From Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, Gen. Oleg Sarin & Col. Lev Dvoretsky, 1996

Starting in 1952, an unpopular regime was in power in Cuba, that of Fulgencio Batista, who had seized the reins of government in a coup. He was opposed by a revolutionary movement headed by Fidel Castro and his brother, Raul. The situating gradually deteriorated over the next several years for the Batista dictatorship, with a full-fledge rebellion occurring in 1958 and Castro seizing power in 1959. The United States recognized this new regime immediately thereafter. The next year, Cuba joined the Soviet bloc and began to make threatening gestures toward the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo. So the United States cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba and sponsored the Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban nationalists in 1961. This was a badly flawed action planned and executed by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) but not backed by American military might. The invasion, as a result, was rebuffed by Castro�s Cuban forces, causing great embarrassment to the United States . . .

( pages 138-9 )

Alien wars : the Soviet Union's aggressions
against the world, 1919 to 1989 / Oleg Sarin, Lev Dvoretsky
Novato, CA : Presidio, 1996.