From BORODIN : Stalin's Man in China, Dan N. Jacobs, 1981

. . . there was no dearth of . . . candidates for supervision—and conversion. . . .  One of the most picturesque was Enver Pasha, the �Ludendorff� of World War I Turkey. . . .  A pretentious man, he never appeared in public except in full-dress military uniform, replete with large black tarboosh, built up to conceal his short stature. But Moscow recognized his continued support in the Turkish army and among the upper class and the clergy. He dreamed of reconstructing Tamerlane�s empire in Central Asia and, culminating in a march into India, striking at the heart of the British empire.

But taking advantage of Enver Pasha�s troublemaking potential was complicated by Moscow�s commitment to Kemal Pasha. Naturally Kemal wanted no competition. Enver�s mere presence in Russia was an embarrassment to Moscow. Enver could be used only if he could be won over to the international revolution . . .  But Enver, more of a �White� than a �Red,� would not be diverted from Turkey or cast his lot with Kemal, as Borodin and Roy suggested. Sizing up the sterility of his hopes of Soviet aid, Enver left Moscow and assumed leadership of the right-wing anti-Soviet Bokharan nationalist movement, the Bashmachi. Two years later he died, in a skirmish against a Red detachment near the Afghan frontier. . . .  There is no evidence that, other than in his talks with Enver Pasha, Borodin had any involvement in Turkish affairs. Moreover, there is no evidence that Kemal ever had Russian political advisers, though he did have military ones.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England :
Cambridge University Press, 1981, pages 89 - 91.

From Queen of Bohemia, Mary V. Dearborn, 1996

. . . Baku. The conference there was historic, the first step in Soviet Communism�s long quest to woo developing countries, building on Lenin�s theses that revolutionary movements in the capitalist West could link up with nationalist movements in the undeveloped world to achieve world revolution. Most immediately, however, the Bolsheviks wanted to capitalize on the growth of nationalist movements among the Eastern, mostly Muslim peoples of the former Russian empire . . . Zinoviev [real name Hirsh Apfelbaum], accompanied by Karl Radek [real name Sobelson, a.k.a. Kradek] and the Hungarian leader Béla Kun [real name Aaron Kohn a.k.a. Cohen], attempted to rally the gathered Turks, Persians, Arabs, and Armenians around the cause of anti-imperialism, urging an all-out �holy war.�  . . . they were manipulating the Muslims who had just thrown off the czarist yoke into a holy frenzy, hoping to harness that unleashed energy to the Bolshevik cause.

The conference lasted ten long days, and left Jack [Reed] again frustrated by the tactics of Zinoviev and his colleagues . . 

On the morning of September 15, Jack ran shouting into Louise�s hotel room. . . .  They vowed there would be no more separations. . . .

( pages 160-1 )

 

Jack . . . recovered his usual ebullience, taking her around Moscow, to the opera and the ballet. He had meetings of the ECCI to attend, but he found time to take Louise to see Lenin and Trotsky, and introduced her to Béla Kun and the Turkish adventurer Enver Pasha. The mood of the Soviet leaders, in the wake of the Third International and the Baku conference, was confident. . . .

( page 162 )

Queen of Bohemia : the life of
Louise Bryant, Mary V. Dearborn
Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1996.

From Atatürk, Andrew Mango, 1999

. . . The commanders of the Ottoman armed forces agreed with the German military attaché in Istanbul, that German officers had to be put in positions of command in order to carry out the reforms which they deemed necessary.

The German ambassador in Istanbul, Baron von Wangenheim, was first approached . . . on 23 January 1913. The agreement of the German emperor was communicated . . . on 17 July 1913, and a contract defining the functions of the German mission was signed on 27 October . . . A Prussian officer, Otto Liman von Sanders, was appointed head of the German �military reform mission� . . .  On January 1914, he was promoted General in the German army and . . . Marshal in the Ottoman service . . .

. . . On 2 January 1914 . . . Enver [Pasha] had been appointed war minister. . . .

Enver�s first action was to abolish the army council, and to retire a large number of officers . . .

( pages 124-5 )

 

The fact that Enver�s grandiose designs could only be realized at the expense of Russia, Britain and France, helped draw him into the orbit of Germany. On 22 July [1914], only a few days before the outbreak of the World War, Enver told the German ambassador von Wangenheim that the Ottoman government wished to conclude an alliance with his country, and that a German refusal would strengthen the hand of Ottoman ministers who favoured the Entente. A similar proposal was made . . . to the Austro-Hungarian ambassador, Marquess Pallavicini. Both ambassadors had considerable reservations, fearing that the proposed alliance would add to their countries� burdens. But they were overruled by the Kaiser.

( page 133 )

 

The question of Turkey�s representation in Moscow was further complicated by the arrival of Enver Pasa on 7 August [1920]. Undeterred by the collapse of his policies in the Great War, Enver fancied himself the leader of a vast Islamic revolutionary organization. He thought that he could impress the Bolsheviks with his anti-British projects and render valuable services to the Turkish national cause. Enver outlined his plans to Mustafa Kemal in a letter from Moscow. Mustafa Kemal sent a polite reply on 4 October in which he warned Enver that Pan-Islamic agitation might alarm the Russians. . . .  In the meantime, Enver had gone on to Baku to take part in the Congress of the Peoples of the East, which the Bolsheviks had organized. In this chaotic gathering, which opened on 1 September 1920, Enver�s presence proved controversial. Although he had traveled to Bake in the company of leaders of the Communist International, the members of the Turkish Communist Party, headed by Mustafa Suphi, would not let him speak, saying that his proper place was in the dock of a people�s tribunal. Having heard his speech read on his behalf, Enver returned to intrigue in Berlin.

Negotiations with the Bolsheviks proved difficult. On 24 August a treaty of cooperation was initialed, but three days later the Soviet commissar for foreign affairs, Georgi Chicherin, asked that Turkey should cede the Armenians a part of the provinces . . .

( pages 289 � 290 )

Woodstock & New York : Overlook Press, 2000.

Kaylan, Muammer. Title(s) The Kemalists : Islamic revival and the fate of secular Turkey / Muammer Kaylan. Publisher Amherst, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 2005. Paging 482 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps ; 24 cm. Notes Maps on lining papers. Includes index.

Mango, Andrew. Title(s) Atat�rk / Andrew Mango. Edition 1st ed. Publisher Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 2000, c1999. Paging xiii, 666 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps ; 24 cm. Notes Subtitle on spine: The biography of the founder of modern Turkey. Includes bibliographical references (p. [623]-633) and index. Publisher, pagination, edition, series, date, cover, size and preliminaries may vary. Subject Headings Atat�rk, Kemal, 1881-1938.

Dearborn, Mary V Title Queen of Bohemia : the life of Louise Bryant / Mary V. Dearborn Publisher Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1996 Description xiii, 365 p. : ill. ; 24 cm ISBN