82nd Airborne: The "All-American" spent more time than any other innocently. Their soldiers performed with the utmost excellence. 30% of the unit was black and their was also a large percentage of Latinos which helped them seem less like "Yankee Imperialists" to the average Dominican civilian. The 82nd also carried a some WWII and Korean War vets who provided invaluable experience throughout the operation. As in the Korean War, American soldiers often took in orphaned children as an unofficial mascot, it was not unusual to see one of these children being treated to a helicopter ride over the city. When the US forces withdrew they made sure the orphanages were well stocked. 15,000 tons of food and several tons of clothes were distributed before the end of the intervention. Morale was generally good and the US troops were even treated to an appearance of the Bob Hope Show!
USMC troops : Showed aggressiveness during the establishment of the ISZ. The Marine troops were armed primarily with M14s and BARs. They also landed with their ONTOS and M48s which never fired a round. Their uniform was similar to that worn by the paratroopers except they wore the Marine camo helmets of WWII fame.
US Special Forces and Navy Seals: Small teams of both groups played a role in the Dominican Republic. They primarily were concerned about a castroist role and launched raids into the rebel areas to thwart a cuban advisors or weapons. The Primary route of infiltration was through the sewers of Santo Domingo. Infact the a few firefights broke out in these cramped quarters. In the most notable Special Forces joint-op Seals and Green Berets raided a location that was falsely rumored to hold Cuban weapons.
American Equipment: The most advanced
weapons available were given to the 82nd. They had M16s and M60s. They
also carried M79s and LAWs for heavier support. On the second day of the
operation artillery of the 82nd fired illumination shells the only artillery
mission of the intervention.
The M16s were
loathed by the men using them. They was a constant lack of parts and they
were prone to jamming. They also proved inefficient as a a counter-sniper
weapon. US troops equipped the M16s with sights built for Garands or received
a new commercial gunsight via mail from home. In addition Rebels
with possession of weapons as simple as the 7mm Mauser could out range
the M16.
No one
was allowed to use weapons above the RR. In the static defensive posts
these 106mm Recoilless Rifle and .50 cal MGs were used. Helicopters
would lift the 106mm RR a top buildings as high 8 stories giving
the weapons an awesome field of fire.
However, the US forces could only fire if fired upon and could only
use the RR against a known enemy position. With this in mind it seems obvious
why the RR's .50 tracer round was much more often put into effect. A .50
cal round was powerful enough to punch through the walls to the right of
a window (Where a sniper usually stood when firing). Interestingly the
only artillery mission of the war was some illumination rounds fired to
support the 82nd on the second day of the operation. After that artillery
missions were also banned. The reason of these restrictions was to preserve
one of the oldest cities in the Americas from the horrors of war.
PeaceKeepers: The Generals of the IAPF
Gen. Bruce Palmer: An excellent commander. Understood the political situation fully. In a situation that could've easily fell out of hand he maintained great control. Operation Blue Chip shows a mastery of the political situation as well as a tactical maneuver which would've been admirable to Liddel Hart's "Great Captains". His relations with Alvim seems to have been a good one and provided the force with excellent leadership.
Gen. Alvim: Since the Brazilians
were the largest they were given command of the IAPF with 3 Star Gen. Hugo
Panasco Alvin taking command. Alvim was a Brazillian veteran of WWII serving
in the Italian campagin and a hardline anti-communist. He accepted the
fact that their was some animosity towards the Portuguese speaking Brazilians
and made spanish the semi-official IAPF language. Alvim asked for a US
M48 tank company realizing it's pyschological effect. it arrived
in September and Alvim's predictions proved correct. It served without
ever firing a shot. He respected Mr. Palmer his second in command
and the two got along great.
The Latin American Role
On May 6th the Inter-Ameircan Peace Fore IAPF was created. Organized into a US Forces the Dominican Republic Command and a Latin American Brigade (Composed of a Fraternity and Brazilian Battalion) The US performed the bulwark of the logistic support.
Most Latin Officers had been trained at the US Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth Kansas. Others had received US training elsewere.
Brazil:(1,152 men) Brazil thinks
of itself as the leader of the Southern hemisphere. In this leadership
role the Brazilian contribution was quite large. An Infantry Battalion,
A Marine company( part of the Fraternity Battalion), a signal unit and
a MP Company were all put in the IAPF command. The Brazilian were the best
prepared and were able to provide their own air-transport to San Isidro.
With the possible exception of the Americans they were the most hated force
by the Dominicans. They believed that their role in the Dominican was their
contribution to the Vietnam War and the larger anti-Communist crusade.
Honduras: (250) First that arrived
rifle, Their single rifle company was part of the "Fraternity Battalion."
They threw grenades "like popcorn" according to Gen. Palmer.
Paraguay: (178) Rifle
Company part of the "Fraternity Battalion" Arrived last in late June. The
land-locked Paraguayans had never seen the sea and spent hours just staring
at the Caribbean in amazement at it's vastness.
Nicaragua: (159) Rifle
Company part of the "Fraternity Battalion"
Costa Rica: (21) Had no military
force so they instead sent Guardia Civil men to the "Fraternity
Battalion"
El Salvador: (3) Staff Officers
Argentina: It's military wished
to become involved but the government said as they rejected serving under
their historic rivals, Brazilians.
Haiti: Historic animosity existed
between the Dominican Republic and this nation as a result Haiti was not
invited to participate in the IAPF
Columbia and Venezuela: Decided
not to get involved militarily but; along with other nations sent food,
clothing, and medical supplies.