; Book of Ayres (Campion)
1604; Shakespeare: Otello
1605; 1674; Carissimi
1605; Monteverdi: fifth book of Madrigals
1607; Monteverdi: Orfeo, Mantua
1609; Johannes Kepler: Astronomia nova
1611; Madrigals Book VI (Gesualdo)
1613; Monteverdi appointed Music Director, St. Mark's, Venice
1615; Book I Toccatas (Frescobaldi)
1618; 1648; Thirty Years' War
1619; Heinrich Schütz Psalmen Davids, Dresden
1622; 1673; Jean Moliére
1623; 1669; Antonio Cesti
1625; Francesca Caccini, who most historians say is the first female composer, finishes the opera-ballet La Liberazione di Ruggiero.
1626; 1661; Louis Couperin
1629; Schütz: Symphoniae Sacrae I, Venice
1636; Kleine geistliche Concerten (Schütz)
1637; Venice public opera
1638; 1715; Louis XIV
1638; Madrigals of War & Love (Monteverdi)
1639; 1699; Jean Racine
1639; The first comic opera, Chi Soffre Speri by Virgilio Mazzocchi and Marco Marazzoli, premieres in Rome.
1641; Return of Ulysses (Monteverdi)
1642; 1727; Isaac Newton
1642; Egisto (Cavalli)
1642; Monteverdi: L'incoronazione di Poppea, Venice
1644; 1737; Antonio Stradivari
1647; Luigi Rossi: Orfeo, Paris
1647; Orontea (Cesti)
1649; Giasone (Cavalli)
1650; Carissimi: Jephte, Rome
1653; 1713; Arcangelo Corelli
1658; 1709; Giuseppe Torelli
1659; 1695; Henry Pucell
1660; 1725; Alessandro Scarlatti
1666; The first signed Stradivarius violins emerge from Antonio Stradivari's workshop in Cremona, Italy.
1668; 1773; Francois Couperin
1668; Il pomo d'oro (Cesti)
1669; Royal Academy of Music established in Paris
1673; Cadmus et Hermione (Lully)
1675; Matthew Locke composes Psyche, the first surviving English opera.
1677; Jean Racine: Phédre, Paris
1678; 1741; Antonio Vivaldi
1681; Arcangelo Corelli: first book of Sonatas di chiesa
1683; 1753; Gottfried Silbermann
1683; 1764; Jean-Philippe Rameau
1685; 1732; John Gay
1685; 1750; J.S. Bach
1685; 1759; George Frederick Handel
1686; Lully: Armide, Paris
1687; Isaac Newton: Principia mathematica, London
1689; Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas opens in London.
1696; 1707; Dietrich Buxtehude
1703; Vivaldi becomes violin master at Venice's La Pieta orphanage.
1705; Reinhard Keiser uses French horns for the first time in opera in his production of Octavia.
1708; J.S. Bach moves to Weimar
1711; Handel: Rinaldo, London
1711; L'estro armonico (Vivaldi)
1714; Gottfried Silbermann begins construction of Freiburg Organ
1716; Art of Playing Clavecin (F.Couperin)
1717; J.S. Bach moves to Cöthen
1717; Orgelbuechlein (Bach)
1721; Brandenburg Concertos (Bach)
1721; Griselda (A. Scarlatti)
1722; J.S. Bach: Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I.
1723; J.S. Bach moves to Leipzig
1724; 1804; Immanuel Kant
1724; Handel: Giulio Cesare
1725; Vivaldi writes The Four Seasons.
1726; Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels, London
1726; Vivaldi: The Seasons
1728; John Gay: The Beggar's Opera, London
1729; J.S. Bach: St. Matthew Passion
1729; Metastasio appointed Court Poet, Vienna
1731; Johann Adolph Hasse: Cleofide, Dresden
1732; 1809; Franz Josef Haydn
1733; Pergolesi: La serva padrona, Naples
1733; Rameau: Hippolyte et Aricie, Paris
1733; The comic opera, La Serva Padrona, from Battista Pergolesi's.
1735; Coffee Cantata (J.S Bach)
1735; Handel produces his last great operatic success, Alcina, which features dancer Marie Salle.
1737; Castor et Pollux (Rameau)
1738; D.Scarlatti: first collection of Harpsichord Sonatas
1742; C.P.E. Bach: "Prussian" Sonatas for keyboard
1742; Handel's Messiah premieres in Dublin to an enthusiastic audience.
1742; Peasant Cantata (JS Bach)
1749; J.S. Bach: The Art of Fugue
1750; 1800; ERA: Classic
1756; 1790; W.A.Mozart
1759; Voltaire: Candide, Paris
1762; Christoph Willibald von Gluck sets out to reform opera with his Orfeo ed Euridice.
1762; Essay on the True Art of Keyboard Inst. (CPE Bach)
1764; Mozart visits London
1764; Opus 1 Quartets (Haydn)
1765; Joseph II becomes Holy Roman Emperor, co-rules with his mother Maria Teresa
1766; Franz Joseph Haydn becomes Vice-Kapellmeister to the Esterhazy family and Kapellmeister.
1770; 1827; Ludwig van Beethoven
1770; J.C. Bach publishes 6 Concerti for pianoforte, Op. 7
1772; Symphony no.45 'Farewell' (Haydn)
1774; Iphigenie en Aulide (Gluck)
1775; La Finta Giardiniera, Il re pastore (Mozart)
1776; Declaration of Independence
1782; Abduction from the Seraglio (Mozart)
1784; Richard Couer de Lion (Gretry)
1785; Haydn Quartets (Mozart)
1786; Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro premieres in Vienna.
1787; Mozart's Don Giovanni debuts in Prague.
1789; French Revolution
1790; Cosi fan tutte (Mozart)
1791; Haydn: first London Symphonies
1791; Magic Flute (Mozart)
1792; Beethoven moves to Vienna
1793; Essay on Composition (Koch)
1793; Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded
1795; London Symphonies (Haydn)
1797; 1828; Schubert
1797; The Creation (Haydn)
1800; 1900; ERA: Romantic
1801; Haydn: The Seasons
1802; Beethoven: "Heiligenstadt Testament"
1803; Beethoven: Eroica Symphony
1804; Waldstein Sonata (Beethoven)
1805; Beethoven: Fidelio
1805; Napoleon occupies Vienna
1806; Opus 59 String Quartets (Beethoven)
1807; Beethoven completes his Symphony No.5.
1808; Symphonies 5 & 6 (Beethoven)
1810; Robert Schumann is born in Germany.
1812; Symphonies 7 & 8 (Beethoven)
1813; Battle of Waterloo
1815; Invention of the Metronome
1815; Schubert writes 'Der Erlkönig.
1816; Gioacchino Rossini's The Barber of Seville, based on Pierre Beaumarchais's play, debuts in Rome.
1816; Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rossini)
1816; Rossini: Il barbiere di Siviglia
1818; Beethoven's hearing has deteriorated so badly that he no longer can hear the piano.
1821; Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischutz debuts in Berlin, and he becomes the master of German opera.
1822; Unfinished Symphony (Schubert)
1823; Wanderer Fantasy (Schubert)
1824; Beethoven: Premiere of Ninth Symphony
1826; Mendelssohn writes the overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, which debuts in Stettin in 1827.
1826; Oberon (Weber)
1827; Winterreise (Schubert)
1829; Guillaume Tell (Rossini)
1829; Piano Concerto in F minor (Chopin)
1830; Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique
1831; Norma (Bellini)
1831; Robert le Diable (Meyerbeer)
1835; I Puritani (Bellini)
1835; Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)
1836; Meyerbeer: Les Huguenots
1837; Victoria crowned Queen of England
1839; The New York Philharmonic is established.
1843; Wagner: Der Fliegende Holländer
1847; Macbeth (Verdi)
1848; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto
1850; Lohengrin (Wagner)
1851; Verdi's Rigoletto debuts in Venice.
1852; Transcendental Etudes (Liszt)
1853; Richard Wagner publishes the librettos to Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring Cycle): Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Seigfried and Die Götterdämerung.
1853; Verdi: Il Trovatore and La Traviata
1854; Das Reingold (Wagner)
1854; Les Preludes (Liszt)
1854; Liszt conducts the first performance of his symphonic poems in Weimar.
1854; Liszt: Les Preludes and Faust Symphony
1855; Berlioz: Te Deum
1855; Les Vepres Sicillienes (Paris, Verdi)
1856; 1939; Sigmund Freud
1858; Berlioz: Les Troyens
1859; Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species
1859; Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
1860; Gustav Mahler is born in Bohemia.
1860; Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace
1860; The slave trade introduces West African rhythms, work songs, chants and spirituals to America, which strongly influence blues and jazz.
1861; Faust Symphony (Liszt)
1867; Don Carlos (Paris, Verdi)
1868; German Requiem (Brahms)
1870; Suez Canal opens
1871; Verdi's Aďda premieres in Cairo.
1874; Goetterdaemmerung (Wagner)
1874; Symphony no.4 (Bruckner)
1874; Verdi's Requiem, his most respected work, premieres in Milan.
1875; Bizet: Carmen
1876; Johannes Brahms completes his First Symphony.
1876; Tchaikovsky completes Swan Lake. It opens in 1877 at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre.
1876; Wagner's The Ring Cycle is performed in full at the Bayreuth Festival.
1877; Camille Saint-Saën's Samson et Dalila debuts in Weimar.
1878; Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
1879; 1955; Albert Einstein
1880; Tchaikovsky writes the 1812 Overture, commemorating Russia's defeat of Napoleon.
1881; 1973; Pablo Picasso
1881; The Boston Symphony Orchestra is established.
1882; Parsifal (Wagner)
1882; The Berlin Philharmonic is established.
1883; The Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York.
1885; Gilbert and Sullivan finish The Mikado, which premieres in London.
1887; Verdi, Otello
1888; Strauss writes the symphonic poem, Don Juan, which brings him international fame.
1888; Symphony no.1 (Mahler)
1890; Baudelaire Songs (Debussy)
1890; Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty debuts in St. Petersburg.
1891; Carnegie Hall opens in New York.
1893; Dvorak composes his best and most popular work, From the New World.
1893; Dvorák: Symphony No. 9 (From the New World)
1893; Symphony no.6 'Pathetique' (Tchaikovsky)
1894; Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (Debussy)
1896; Don Quixote (Strauss)
1896; Ragtime, a combination of West Indian rhythm and European musical form, is born.
1899; Verklaerte Nacht (Schoenberg)
1900; 2100; ERA: Modern
1900; Dream of Gerontius (Elgar)
1900; Jean Sibelius's Finlandia premieres in Helsinki.
1901; Mahler's Fourth Symphony, his most popular, debuts in Munich.
1902; Claude Debussy introduces impressionism to music in Pelléas and Mélisande at the Opéra Comique in Paris.
1903; First airplane flight
1903; Gurrelieder (Schoenberg)
1904; Puccini: Madama Butterfly
1904; The London Symphony Orchestra is established.
1905; La Mer (Debussy)
1905; Richard Strauss: Salomé
1906; Kammersymphonie (Schoenberg)
1907; Symphony no.8 (Mahler)
1908; A major change in classical-music style comes about with the release of Arnold Schoenberg's Book of Hanging Gardens.
1908; Bela Bartók: First String Quartet
1908; Gustav Mahler: Das Lied von der Erde
1909; Elektra (Strauss)
1910; Igor Stravinsky completes The Firebird for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.
1910; Prometheus (Scriabin)
1910; The Firebird (Stravinsky)
1911; Petrushka (Stravinskky)
1911; Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier premieres in Dresden.
1912; Pierrot Lunaire (Schoenberg)
1913; Igor Stravinsky: Le Sacre de Printemps, Paris
1913; Rite of Spring (Stravinsky)
1914; First World War begins
1916; Albert Einstein: general theory of relativity
1918; Ragtime (Stravinsky)
1918; Sergei Prokofiev: Classical Symphony
1918; The Soldier's Tale (Stravinsky)
1919; After moving from its southern rural roots, jazz establishes Chicago as its capital.
1923; Pacific no.231 (Honneger)
1924; Darius Milhaud: La Création du Monde
1924; George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premieres in New York.
1924; Maurice Ravel's Bolero opens in Paris.
1924; The Juilliard School opens in New York.
1925; Alban Berg's Wozzeck opens in Berlin.
1927; Charles Lindbergh solo transatlantic flight
1928; An American in Paris (Gershwin)
1928; Kurt Weill: The Threepenny Opera, Berlin
1928; Schoenberg: Variations for Orchestra
1932; Jazz composer Duke Ellington writes 'It Don't Mean a Thing, If It Ain't Got That Swing,'.
1932; Schoenberg: Moses und Aron
1933; Laurens Hammond introduces his Hammond organ.
1934; Paul Hindemith: Mathis der Maler
1935; Lulu (Berg)
1935; Porgy and Bess (Gershwin)
1936; Electric guitars debut.
1937; Bela Bartok's masterpiece, Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, premieres in Basel.
1937; Carmina Burana (Orff)
1937; Dmitri Shostakovich: Fifth Symphony, 
1937; Pablo Picasso Guernica
1937; Symphony no.5 (Shostakovich)
1939; Second World War begins
1941; Olivier Messiaen: Quartet for the End of Time
1944; Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring
1945; Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes premieres in London.
1948; Columbia Records introduces the 33 1/3 LP ('long playing') record at New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.
1949; Quatre Etudes de rhythme (Messaien)
1949; Short play 45 rpm records are sold in the U.S.
1951; Boulez: Schoenberg is Dead
1957; First Orbit of Sputnik
1957; Leonard Bernstein completes West Side Story.
1960; John Coltrane forms his own quartet and becomes the voice of jazz's New Wave movement.
1960; Krysztof Penderecki: Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima
1961; Britten: War Requiem
1962; Second Vatican Council
1969; Moon Landing
1983; With the introduction of noise-free compact discs, the vinyl record begins a steep decline.
1988; CDs outsell vinyl records for the first time.
1990; Union of East and West Germany, ("fall of the Berlin Wall")