French Revolution (1789 to 1793) Cookbook Outline

I. Conditions 
	A. Political: Most of the rich landowners, the nobility, taxed the people very harshly.
	B. Social: Many new ideas were around in France. Many people believed that society should be run for the benefit of all the people not just a privileged few.  Most people were in poverty.
	C. Economic: Poor grain harvests, and they also discouraged free trade with other countries.  Believed in mercantilism.  

II. Aims (Goals or Philosophy)
	A. Clear Definition and slogan:  "Laissez-faire, laissez-passer."
	B.  Leaders who had a social and educational background that allowed them to hold the subsequent government together, who were able to make a plan: Turgot, Jean Jaques Rousseau, and the Phisiocrats.

III.  Steps
	A.  Event that made everyone mad:  Assembly's antireligious measures.  Church lands were nationalized (1789), religious orders suppressed (1790), and the clergy required (July, 1790) to swear to adhere to the state-controlled Civil Constitution of the Clergy.  Also, the "Great Fear" occurred, where peasants raided their landlords' grain storehouses, destroyed tax records, and swore never again to pay feudal dues.  Third Estate is being completely ignored.  Unfairness all over - some people don't have to pay taxes at all whilst the poor people do.    
	B.  Initial event with support:  August 4, 1789 - the National Assembly abolished feudal customs.  It ended serfdom and the tax-exempt privileges of the nobles.  Completed in 1791, the constitution created a limited monarchy with a unicameral legislature elected by voters with property qualifications.  Weapons used:
	C:  Liberals who made changes and attempted to forge a constitution:  The National Constituent Assembly tried to create a monarchical regime in which the legislative and executive powers were shared between the king and an assembly, but Louis XVI was weak and vacillating and was the prisoner of his aristocratic advisers.1 cup of members of the Cordelier's Club who petition to kick Louis out of office.  
D.	Moderates who began a rule under the new constitution and who might have split rule:  The regime called "Corps Legislatif", which was that of a bourgeois republic, would have developed smoothly if war had not perpetuated the struggle between revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries throughout Europe.	
E.	Conservatives who tried to take over and stop changes: Cities such as Marseille, Bordeaux, and Lyon felt as if it had all gone too far.  Numbers of the French counterrevolutionaries-nobles, ecclesiastics, and some bourgeois-abandoned the struggle in their own country and emigrated.   
	F.  Radicals who took control and made too many changes too fast: Wanted a republic rather than a monarchy.  1792 - Under pressure from the commune, the Assembly suspended Louis XVI and ordered elections by universal manhood suffrage for a National Convention to draw up a new constitution.
G.   Reactionary: Aristocrats who try to make people think that things are being resolved but actually make attempts to return to the prior situation.  Corruption is present.  Economic instability occurs:  Believing that they had been betrayed by the king and the aristocrats, the French revolutionaries rose on Aug. 10, 1792, occupied the Tuileries, where Louis XVI was living, and imprisoned the royal family in the Temple. At the beginning of September the Parisian crowd broke into the prisons and massacred the nobles and clergy imprisoned there.
	H.  Must have support of military and make changes to keep the current government in control:  32 Swiss soldiers helped storm the Bastille on July 7th, 1789.

IV.  Honeymoon
	A.  Monarchy or original government in altered form - director amends changes in revolution and liberals then begin to question: The Constitution of 1795 established a new government, the Directory.  It consisted of a legislature and an executive branch with five directors.

V. Conditions corrected enough by reform then stability returns or revolution begins again:  Napoleon soon earned the admiration of the French.  He created the Napoleon Code, which brought together many reforms   of the revolution into a unified legal system.  It recognized that everyone is equal.  Also, to strengthen the economy, Napoleon enforced a law requiring all citizens to pay taxes.

Civil Rights Movement (A Revolution) (1954-today)

I. Conditions 
	A. Political and social: Separate drinking fountains for whites and blacks. "Colored balconies" in movie theaters. Seats in for blacks were in the back of the bus.  There were non-colored restaurants, water fountains, and even restrooms.  No economical issues were present at the time.

II. Aims (Goals or Philosophy)
	A. Clear Definition and slogan:  "Stop Racial Discrimination Now."  "We Shall Overcome."  1966-1967: "Get Whitey."
	B.  Leaders who had a social and educational background that allowed them to hold the subsequent government together, who were able to make a plan: Martin Luther King, Junior, and Malcolm X.

III.  Steps
A.	Event that made everyone mad:  Segregation of blacks and whites all over America.
B.	 Initial event with support: Brown vs. Board of Education: U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation in public schools. 
C:  Liberals who made changes and attempted to forge a constitution:  1955: Bus boycott launched in Montgomery, Ala., after an African-American woman, Rosa Parks, is arrested December 1 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person.  1956, December 21: after more than a year of boycotting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegregate.  
D.  Moderates who began a rule under the new constitution:  July 2 - President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
	F.  Radicals who took control and made too many changes too fast: Quickly, schools begin to desegregate.  Starting with Little Rock High School in Arkansas, blacks are slowly being let into white schools.  
G.   Reactionary: Aristocrats who try to make people think that things are being resolved but actually make attempts to return to the prior situation.  Corruption is present.  Economic instability occurs:  Klu Klux Klan want White Supremacy back.
	H.  Must have support of military and make changes to keep the current government in control:  Police forces protected harmed black citizens.  

IV.  Honeymoon
	A.  Original government in altered form - director amends changes in revolution and liberals then begin to question: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters and suspended devices such as literacy tests that aimed to prevent African Americans from voting.

V. Conditions corrected enough by reform then stability returns or revolution begins again:  Revolution still exists today.  Although racism is pretty much against the law, it will always exist.  Just recently, in 1992, one of the first racially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a jury acquits L.A. police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an African American.

Civil Rights Movement Revolution (1954-today)

I. Conditions 
	A. Political and social: Separate drinking fountains for whites and blacks. "Colored balconies" in movie theaters. Seats in for blacks were in the back of the bus.  There were non-colored restaurants, water fountains, and even restrooms.  No economical issues were present at the time.

II. Aims (Goals or Philosophy)
	A. Clear Definition and slogan:  "Stop Racial Discrimination Now."  "We Shall Overcome."  1966-1967: "Get Whitey."
	B.  Leaders who had a social and educational background that allowed them to hold the subsequent government together, who were able to make a plan: Martin Luther King, Junior, and Malcolm X.

III.  Steps
A.	Event that made everyone mad:  Segregation of blacks and whites all over America.
B.	 Initial event with support: Brown vs. Board of Education: U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation in public schools. 
C:  Liberals who made changes and attempted to forge a constitution:  1955: Bus boycott launched in Montgomery, Ala., after an African-American woman, Rosa Parks, is arrested December 1 for refusing to give up her seat to a white person.  1956, December 21: after more than a year of boycotting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegregate.  
D.  Moderates who began a rule under the new constitution:  July 2 - President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
	F.  Radicals who took control and made too many changes too fast: Quickly, schools begin to desegregate.  Starting with Little Rock High School in Arkansas, blacks are slowly being let into white schools.  
G.   Reactionary: Aristocrats who try to make people think that things are being resolved but actually make attempts to return to the prior situation.  Corruption is present.  Economic instability occurs:  Klu Klux Klan want White Supremacy back.
	H.  Must have support of military and make changes to keep the current government in control:  Police forces protected harmed black citizens.  

IV.  Honeymoon
	A.  Original government in altered form - director amends changes in revolution and liberals then begin to question: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters and suspended devices such as literacy tests that aimed to prevent African Americans from voting.

V. Conditions corrected enough by reform then stability returns or revolution begins again:  Revolution still exists today.  Although racism is pretty much against the law, it will always exist.  Just recently, in 1992, one of the first racially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a jury acquits L.A. police officers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an African American.


The Egyptian Revolution of 1952:

I. Conditions:  In December, 1951, British troops in Egypt bulldoze 50 Egyptian mud brick houses to make way for a new road to a water supply for British military installations. 1952 On January 25th, British troops attack the Egyptian police barracks in Ismailia when the police refuse to surrender. Fifty Egyptian police officers are killed and one hundred are wounded. All Egypt is incensed. 
The next day, January 26, 1952 ("Black Saturday"), breaks out. An Egyptian "mob" burns Cairo targeting British interests (such as Shepheard's Hotel, BOAC offices, and the British Turf Club) in particular. Foreign observers who witnessed the burning of Cairo say it looked less like an unruly mob and more like a well-planned and disciplined action. On July 23rd, there is a military coup by a group called "The Free Officers" led by General Muhammad Neguib. King Farouk sought the intervention of the United States, but it was to no avail. 
By the 25th, the army had occupied Alexandria, where Farouk was in residence at the Muntazah Palace. Now plainly terrified, Farouk abandoned Muntazah, and moved to Ras al-Tin Palace on the waterfront. Neguib had ordered the captain of Farouk's sea-going yacht, "al-Mahrusa," not to sail without orders from the army. The order for Farouk to abdicate and depart into exile finally arrived on Saturday, the 26th, and at 6 o'clock that evening, the king set sail for Italy. 
 
III.  Steps
	A.  Citizens awoke on Wednesday morning, 23 July, 1952, and discovered that the revolution had occurred, and that the armed forces were taking up posts in some of the corners and streets in Cairo. 
At 7:30 a.m., they heard a broadcast station issue the first communique of the revolution in the name of Gen. Muhammad Neguib to the Egyptian people that stated the justification for the revolution. The voice everyone heard reading the message belonged to Free Officer and future president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat: 

'Egypt has passed through a critical period in her recent history characterized by bribery, mischief, and the absence of governmental stability. All of these were factors that had a large influence on the army. As for the period following the Palestine War in 1948, the mischief-making elements have been assisting one another, and traitors have been commanding the army. They appointed a commander who is either ignorant or corrupt. Egypt has reached the point, therefore, of having no army to defend it. Accordingly, we have undertaken to clean ourselves up and have appointed to command us men from within the army whom we trust in their ability, their character, and their patriotism. I take this opportunity to request that the people never permit any traitors to take refuge in deeds of destruction or violence because these are not in the interest of Egypt. Should anyone behave in such ways, he will be dealt with forcefully in a manner such as has not been seen before and his deeds will meet immediately the reward for treason. The army will take charge with the assistance of the police. 
Leaders: Neguib, a highly respected officer who earned his reputation largely in the 1948 war, was a figurehead only. The real power was being wielded by a young army colonel named Gamal Abd al-Nasser.  

July 23, 1952: The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 overturned the monarchy of King Farouk and led to the temporary installation of a government under Naguib, "the short-lived president of the revolutionary council"

1954: the rise of Nasser to power who was instrumental in getting the British to evacuate the Suez Canal, in suppressing the militarist group the Muslim Brotherhood and in establishing a marxist democracy in Egypt.  Nasser was born in Alexandria on January 15, 1918, the son of a postman. After secondary schooling in Cairo, he entered the Royal Military Academy, and graduated in 
1938. There and in subsequent service he formed friendships with a few fellow officers and with them created a secret revolutionary society, the Free Officers. Egypt was ruled at the time by a small landowning class that possessed one-third of the land and dominated parliament; the British presence was all-pervasive, and the king, Faruk I, was an irresponsible playboy. 
The Free Officers plotted to rid Egypt of the British and the king, and the disastrous campaign against Israel in 1948 strengthened their resolve. On July 23, 1952, they staged a coup and ousted King Faruk. Although he was the real leader, Nasser initially remained in the background.  
Radical measures were soon instituted: landownership was limited and political parties banned. 

In 1953 the monarchy was abolished and a republic proclaimed. It was first headed by General Muhammad Naguib, but in 1954  Nasser stepped out of the shadows to assume power. He subsequently negotiated a treaty with the British, by which Egypt was evacuated after 72 years of occupation. Nasser was officially elected president in 1956. 

1956: embrace of "Arab Socialism" in Egypt which led to sweeping social reforms, including the suffrage of women in 1956 and the right of women to run for political office. This period began a two-decade period of migration into urban areas, such as Cairo, Alexandria, Suez and Port Said, where economic and educational opportunities were greater.







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