> ### Solution for
> Programming Exercise 11.2

> THIS PAGE DISCUSSES ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION to the following exercise from this on-line Java textbook.

> Exercise 11.2: Make a new version of the sample program WordList.java, from Section 10.3, that stores words in a binary sort tree instead of in an array.

> Discussion

> In WordList.java, an array is used to store a list of (lower case) words in alphabetical order, and at the end of the program the words are output to a file in order. Since a binary sort tree is designed to store words in alphabetical order, it can be used as a substitute for the array. At the end of the program, an inorder traversal of the tree can be used to output the words to the file. Using an inorder traversal guarantees that the words will be output in order.

> Only a few changes are needed in the `main()` routine. They are marked in red in the solution shown below. It uses a differnt type of variable, and it calls a few different routines, but the logic is unchanged. The code that we need in order to implement the binary sort tree can be copied almost directly from Section 11.4. The `inorderPrint()` routine in that section prints its strings to standard output. In order to print to a file, I have added a parameter of type `PrintWriter`. The `main()` routine provides a stream for writing to the output file.

> The `treeInsert()` routine from Section 11.4 has been renamed to `insertWord()` here, to be consistent with the subroutine call in the `main()` routine. I have also made a few other changes to adapt it to this program. The `insertWord()` routine coverts its parameter to lower case. It also refuses to insert duplicate items into the tree. That is, if it finds a copy of the parameter already in the tree, it returns without adding anything to the tree.

> All-in-all, the substitution of the binary tree for the array is very straightforward.

> The Solution

> Changes in the main() routine are shown in red. In the part of the program that implements binary sort trees, changes from the versions in Section 11.4 are shown in red.

>        /*
>           This program lets the user specify a text file for input and a file
>           for output.  All the words are read from the input file.  Words are
>           converted to lower case.  An alphabetical list of all the words that
>           were found, without repetition, is written to the output file, with
>           one word per line.  A word in this program is defined to be any
>           sequence of letters.

>           In this version of the program, words are stored in a binary
>           sort tree.

>           This class depends on the non-standard classes TextIO and TextReader,
>        */

>        import java.io.*;

>        public class WordListWithTree {

>           //------------------ The main program ------------------------------------

>           static TreeNode root;  // Points to the root of the binary sort
>                                  //   tree that holds the words.  At the
>                                  //   beginning of the program, when the tree
>                                  //   is empty, root is null.

>           public static void main(String[] args) {

>              TextReader in;    // A stream for reading from the input file.
>              PrintWriter out;  // A stream for writing to the output file.

>              String inputFileName;   // Input file name, specified by the user.
>              String outputFileName;  // Output file name, specified by the user.

>              root = null;  // Start with an empty tree.  (Not really necessary,
>                            //   since null is the default initial value anyway.)

>              /* Get the input file name from the user and try to create the
>                 input stream.  If there is a FileNotFoundException, print
>                 a message and terminate the program. */

>              TextIO.put("Input file name?  ");
>              inputFileName = TextIO.getln().trim();
>              try {
>                 in = new TextReader(new FileReader(inputFileName));
>              }
>              catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
>                  TextIO.putln("Can't find file \"" + inputFileName + "\".");
>                  return;
>              }

>              /* Get the output file name from the user and try to create the
>                 output stream.  If there is an IOException, print a message
>                 and terminate the program. */

>              TextIO.put("Output file name? ");
>              outputFileName = TextIO.getln().trim();
>              try {
>                 out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(outputFileName));
>              }
>              catch (IOException e) {
>                  TextIO.putln("Can't open file \"" + outputFileName + "\" for output.");
>                  TextIO.putln(e.toString());
>                  return;
>              }

>              /* Read all the words from the input stream and insert them into
>                 the array of words.  Reading from a TextReader can result in
>                 an error of type TextReader.Error.  If one occurs, print an
>                 error message and terminate the program. */

>              try {
>                 while (true) {
>                       // Skip past and non-letters in the input stream.  If an
>                       //   end-of-stream has been reached, end the loop.  Otherwise,
>                       //   read a word and insert it into the array of words.
>                    while ( ! in.eof() && ! Character.isLetter(in.peek()) )
>                       in.getAnyChar();
>                    if (in.eof())
>                       break;
>                    insertWord(in.getAlpha());
>                 }
>              }
>              catch (TextReader.Error e) {
>                 TextIO.putln("An error occurred while reading from the input file.");
>                 TextIO.putln(e.toString());
>                 return;
>              }

>              /* Write all the words from the tree to the output stream. */

>              inorderPrint(root, out);

>              /* Finish up by checking for an error on the output stream and
>                 printing either a warning message or a message that the words
>                 have been output to the output file. */

>              if (out.checkError() == true) {
>                 TextIO.putln("\nSome error occurred while writing output.");
>                 TextIO.putln("Output might be incomplete or invalid.");
>              }
>              else {
>                 TextIO.putln("\n" + countNodes(root) + " words from \"" + inputFileName +
>                               "\" output to \"" + outputFileName + "\".");
>              }

>           } // end main()

>          //------------- A class and subroutines for the binary sort tree ----------

>           static class TreeNode {
>                      // An object of type TreeNode represents one node
>                      // in a binary tree of strings.
>               String item;      // The data in this node.
>               TreeNode left;    // Pointer to left subtree.
>               TreeNode right;   // Pointer to right subtree.
>               TreeNode(String str) {
>                      // Constructor.  Make a node containing str.
>                  item = str;
>               }
>           }  // end class TreeNode

>           static void inorderPrint(TreeNode node, PrintWriter output) {
>                    // Output the items in the tree to which node points.
>                    // The items are listed, one to a line, on the specified
>                    // output streams.  An inorder listing is used, which
>                    // will print the words in the binary sort tree in
>                    // alphabetical order.
>                if (node != null) {
>                   inorderPrint( node.left, output );
>                   output.println(node.item);
>                   inorderPrint( node.right, output );
>                }
>           }  // end inorderPrint()

>           static int countNodes(TreeNode node) {
>                  // Return the number of nodes in the tree to which node points.
>               if (node == null)
>                  return 0;
>               else
>                  return 1 + countNodes(node.left) + countNodes(node.right);
>           }

>           static void insertWord(String newItem) {
>                    // Add the word to the binary sort tree to which the
>                    // global variable "root" refers.  Duplicate entries
>                    // will be ignored!  All words are converted to lower case.
>              newItem = newItem.toLowerCase();
>              if ( root == null ) {
>                      // The tree is empty.  Set root to point to a new node
>                      // containing the new item.
>                  root = new TreeNode( newItem );
>                  return;
>               }
>               TreeNode runner; // Runs down the tree to find a place for newItem.
>               runner = root;   // Start at the root.
>               while (true) {
>                  if ( newItem.equals(runner.item) ) {
>                          // The word is already in the tree.  Don't insert
>                          // another copy.  Just return.
>                      return;
>                  }
>                  if ( newItem.compareTo(runner.item) < 0 ) {
>                           // Since the new item is less than the item in runner,
>                           // it belongs in the left subtree of runner.  If there
>                           // is an open space at runner.left, add a node there.
>                           // Otherwise, advance runner down one level to the left.
>                     if ( runner.left == null ) {
>                        runner.left = new TreeNode( newItem );
>                        return;  // New item has been added to the tree.
>                     }
>                     else
>                        runner = runner.left;
>                  }
>                  else {
>                           // Since the new item is greater than or equal to the
>                           // item in runner, it belongs in the right subtree of
>                           // runner.  If there is an open space at runner.right,
>                           // add a new node there.  Otherwise, advance runner
>                           // down one level to the right.
>                     if ( runner.right == null ) {
>                        runner.right = new TreeNode( newItem );
>                        return;  // New item has been added to the tree.
>                     }
>                     else
>                        runner = runner.right;
>                   }
>               } // end while
>           }  // end insertWord()

>        }  // end class WordListWithTree

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