Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
Birth and childhood � Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica on August 15, 1769. At age 10, Napoleon was admitted to a French military school on May 15, 1779.
Physical stature (Napoleonic complex) � Since Napoleon was short; he would place pictures and other things around his house at a lower level so that he would feel taller in his surroundings.
Marriage and political significance � Napoleon was married twice, once to Jos�phine de Beauharnais, and another to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria.
Early military successes (1796) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
Napoleon's army defeats the Austrians in Northern Italy (1797) � In 1796, Napoleon led his forces and drove the Austrians out of Lombardy. He also defeated the army of the Papal States.
Treaty of Campo Formio � The Treat of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl. The Treaty marked the collapse of the First Coalition, the victorious conclusion to Napoleon�s campaigns in Italy and the end of the first phase of the Napoleonic Wars.
1798 �1799 French extend their control � Napoleon�s army succeeded in consolidating power in Egypt, extending the French control.
Napoleon Fights his Egyptian campaign (1798-1799) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
Napoleon's invasion of Egypt/ why? � In March of 1798, Napoleon proposed an expedition to colonize Egypt, seeking to protect French trade interests, and undermine Britain�s access to India.
Rosetta Stone Discovery- On July 15, 1799, Captain Pierre-Francois Bouchard found the stone in Egypt when he was guiding construction works in the Fort Julien near the city of Rosetta.
Battle of the Pyramids � The Battle of the Pyramids was between the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte, and local Mamluk forces. The battle won Cairo and the lower part of Egypt for France.
Lord Horatio Nelson's role (1758-1805) � Horatio Nelson was best known for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, especially in the Battle of Trafalgar, where he lost his life. He became one of the most famous naval commanders in the history of the world.
Battle of the Nile � The Battle of the Nile in 1798 was a naval battle between a British fleet commanded by Horatio Nelson and a French fleet commanded by Fran�ois-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers. This battle established British naval superiority during the remainder of the French Revolutionary Wars.
War of the Second Coalition is Fought (1798-1801) �
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition
Describe the war and its participants � The war was between the Second Coalition, comprised of Austria, Great Britain, Russia, and Turkey. This war was a major effort to contain revolutionary France in its peak of power.
Alliance against France � After Napoleon failed to transport his army back by sea after the Battle of the Nile, many of France�s enemies formed a new alliance with Great Britain to undue Napoleon�s previous conquests. Austria and Russia raised brand new armies for campaigns in Germany and Italy in 1799.
Napoleon's defeat of the Second Coalition � In 1800, Napoleon took control of the army in Italy, and won at the Battle of Morengo, against the Austrians.
Treaty of Luneville � The Treaty of Luneville was signed on February 9, 1801, between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire to ensure peace, between France and the Second Coalition.
Treaty of Amiens (1802) � The Treaty of Amiens was signed on March 25, 1802, by Joseph Bonaparte and Marquis Cornwallis. This treaty, along with the Treaty of Luneville, marked the end of the Second Coalition.
Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power and becomes first consul (1799) - http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/bio.html
How does he come to power? � The French Directory was overthrown in 1799 and the Consulate made Napoleon first consul, or dictator. He was first consul for life.
The Constitution of 1799 � This constitution secured Napoleon�s own election as First Consul. This also made him the most powerful person in France.
Consulate � The Consulate marks the period of French constitutional history between 1799 and 1804, from the fall of the Directory to the start of the Napoleonic Empire.
The Concordat of 1801 establishes reconciliation between France and the Papacy (1801) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1801
What did it do? � It made the Church a department of the state, and it rejected all authority form the pope. It also stated that the papacy had the right to select its bishops.
Pope Pius VII (1800-1823) � Pope Pius VII was born on August 14, 1740. When he was elected Pope, he had a major concern about the French.
Civil Constitution of Clergy � This constitution was passed on July 12, 1790.
Napoleon becomes first consul for life (1802) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon
The Napoleonic Empire / Map (1804) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire
Eugene de Beauharnais (1781-1824) � Eugene was the stepson and adopted child of Napoleon, after the execution of his father during the Reign of Terror.
Napoleon's divorce (1809) � Napoleon divorced his first wife because he wanted to produce an heir, for his children were both girls.
Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847) � Napoleon married Marie by proxy to legitimize the birth of their child. They remained married until Napoleon�s death.
Centralized Government � Napoleon was credited to have ended lawlessness and disorder in France. He is also credited with that the Napoleonic Wars served to export the Revolution to the rest of Europe.
Napoleonic Code 1807 (into effect 1804) � The Napoleonic Code dealt only with civil law issues, such as filiations and property. It did not, however, deal with how laws and regulations were to be passed.
Napoleonic Wars (1805-1815) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars
War of the Third Coalition (1805-1807) � The Third Coalition consisted of Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Naples, and Sweden, all against France. This is the first Coalition to be against the French Empire, all the others were against the French Revolutionary state.
British Naval Victory at Trafalgar � This battle was the most significant naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars. It was also a pivotal naval battle in the 19th century.
French Victories on Land � Napoleon marched to Rhine and forced the Austrians to retreat back to Vienna. After many Austrian defeats, they were eliminated from the Coalition.
Treaty of Pressburg � This treaty established Austria�s defeat by France, and forced Austria to be evicted from the Third Coalition. This treaty also established peace and amity between Austria and France.
Napoleon creates the Confederation of the Rhine and abolishes the Holy Roman Empire (1806) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine
Describe what it did � The Confederation of the Rhine was above all a military alliance, between 16 states of Germany. The members of the alliance had to supply France with large numbers of military personnel.
Treaties of Tilsit � These treaties ended war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two countries which made the rest of Europe powerless. The two countries agreed to aid each other in disputes.
Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) � Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia, and the King of Poland.
King Frederick William III (1797-1840) � During the Napoleonic Wars, he and his advisors pursued a policy of neutrality. Frederick William was forced into the war, and eventually was defeated by the French Army.
Joseph (1768-1844) � Joseph was named King of Naples and King of Spain by Napoleon. He was a lawyer and a diplomat, and he was a French ambassador to Rome.
Louis (1778-1846) � Louis was named King of Holland by his brother Napoleon. He took his responsibilities as king responsibly, and he tried to learn the Dutch language, and tried to be a responsible, independent ruler for Holland.
Jerome (1784-1860) � Jerome was the youngest sibling of Napoleon. He was named King of Westphalia by his brother Napoleon. When his nephew became President of the French Republic, Jerome served several official roles there.
Napoleon establishes the continental system (1806) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_System
Describe what it did- It restricted Napoleon�s allies from trading with the British. In 1807, he made this law even stricter, in an effort to destroy the commerce of the United Kingdom.
Berlin Decree of 1806 � This was the law that forbade his allies from trading with Britain.
Milan Decree 1807 � This was a stronger version of the Berlin Decree. This was an effort to crush the commerce of the United Kingdom.
The Peninsular War � This war was a major conflict in the Napoleonic Wars. This war was between Spain, Portuguese, and Britain, against Napoleonic France.
Sir Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) � Sir Arthur Wellesley was the 1st Duke of Wellington. He commanded forces in the Peninsular War, pushing the French out of Spain and Portugal.
Battle of Wagram (July 1809) � This battle was the largest battle in the Napoleonic Wars up to this point. 40,000 men died for Napoleon in that war. This battle brought the end of the Fifth Coalition.
Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 1809) � This treaty ended the Fifth Coalition. France imposed harsh peace terms for Austria.
Plans to restore the French Empire in America (1803) � Napoleon recognized that the French property on the mainland of America was indefensible, so he sold it to the United States.
Louisiana territory (1803) � This was the territory that France had control over, and Napoleon sold it to the United States.
War of 1812 � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812
Describe the happenings of the War - In this war; it was the first time that the capital was invaded and occupied.
Napoleon fights his unsuccessful Russian campaign (1812) �
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France#Invasion_of_Russia
Invasion of Russia � The French lost badly in this invasion, starting with over 650,000, and ending up with just 40,000 retreating.
Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay (1761-1818) � He was the commander of the Russians during the Napoleonic Wars. He ingeniously avoided an engagement with Napoleon, preferring to retreat deep into Russia.
Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov � In 1805 he commanded the Russian corps which opposed Napoleon�s advance to Vienna.
Battle of Borodino � The Battle of Borodino was the single bloodiest and largest single day battle in the Napoleonic Wars. This battle involved nearly quarter of a million soldiers.
French Retreat (Oct 19, 1812) � The French suffered greatly in the invasion of Russia, and in the retreat. They started with 650,000 soldiers. Only 40,000 made it back.
Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations (1813) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France#The_War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition
Battle of the Nations � As Sweden and Austria joined the Coalition, numbers kept mounting against Napoleon. Now the French army was pinned down by a force twice its size.
Napoleon abdicates and goes into exile on the island of Elba (1814) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France#Exile_in_Elba.2C_return_and_Waterloo
Describe Napoleon's exile � During the war, Napoleon was demanded to surrender by the Allies. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba.
Louis XVIII (1814-1824) � Louis XVIII was the King of France while Napoleon was in exile. He had a break in his reign when Napoleon returned for the Hundred Days.
Napoleon returns to power, beginning the Hundred Days (1815) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days
Describe the 100 Days � This was the last conflict and was fought between the Seventh Coalition, consisting of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria, and some German states, against Napoleon.
Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo (1815) � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo
Describe the Battle of Waterloo � When Napoleon was back on the throne for the Hundred Days, the forces of the rest of Europe converged on him, commanded by the UK�s Duke of Wellington.
Duke of Wellington � He is considered one of the leading military and political figures in the 19th Century. He was the leader of half of the Army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819) � He led his Prussian army against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. He contributed to the defeat of Napoleon.
Napoleon dies on Saint Helena (1821) �
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France#Exile_in_Saint_Helena_and_death
French Timeline
1. The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792) - http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049069
2. .Marie Antoinette- Queen of France during the Revolution. Reputed to be vastly excessive but history finds she was actually fairly thrifty. Beheaded along with her husband once the Revolution succeeded
3. Cardinal Fleury (1653-1743)- Appointed tutor by King Louis XV. Once Louis became King he appointed Fleury chief minister. He was largely unaware of the problems of the lower classes
4. financial and administrative problems- The French government was highly wasteful with their money and because of the many wars they were fighting completely drained their resources
5. Demands of the Nobility- The Nobility resisted changes in the spending budget, especially when positions formerly held just by birthright were terminated
6. Identify "Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781)- A brilliant economist, he was a main champion of laissez faire and disapproved of government intervention. He died fairly young and was not primarily an economist but was fairly prolific when he did focus his efforts.
7. Identify "Jacques Necker" (1732-1804)- The treasury officer, he treated the financial situation of France like a banker instead of a political economist and thus failed to see the causes of the Revolution
8. Explain Louis Reign- Louis XVI was the King of France from 1774 to 1791. He was at first loved by the people of France, but as dissent grew he was used as a scapegoat by the Revolutionaries and was not quite as horrible as those at the time perceived him.
9. The Estates General (1788) - http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture11a.html
10. First Estate- The class system in France was called the estates and the First estate was comprised entirely of the clergy. They held 10 to 15% of the land and were responsible for acting as a sort of moral police
11. Second Estate- The second estate comprised of the nobles. They comprised about 2% of the population and held almost all the land. This land was tax free
12. Bourgeoisie- The middle classes of France. Usually merchants who had climbed up the social ladder by earning money in their professions
13. Proletariat- The lower classes who have no chance of becoming an upper classmen. They re classified as having no means of income by production and only by wage labor
14. Third Estate- The majority of the population in France at this time, they comprised 98% of the population. Most were dirt poor with few exceptions
15. Peasant life in France- Peasant life was a miserable experience during the Reolution. Many were so poor they could not even afford bread hence the infamous Antoinette quote �Let them eat cake�
16. gabelle- A highly unfair tax levied on salt in France. It forced peasants to buy a limited amount of salt at exorbitant prices
17. corv'ee- A tax in the feudal system that is payable by labor of the peasant. It was often used to complete royal projects that they could not afford otherwise
18. The Middle Class- Otherwise known as the bourgeoisie, the middle class mainly consisted of merchants who wanted to move up to the upper class
19. Urban workers- A worker that worked in the cities, usually in factories of warehouses. They often worked extremely long hours of laborious work
20. King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788)- http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0003820.html
21. Identify "Elections for the Estates General"- The Estates Generals ruled over certain sections of a country. They were elected solely by the King without any outside influence
22. Identify "Demands on the Monarchy"- The Monarchy was expected to focus their efforts on solidifying the tax system
23. Voting By Order- The new Estate-General system invited people from all orders to join, but it was clear that they weren�t going to change how they were running things regardless of other opinion
24. The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789)- http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/gbrown/hist462/resources/chrono.htm
25. Identify "The Tennis Court Oath"- The effectual start of the Revolution; it occurred when King Louis XVI locked out 577 deputies of the third estate, so they met in a tennis court. They vowed to meet again until a new consitution was drafted
26. Identify "Louis XVI Versus the National Assembly"- Louis XVI wanted to maintain a complete monarchy while most of the assembly wanted a more democratic system.
27. A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789)- http://www.geog.buffalo.edu/~geobl/main/lectures/l8.html
28. Describe what happened- A 1000 peasants marched on the prison, hoping to free those wrongly incarcerated and retrieve ammunition believed to be held there.
29. Jacques Necker's restoration- After being dismissed by the King for incompetence, Necker was brought back after many of the key positions were vacated by protesting nobles
30. Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)- A mere scholar at the beginning of the revolution, he was elected a deputy and led the precedings at the Tennis Court. He was elected the mayor of France after the storming of Bastille
31. Marquis de Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834)- Lafayette�s parents died when he was 14 and he inherited a vast sum. He started out in the military and through this met George Washington and became a main figure in the American Revolution as well as the French Revolution
32. How did the revolt affect most aristocrats?- It destroyed their old way of life and put them at great danger of the mobs of peasants that were marching out of control throughout France.
33. The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789)- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fear
34. Describe- It was a time of pandemonium and confusion. Many different groups with many different interests all were waging civil war at the same time. The different factions succeeded in nothing more than destroying the original champions of the Revolution.
35. Effects- It gave the Revolution the bloody and unholy appearance that has stayed with it for 100s of years.
36. The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen (1789)- http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/french_historical_studies/v026/26.3jainchill.pdf
37. Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man- It freed the people from the oppresion of the kings and the supposed birth privileges. It also introduced natural rights into the legal system
38. Declaration of the Rights of Women- Several women, after the drafting of the declaration of the rights of man were furious at the supposed superiority of men. One in particular, Olympe de Gouges was the main supporter and she was eventually guillotined on the premise of being a national traitor
39. Mob Action (1789)- The most famous act of mob violence in 1789 was the storming of Bastille. This proved that people held the power.
40. Political Clubs- Groups of civilians who would organize and share their politcal views and attempt to convey their message to other citizens. There were hundreds during the French Revolution with many varying views.
41. The Jacobins- The Jacobins were the biggest political club, not only was there one giant meeting but soon there were over a hundred clubs affiliated with them.
42. The Cordeliers- Another political club giant they housed many political thinkers of the time. Most of their key members were executed during the terror
43. The Feuillants- A group of members of the Jacobins, disgruntled with their organization branched off and formed the Feuillants. They related more with the nobles and the aristocrats
44. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy(1789)- The state attempted to reform the church and put it under the same restrictions as many other institutions of the time.
45. The National Assembly enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)- http://www.agh-attorneys.com/3_camo_appendix_c1_.htm
46. The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France
47. Necker's resignation- Jacques Necker resigned in 1790 due to pressure from Louis XVI. Necker was considered highly vain and rather incompetent and more focused on keeping his reputation flawless instead of actually performing
48. Mirabeau- A supporter of the third estate, he was a main leader in the drafting of the Tennis Court oath.
49. Mirabeau's death (1791) � Mirabeau died rather young just after he was elected president of the National Assembly. He foresaw the upcoming problems of the competing factions in the revolution.
50. Louis XVI and family flee but captured- Knowing that popular opinion wanted his head he attempted to flee in 1791, but he was soon captured and was held under house arrest for a year before being guillotined
51. Louis accepts New Constitution (Sept. 14, 1791)- While under house arrest, a new constitution was being drafted. Although completely powerless he approved it.
52. Other reforms of the National Assembly (1791)- http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/FIRST.HTM
53. abolished titles of nobility- Nobility had existed for centuries before the French Revolution. Under the new constitution this system was abolished
54. reorganized local government- After the estate system was abolished local government was split into three sections, departments, districts, and communes
55. laissez faire principals- Laissez faire states that the government should have absolutely no intervention in economics.
56. Legislative Assembly convenes (1791-92) - http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfdks/FRChronology.htm
57. Conservatives- The Conservatives were for a more limited government system and greatly opposed the aristocracy
58. Moderates (centrists)- The Moderates were more sympathetic towards the aristocracy and disagreed with the mob violence.
59. Girondists- The Girondists were a political faction during the French Revolution. However they were not an official party
60. Mountain- Another party opposed to the view of the Girondists, they were an integral part of the Jacobins
61. intervention of Foreign Powers (1791-92)- During the confusion of the revolution many of the surrounding countries saw an opportunity to capitalize.
62. Austria-Prussia Alliance- The Austrians and Prussians decided to form a coalition to attempt to raid France and grab some land.
63. France's Legislative Assembly declares war (April 20, 1792)- Counter-acting the impeding doom from Austria the French decided to invade. While they had trouble at first they eventually defeated the troops
64. The Legislative Assembly deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the election of the National Convention (1792)- http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/august10.html
65. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity- The motto of the Enlightenment, this promoted the idea of brotherhood amongst men.
66. Radical Takeover- The Radical takeover converted the government into a Republic. This began what is known as the Reign of Terror
67. Robespierre- He was appointed public accuser and was a very violent official. He believed that no member of the a current assembly should be elected to the next
68. Danton- A great orator, he was a Parisian lawyer who was a leader of the cordeliers. He was a leader of overthrowing the current monarchy
69. Marat- Another political leader during the French Revolution. He is most famous for composing the death list in which the innocent and the guilty alike were executed
70. sans-culottes- A term which was used to describe the poorer citizens. The literal translation is �without knee breeches�
71. King Louis XVI is executed (1793)- After being held prisoner for two years, Louis was finally executed in 1793. His death was mainly ceremonial as he had no political power.
72. The Reign of Terror begins (1793)- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror
73. committee of public safety- This was the true government of France during the Reign of Terror. The name is somewhat ironic nowadays as it is associated with the death of thousands of innocents
74. Jacobins- The Jacobins were the biggest political club, not only was there one giant meeting but soon there were over a hundred clubs affiliated with them.
75. Republic of virtue- A famous speech given by Robespierre, in which he espoused many of the key principles of the revolution.
76. Justification of extreme violence- The revolutionaries appeared blind to the massacres they were causing against the people they were supposed to be helping. Therefore they labeled traitors to the cause.
77. revolutionary tribunal- The Revolution Tribunal was the high court during the reign of terror. It was known for giving out only the death penalty.
78. How many dead?- Reports vary, but it is believed that 18,000 to 40,000 died during the entire Reign of Terror
79. The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792) - www.masscouncil.org/frenchrevolution.htm
80. The War of the First Coalition is fought (1792-1797)- A war waged by the other countries of Europe. They were worried that the warfare would spread outside France
81. lev'ee en masse- The French government demanded mass conscription, and was used to form militias throughout the countryside.
82. coalition- Many of the militias formed coalitions amongst themselves to fight for their own causes
83. French military victories- None, did you mean French Military Defeats is all google came up with
84. Treaty of Basel- A treaty between France and Prussia. A second also was signed with Germany
85. The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction
86. 9 Thermidor- This is the anniversary of when Robespierre was attacked by the Committee of Public Safety
87. guillotine- The most awesome of all decapitation methods. This was used as the main killing machine during the Reign of Terror
88. The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795 (1795) - http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_revolution.shtm
89. Who controlled it?- The peasants
90. How was it controlled?- The peasants demanded that the monarchy be overthrown and that all male French citizens over 25 be granted suffrage
91. Council of Elders- The highest executive office after the monarchy was overthrown. Deputies were elected to three year terms
92. Dissolving of the National Convention- The National convention was dismissed at the drafting of the constitution. It failed to provide a concrete base for the country
93. The Directory begins to rule France(1795-1799) - http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001231.html
94. financial crisis- The french had spent vast amounts of money during the various stages of the revolution. They had run extremely low on resources especially compared to their main enemy Britain
95. corruption- Many of the officials were not in politics for promoting liberty but for personal gain. Therefore they were extremely open to bribes.
96. exhaustion- The massive amount of fighting and effort put into the revolution left the country spent after a decade or so.
97. army- The French army was also depleted. They had been fighting multiple wars abroad as well as occasionally intervening in the Civil Wars at home