Terrorism effects
The destruction of crops and/or livestock has a direct financial impact on the grower or breeder, but it also hurts shippers, stockyards, slaughterhouses, distributors, and so on. terrorism effects Middle-east-terrorism. Attacks may also impact consumers, threatening not only their pocketbooks, but their confidence in the safety of the food supply as well. Apart from immediate revenue losses, producers may lose future market share if distributors, wholesalers, and retailers choose alternative suppliers. Worse yet, the price of replacing entire crops or herds of livestock-or, depending on the pathogen used in an attack, the need to decontaminate an entire area-could put individual farmers' recovery beyond reach. terrorism effects Us domestic terrorism. In addition, seemingly unrelated industries could be affected. For instance, although estimates vary, this year's foot-and-mouth outbreak is expected to cost the British tourism industry at least $5 billion. Agricultural bioterrorism has received increased attention and discussion within academic, media, and government circles, with most recent studies arguing that agricultural bioterrorism represents a new and dire threat to U. terrorism effects Obesity effects pulmonary system. S. national security. 1 But are these studies accurate? Many of their conclusions are pure conjecture, based on worst-case scenarios. Both the threat and consequences of bioterrorism aimed at agriculture remain poorly understood. However, the threat may not be as dire as alarmists claim, and increased vigilance and institutional reforms could lessen the consequences of either an intentional attack or a naturally occurring disease outbreak. In the hands of terroristsThere is little empirical data regarding attacks, particularly those by sub-state actors, so analysts and policy-makers have been left to discuss the threat based on assumptions about vulnerability. But what, in fact, can we learn based on the motivations of past terrorists?The "Database of Incidents Involving Sub-National Actors and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear Materials," maintained by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, lists all terrorist incidents in the last century. It includes 21 incidents that might be classified as examples of sub-state attacks against agriculture. The earliest of these was perpetrated in 1952 by the Mau Mau, a violent nationalist-separatist movement in Kenya, which used a toxin from the African milk bush to kill cattle during their rebellion against British rule. Most of the 21 incidents were unsophisticated and ineffective, lacking significant impact. Only five occurred in the United States, and almost all attacks were very small scale, involving mostly chemical rather than biological materials. Five attacks were criminal rather than political in nature, and several of the others were purely personal (motivated mainly by revenge). The majority of these incidents might more appropriately be described as product tampering rather than agricultural terrorism. In 1974 the "Revolutionary Command," a radical Palestinian group, claimed to have contaminated grapefruit exported from Israel to Italy; in 1978 another Palestinian outfit, the "Arab Revolutionary Council," targeted Israeli citrus fruit, using liquid mercury as an agent; and in 1988, Israeli grapefruit exports were again threatened with contamination. In 1999 and 2000, Israeli eggs sold domestically were contaminated with salmonella. In this incident, two people died and many others were sickened. Although people had been injured in the earlier attacks on Israeli goods, economic disruption seemed to be the primary goal. Of the 21 incidents, three hoaxes, three actual incidents, and one ambiguous event involved biological agents. The hoaxes involved foot-and-mouth disease, necrotizing fasciitis, and an unnamed biological agent. A 1984 threat to use the foot-and-mouth disease virus in Australia, although a hoax, elicited considerable alarm.
Terrorism effects
Xenical uk || Us domestic terrorism || History-on-terrorism || Middle-east-terrorism