The first law of Thermodynamics:

Total energy of the system plus the surroundings is constant. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy is conserved.

For any process where heat Q is added to the system and work W is done by the system, the net energy Q-W equals this change 'delta' U in the internal energy of the system.

The second law of Thermodynamics:

For an adiabatically enclosed system, the entropy can never decrease. Therefore, a high level of organization is very improbable.

In all processes some of the energy involved irreversibly looses its ability to do work. Thermodynamic entropy is the quantity of energy no longer available to do physical work: 'delta' S =or> 0. In any spontaneous process, 'delta' S, entropy, increases.

It is impossible that, at the end of a cycle of changes, heat has been transferred from a colder to a hotter body without at the same time converting a certain amount of work into heat.

The third law of thermodynamics:

The asymptotic law, states that all processes slow down as they operate closer to the thermodynamic equilibrium making it difficult to reach that equilibrium in practice. 0 K can not be achieved.

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a pure perfect crystal is 0 at 0 K: 'delta' S(0K) = 0. There is a minimum disorder/energy in a pure crystaline solid at 0 K. [QM].

The fourth law of thermodynamics:

If a system receives a through-flow of exergy (produce entropy/dissipate energy), (a) the system will utilize this exergy flow to move away from thermodynamic equilibrium, (b) if it has more than one pathway to move away is offered from thermodynamic equilibrium, the one yielding most stored exergy, with the most ordered structure and the longest distance to thermodynamic equilibrium, will have a prospensity to be selected.

LAW 1: The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

LAW 2: The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse.

LAW 3: The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semimajor axes: T_a² / T_b² = R_a³ / R_b³

F = G M₁ M₂ /d² where F is the force between the bodies of masses M, M₂ and d is the distance between them. G isthe universal gravitational constant.

Einstein's Special relativity

1. The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames.
2. In any inertial frame, the velocity of light c is the same whether the light is emitted by a body at rest or by a body in uniform motion.
3. E = mc².

Einstein's General relativity

1. Equivalence Principle:... "we shall therefore assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of the reference frame. This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame" (A.E.).
2. Equivalence Principle: Gravitation is equivalent of curved space-time. In general relativity, bodies always follow straight lines in four-dimensional space-time.

16-6-2000 / Heinz Liechti / [email protected]

HEINZ LIECHTI, CHEMIST, PHARMACOLOGIST

MEMBER OF THE SWISS & AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ASOCIACION FARMACEUTICA MEXICANA

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