Mercury
The Planet of Extremes

 By
Logan Estes
Bobby Wilson
 
 

Mercury

Orbit:    57,910,000 km (0.38 AU) from Sun
Diameter: 4,880 km
Mass:     3.30e23 kg
    In  Roman mythology Mercury is the god of commerce, travel and thievery, the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger of the Gods. The planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly across the sky.

 Mercury has been visited by only one spacecraft, Mariner 10. It flew by three times in 1974 and 1975. Only 45% of the surface was mapped (and, unfortunately, it is too close to the Sun to be safely imaged by HST).

 Mercury is in many ways similar to the Moon: its surface is heavily cratered and very old; it has no
plate tectonics. On the other hand, Mercury is much denser than the Moon (5.43 gm/cm3 vs 3.34).
Mercury is the second densest major body in the solar system, after Earth. Actually Earth's density is
due in part to gravitational compression; if not for this, Mercury would be denser than Earth.

In addition to the heavily cratered terrain, Mercury also hasMercury, the second smallest planet and the closest one to the Sun, may appear to some as a drab, colorless, heavily-cratered world. Not so. New analysis of data returned by the Mariner 10 mission in 1974 and 1975 reveals a surface with lava flows and deposits from explosive volcanic eruptions, variations in composition across its surface and into its crust, and a different chemical composition from the other inner planets. These discoveries were made by Mark Robinson at the United States Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona (he is now at Northwestern University) and Paul Lucey of the University of Hawai'i. Using improvements in computer and age-processing technologies, and a better understanding of how light reflects off planetary surfaces than was available in the mid-1970s Robinson and Lucey manipulated the original data and produced a color image of Mercury that depicts compositional differences across its stark surface (Robinson, Mark S. and Lucey, Paul G., 1997, Recalibrated Mariner 10 Color Mosaics:regions of relatively smooth plains. Some may be the result of ancient volcanic activity but some may be the result of the deposition of ejecta from cratering impacts.
Mercury would seem to be one of the least likely places in the solar system to find ice. The closest planet to the Sun has temperatures which can reach over 700 K. The local day on the surface of Mercury is 176 earth-days, so the surface is slowly rotating under a relentless assault from the Sun. Nonetheless, Earth-based radar imaging of Mercury has revealed areas of high radar reflectivity near the north and south poles, which could be indicative of the presence of ice in these regions (
1-3). There appear to be dozens of these areas with generally circular shapes. Presumably, the ice is located within permanently shadowed craters near the poles, where it may be cold enough for ice to exist over long periods of time. The discovery of ice on the Earth's moon can only serve to strengthen the arguments for ice on Mercury.
Amazingly One of the largest features on Mercury's surface is the Caloris Basin; it is
about 1300 km in diameter. It is thought to be similar to the large basins (maria)
on the Moon. Like the lunar basins, it was probably caused by a very large impact
early in the history of the solar system. That impact was probably also responsible  for the odd terrain on the exact opposite side of the planet (left) , Radar observations of Mercury's north pole (a region not mapped by Mariner 10) show evidence of water ice in the protected shadows of some craters. Mercury is often visible with binoculars or even the unaided eye, but it is always very near the Sun and difficult to see in the twilight sky. There are several Web sites that show the current position o f Mercury (and the other planets) in the sky. More detailed and customized charts can be created with a planetarium program such as Starry Night.

  Mercury's orbit is highly eccentric; at perihelion it is only 46 million km from the Sun but at aphelion it is 70 million. The perihelion of its orbit precesses around the Sun at a very slow rate. 19th century astronomers made very careful observations of Mercury's orbital parameters but could not adequately explain them using Newtonian mechanics. The tiny differences between the observed and predicted values were a minor but nagging problem for many decades. It was thought that another planet (sometimes called Vulcan) might exist in an orbit near Mercury's to account for the discrepancy. The real answer turned out to be much more dramatic: Einstein's General Theory of Relativity! Its correct prediction of the motions of Mercury was an important factor in the early acceptance of the theory.

Mercury is only about one-third the size of the Earth. It is smaller than any other planet except Pluto. Mercury is very close to the Sun and has no substantial atmosphere. These factors contribute to the fact that the surface of Mercury has the greatest temperature range of any planet or natural satellite in our solar system. The surface temperature on the side of Mercury closest to the Sun reaches 427 degrees Celsius, a temperature hot enough to melt tin. On the side facing away from the Sun, or the night side, the temperature drops to -183 degrees Celsius. Scientists have detected a magnetic field surrounding Mercury, though it is not as strong as the field around the Earth.Scientists theorize that Mercury's field is due to an iron-bearing core or possibly to the solar winds.Mercury's atmosphere is very thin and is composed of helium and sodium. The surface of Mercury has been shaped by three processes: impact cratering where large objects struck the surface resulting in crater formation, volcanism where lava flooded the surface, and tectonic activity where the planet's crust moved in order to adjust to the planetary cooling and contracting. Mercury does not have any naturally occurring satellites.

I think the chances are pretty good, but I have not heard of any specific mission in the 'works' let alone being funded. There have been some proposals for returning to Mercury to do detailed mapping of its surface, especially the polar regions where water ice has been detected by radio astronomers.

 Johann Hieronymus Schroeter was the first to observe the planet Mercury and record detailed
drawings of Mercury's surface features. Schroeter lived from 1745 to 1816. Unfortunately, his
sketches were not very accurate.




Mercury would seem to be one of the least likely places in the solar system to find ice. The closest planet to the Sun has temperatures which can reach over 700 K. The local day on the surface of Mercury is 176 earth-days, so the surface is slowly rotating under a relentless assault from the Sun. Nonetheless, Earth-based radar imaging of Mercury has revealed areas of high radar reflectivity near the north and south poles, which could be indicative of the presence of ice in these regions (1-3). There appear to be dozens of these areas with generally circular shapes. Presumably, the ice is located within
permanently shadowed craters near the poles, where it may be cold enough for ice to exist over long periods of time. The discovery of ice on the Earth's moon can only serve to strengthen the arguments for ice on mercury.

h.If an explorer were to step onto the surface of Mercury, he would discover a world resembling lunar terrain. Mercury's rolling, dust-covered hills have been eroded from the constant bombardment of meteorites. Fault-cliffs rise for several kilometers in height and extend for hundreds of kilometers. Craters dot the surface. The explorer would notice that the Sun appears two and a half times larger than on Earth; however, the sky always black because Mercury has virtually no atmosphere to cause scattering of light. As the explorer gazes out into space, he might see two bright stars. One appearing as cream colored Venus and the other as blue colored Earth
 

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