Wonders and Improvements

- Code: C6

- Civilopedia entry: Tupi were a militaristic civilization that had many of the best military leaders of Brazil in the time pre-colonial and in the beginning of the colonization. These leaders fought against the Portuguese and other Europeans or backing them and fought among the rival groups, the Tupinambá and Tupinikin were examples. Cacique Cunhambebe was one of the main Tupi leaders, but other great military leaders also exceed as Araribóia, Aimberê, Pindobuçu, Coaquira, Jagoanharó, Araraí, Parabuçu, Sepé-Tiaraju, Filipe Camarão, Zorobabê, Inácio Abiaru and André Guacarari. One of the biggest victories of a Tupi group was against the Portuguese, when Cunhambebe forces using bows and canoes defeat a force that uses powder weapons and caravels.

- Code: A1

- Civilopedia entry: This is one of the first drawing done by Humans, it was done among 12.000 or 15.000 b.C in Altamira Cave, north of present Spain. The pre historic men had inhabited dark caves in this time and started drawn animals present in your day by day, after had used abstracts forms in theris creations. The bison and other animals were drawn on the roof and the artist had few light to see what he is dranwing. He used yellow, black and red ochre (stones) to paint. This mural was discovered in 1879 and this discovery helped the scientists get more infos about the cave men.

- Code: A7

- Civilopedia entry: The Brazilians believe them Carnival is the biggest party of all World: for one week the country stops to dance the rhythmic of Samba in every city of the entire nation. Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador and Recife are the main centers of this huge (and sometimes unbelievable to foreign visitants) party. The Carnival beginning in Europe and when it has been brought to Brazil it incorporated elements of the African and Native American cultures, resulting in this big party that Brazil has today, every year next of Western Holyday.

- Code: A3

- Civilopedia entry: Evidence of the use of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, dates back to Thailand in 4500 BC. Several hundred years later, bronze working was discovered in the Middle East. Artifacts from this period show that bronze was initially used for decorative purposes only. This is because tin was not readily available. It wasn't until approximately 2000 BC, when tin was regularly imported from neighboring regions, that bronze replaced copper in the construction of larger items. Bronze was harder and less brittle than copper, and it held a sharper edge. Tools, weapons, and armor made from bronze were also cheaper to produce and more durable. The period of time when bronze was the metal of choice for such items was known as the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age lasted until iron working became prevalent in approximately 1200 BC.

- Code: A4

- Civilopedia entry: The design of the Confederation Bridge utilizes a multi-span concrete box girder structure, its Construction started in 1993 and was completed in 1997. It lies in Canada and was built to join Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. It cost 1 billion dollars to be built and its 12.9 kilometre do that the longest bridge over ice-covered waters in the World.

- Code: A5

- Civilopedia entry:

Mars is the second closer Planet from Earth, it lies 60.000.000 km of distance from us. It was observed by humans since 1.800 b.C, when civilizations from Mesopotamia and the Greeks have found it on the sky. The natural conditions of this Planet is more close to Earth than Venus ones, our closer neighbor: one day in Mars runs almost the same in Earth, its atmosphere is formed mainly by CO2, cold temperatures rule almost the entire Planet and maybe the Planet has (or had) water. Mars could be the first Planet to be inhabited by Homo sapiens, after Earth, there is many scientific studies in many countries about this possibility. Mars has the biggest volcano of Solar System, the Olympus Mon, a large canyon called Valles Marineris and won some tourist guides wrote by humans studious, if someday you visit Mars, do not forget to carry yours.

- Code: E3

- Civilopedia entry: Brasília was built by the President Juscelino Kubitschek, the construction has started in 1955 and finished in 1960 and it was built to be the new capital of Brazil. The reasons to move the capital to the "heart" of the territory were to develop this region and in case of war would be harder invade a capital in the center of Brazil, protected by hills, then in the
coast, were lies the old capital Rio de Janeiro. Brasília has the modern architecture of Oscar Niemeyer and the "Plano Piloto" (Pilot Plan in Portuguese) does the format of the city look like a airplane. Just two capitals in the history of the World were built in 5 years or less: Brasília and Constantinople.

- Code: E6

- Civilopedia entry: A good translation to the slogan "Diretas Já" is "I want vote for President", a slogan created by the opposition party MDB of the Military Dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1986). The army has taken the power in Brazil fearing a Communist Gulp backed by URSS and started one of the bloodiest periods of the Brazilian history. The climate of the Cold War did a hunt for communists, but not only communists were murdered, tortured or arrested in that time, but every one who wanted to do opposition to this dictatorship or people who was in the wrong place in the wrong time. At the same time other dictatorships have started in Latin America and rich countries of the Capitalist Side of the Cold War supported these dictatorships with money, intelligence work, military training and other stuffs seeing them like an opportunity to stop the advance of Communism in the continent. In 1986 the politician pressure supported by the people mob around the country marked the end of this bloody and not necessary period.

- Code: E1

- Civilopedia entry: The Bandeirante were explorers who had the objectives to explore the virgin territories of the colony, found cities, open roads, slave Native Americans, find gold and other riches and work as mercenary when necessary. They were from present São Paulo state, in the Southeaster region of Brazil. The many expeditions have explored the southern, western and northern regions, killing many Native Americans and helping to mark the boarders of the colony. Many roads and cities were founded by these explorers. Many Bandeirante have become famous, as Raposo Tavares, Fernão Dias and the two Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (father and son), the last two ones with the nickname of Anhangüera. The father's received this nickname of the Tupi tribes, which means "devil". Anhangüera took fire in the cachaça (alcoholic liquid) that looks like water and said he would take fire in their rivers, he slaved and murdered entire tribes with brutality and he was too ugly, for all these reasons he received the nickname of Anhangüera ("devil"). His soon also was a important Bandeirante who command the attack to the Quilombo of Palmares, a group of villages in the Northeaster region formed by scope slaves that resist by decades of the several attacks of the government of the colony.

- Code: B3

- Civilopedia entry: The house of the arts is one places who was able to exist only from the moment the hunters and the collectors brought enough, so creating an elite educated in the arts and in the reflexion which had all the time needed to perfect its knowledge while the others provided in their need.

- Code: B4

- Civilopedia entry: La Revolución (The Revolutión in Spanish) is the wonder of the Cuban Revolution in 1956 that has defeated the dictador Batista and installed a new dictadorship. The main leaders were Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, a man who was not socialist and just has used this way of production to challenge United States of America. URSS, the main Socialist country in the World in that time gave to Cuba millions of dollars to do Socialist propaganda in the American continent, turn the country one of the most advanced in Central America. The most dramatic episodie that happened in Cold War Times was in 1962, when URSS has pointed Nuclear Missiles to USA using Cuba like base. Today Cuba surfer a American trade embargo, too many people try to escape from this island and it is one of the oldest dictadorship in the World.

- Code: D6

- Civilopedia entry: Getúlio Vargas was one of the most important politician of the Brazilian history: between 1930 and 1955 he was Dictator, President or ruled temporary the presidency. Under his administration Brazil took many advances and many sectors as industrialization and Worker's Laws ("leis trabalhistas" in Portuguese). The Brazilian Legislature for workers in the Vargas Era was one of the most advanced in the World, with the bases that workers of your time have today in the advanced countries, as the right to a descent salary, time limit of 8/day hours for work, paid holydays, the right for women and forbidden children to work.

- Code: B5

- Civilopedia entry: The write type called Linear B was created by the Mycenians among 1.400 until 1150 b.C, a civilization ruled by the Greeks in them rise times. It was used to mathematics applications in commerce, the tabulate shows 87 different signals that represent the name of the products and them prices. This pottery tabulate was found in a Mycenian Palace and it is the oldest type of language ever found in the Greek “continent” and it has been translated since the 50’.

- Code: C1

- Civilopedia entry: Maiden Castle is a Celtic fortress that lies in present region of Wessex, England, built in many stages among 3.5000 and 350 b.C. Maiden derives from “Mai Dun”, that means great hill. This hill fort covers 47 acres (19 hectares), the biggest one ever built and was used to defeat the powerful Roman legions for years, around 44 a.C, time of the Rise of Roma. Before the Legions, many other invaders felt the power of this fortress. Maiden Castle just felled down in the I century, after several attacks of the Roman Empire.

- Code: B1

- Civilopedia entry: Maracanã is the biggest soccer stadium ever built in the world. This sport is the most popular in the planet and the biggest passion of Brazilian people. This love is so intense that, when the Main Team of this country plays a match in the World Cup, Brazil stops to watch the game. I'm Brazilian, and I can truely say that there are no symbols here that stimulate our nationalism. But when our team (also called Seleção Brasileira or Seleção Canarinho) plays, there's no people more nationalist than the Brazilian people. This stadium lies in Rio de Janeiro, its capacity is up to 200.000 supporters and it was built in 1950 World Cup, which was played in Brazil. In this Cup happened the biggest disaster in the history of Brazilian Soccer Team: we were defeated by Uruguay in the final match game, in Maracanã. Yes, Brazil lost the final game of the World Cup played at home. That happening was so appalling to the country that industrial activity decreased for weeks because the people were very depressed.

- Code: C2

- Civilopedia entry: Aleijadinho is the sculptor of the statues around the Matrix Church of Congonhas do Campo, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. They were sculpted in soap stone in the XVIII century, when this area had turned into the centre of the colony (due to the Gold Rush). The statues in real size were made in Barroco style and represented the 12 prophets and a passage of the Christian Bible: it's an amazing view to tourists. One fact that makes this sculpture one of the most important of the entire world: this dozen of real size statues were sculpted by a man that DID NOT have hands. Yes, it's really astonishing…

- Code: C3

- Civilopedia entry: The Monumento de Cristóvão Colombo (Colobus Momument in Spanish) was build in 1990 in Santo Domingo, capital of Dominican Republic, Carib. It is the newest great monument in that city that has the first university in the Americas, the first church and other "first" momuments. When Columbus arrived in Americas, he arrived in Dominican Republic island, there born Santo Domingo city, the first European settlement in the New World.

- Code: C7

- Civilopedia entry: Tupinambá is the name of one of the main groups of the Tupi root, the Native American race that has inhabited the Brazilian coast before the Europeans arrived. Tupinambá is also the name of the main tribe (the Native American city) of the sounther Tupinambá territory in the present boarders of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. This city was the headquarter of the Tupinambá in the war against the Portuguese and the Tupininkin, another Tupi group, in the XVI century. The French also fought this war backing the Cacique Cunhambebe forces, the main leader of Tupinambá. As the result of this war, named "Guerra dos Tamoios", the Tupinambá were conquered and the last survivors ran away to the forests of the interior of the colony.

- Code: C4

- Civilopedia entry: Primeira Missa means "First Cult" in Portuguese and shows the first Cristian cult that happened in Brazil. Today, the country is the larger country in number of Catholics in the World. This cult was the first act that has tried to convert Native Americans in Christians. And this convertation process was part of process that has decimated almost all the Native population in Brazilian lands. The first Christian cult in Brazil was celebrated by Frei Henrique de Coimbra in the same week that Pedro Álvares Cabral has arrived in the New World. In the next years the process of conversation had grew up and killed that ones that has denied to join in the religion of them new masters.

- Code: E5

- Civilopedia entry: Quilombo de Palmares was a group of dozens of villages that had a common government and a defensive system against the government of Brazil. It lies in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in a region named Barriga Hills and the population was formed by African slaves who were able to scope of the farms of sugar cane (the "Engenhos"). In its Golden Age the
Quilombo had 20.000 inhabitants and used to commerce with the villages outside Palmares. The two greatest leaders of Palmares were Gangazuma, the founder of this little empire and Zumbi, the greatest African Descendent leadership in Brazil until today. Palmares was attacked many times in many decades by the Colonial Forces and just 80 years after its foundation its capital Macaco was conquered. It also worked as inspiration for other Quilombos around the country, as Jabaquara in the region of Santos (coast of São Paulo state) that had 10.000 inhabitants.

- Code: D1

- Civilopedia entry: Nobody knows exactly why Stonehenge was built. The most accepted theory says it was built to astronomy studies (eclipses, lunar/solar events...) and/or to be a cemetery. Other people believe it was built to be a temple. It was started in pre historic times, but not concluded, maybe two other times of construction happened, all them among 3.500 to 1.100 b.C. Since the XIX century, engineers have done modifications in the stones positions to try put them in the original places or to preserve them against the time activities and vandals. The construction lies in present Wiltshire, England and it is a tourist attraction.