notebook10

Ch.19 French Revolution

Ch.18 Enlightenment

Ch.20 Industrial Revolution

Ch.21 Revolutions in Europe

1st Quarter Notes

Global 10 Notebook

Textbook

1st Quarter Study Guide

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Chapter 26-Section 1 Notes

Chapter 26 New Global Patterns

Japan Modernizes

I.                   Isolationism (keep yourself in isolation�don�t want to trade or to do business with other countries).

A.     Tokugawa Shoguns

1.     1600s � 1800s

2.     Centralized feudalism (ruled all of Japan under feudalism as one big kingdom).

3.     Closed Japan to foreigners (to keep their own ways and beliefs)

4.     Did not allow overseas travel

II.                Foreign Interference � mid 1800s

A.     Commodore Matthew Perry � 1853

1.     Forced Japan to trade with the United States

2.     Other Countries then followed

B.      Unequal Treaties

1.     Similar to China

2.     Reformers restored the Emperor

III.             The Meiji Restoration 1868 � 1912

A.     New Leaders under the Emperor

1.     Set out to build a �rich country� with a �strong military�.

2.     Studied western ways and adapted them to Japan�s needs

3.     Goal was to beat the United States at their own game

B.      Reforms

1.     Government

a.      Adapted German form of government � strong Emperor, limited legislature, united suffrage

b.     Western style of bureaucy  (split government into different departments) and a modern military.

c.      Set out to build an empire

d.     Korea (�the Hermit Kingdom�-didn�t want foreign influence, the smallest and weakest of the three countries; China, Japan and Korea)

2.     Economy

a.      Western business methods

b.     Improved their infrastructure (infrastructure=critical to operation of your country, ex. are railroads, communications, etc.)

c.      Zaibastu = (legitimate family business; monopoly ex: HONDA, TOYOTA, MITISUBISHI, YAMAHA, family business

3.     Society

a.      No more legal distinctions

b.     Increased literacy and better education

(saying: �4 hours pass/6 hours fail�)

c.      Limited women�s rights

Up to the 1900s

Chulalongkorn � Son of King Mongkut, ruled from 1868-1910, reformed government, modernized the army and hired western experts to train Thals in the new technology.

Emilio Aguinald � Battled American forces from 1899-1901 after the Philippines were under American control.

Queen Liliuokalani � Hawaiian queen tried to reduce foreign influence.  American planters overthrew her in 1893.

More Imperialism in Latin America

I.                    Lasting Effects of Colonialism

A.      Little government

B.      Social division

C.      Lack of infrastructure

D.      Consevatives vs. Liberals

II.                 Economic Dependence

A.      Traded raw materials � no finished goods

B.      Britain became the new partner

C.      Some Latin American countries eventually prospered thanks to foreign investment and natural resources

III.               The Colossus of the North

A.      U.S. extended its control in the Western Hemisphere

1.      Monroe Doctrine � 1823

2.      War with Mexico � 1848 � Gained Colorado River Valley and California

3.      Spanish American War � 1898 � US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines.  Cuba gained its independence, but had to allow U.S. intervention.  Platt Amendment

4.      Panama Canal � opened 1914

1/8/04 Section 4 Worksheet in class

1/9/04 Map Activity in class

1/12/04 Chapter 26 Viewpoint Activity handout

1/13/04--Classwork from textbook to be used for test on Thursday 1/15/04

Economic

During Imperialism, there was a true global change.  The demands of the new world economy disrupted traditional local economies in Africa and Asia
 
          Political

Imperialism had global, political consequences as you have seen! Europeans claimed & conquered large empires in Africa and Asia.  They disrupted traditional political units such as tribes & small kingdoms.

Impact Of Imperialism

Culture

Traditional cultures and economies disrupted around the world.  Western culture spreads around the globe.  Western cultures changed, too, during the Age of Imperialism.  Schools and hospitals also spread by missionaries on Western cultures.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment was an effort to apply the methods of science to the study of human affairs towards the end of shaping a new society. That is, the Enlightenment sought to replace religious dogma with reason with a forward looking, progressive view of the world. Enlightenment thinkers proposed broad programs for the reform of government and society. While they had a tendency to exaggerate the supremacy of reason in human affairs, believing that people, through the use of their reason alone, could find solutions to all their problems, they also offered sharp and often courageous critiques of the inadequacies of the Old Regime (the Nobility and the Clergy). Reason, they argued, could be used to reveal the natural laws that regulated human affairs. Once these natural laws were discovered, the institutions of society could be reformed to bring them more in accordance with the natural order. In addition to their emphasis on rationalism, they believed in the progress of human beings and society toward a more perfect condition. In their view, human beings were basically good but had been corrupted by society. If the institutions of society were reformed, then this human goodness would prevail.

The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers had a powerful impact on the makers of both the American Revolution and the French Revolution. Their assumptions and ideals continue to shape advocates of reform today. 
1688 - Glorious Revolution. King James II is deposed and William and Mary are installed as monarchs by the British Parliament. It was "Glorious" because no blood was shed in this revolution, unlike the English Civil war some forty years earlier, which was bloody indeed. The Glorious Revolution places the monarchy on par with Parliament. This date may be used to mark the beginning of the Enlightenment. A cultural transformation was underway that was inspired by the Scientific Revolution and an emphasis on rationalism. By the end of the 18th century it was coming to be commonly accepted that more knowledge was good for society.

Enlightenment thinkers and their key works and ideas:

John Locke - 1690 - English thinker and the most widely read of the enlightenment thinkers wrote two key pieces:
? Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Tabula Rasa & repudiation that humans were born with tendency to submit to authority.
? Second Treatise of Government
If government fails to protect people's natural rights, and instead interferes with them, the people have the right to rebel (as was done in the Glorious Revolution in 1688 when King James II was ousted for William and Mary)

Baron de Montesquieu - 1748 - French attorney and philosopher
? The Spirit of the Laws
Promoted the concept of the separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - checks and balances. This work would influence the writers of the American Constitution 1787 (ratified in 1789) and the French Constitution of 1791.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - 1762 - Geneva, son of a watchmaker, rebelled against restrictions of the Calvinist city and fled to Paris
? The Social Contract
"All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains" (This would be echoed at the end of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx: "workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains")
Rousseau stressed the individual as a member of society - "The General Will"
While he didn't favor democracy in modern sense of the word, his concept of the general will and particularly the idea that sovereignty resides in the people helped promoted the development of democratic ideology. His ideas, like many of the writers of the Enlightenment, were male-biased. Mary Wollstonecraft challenged this in her Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792.

Adam Smith - 1776 - Scottish economist
? The Wealth of Nations
Laissez faire - Believed mercantilist regulations interfered with production and therefore interfered with a nation's wealth. Individual pursuit of economic self-interest would promote the prosperity of the entire society.

Thomas Paine - 1776 - American patriot
? Common Sense - This was the first important republican tract to be issued in America, the first to turn colonial resentment against George III, and the first to present cogent arguments for independence.

Finally, there was the Encyclopedie - 28 volume encyclopedia written and edited between 1751-1780
Edited by Denis Diderot, it included some 160 contributors (including Rousseau) on often radical ideas of government, economics, religion, philosophy, and culture. The Encyclopedia was an effort to bring together the best of the known knowledge together in one reference set.

1776 - Declaration of Independence. This document embodies the essence of Enlightenment thinking. Adopted July 4th by Congress, written by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence derives its concepts from the Magna Carta of 1215 (with the ideas, for instance, of due process and taxation through consent), John Locke's writings in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution (on the natural right to rebel), and Virginia's Constitution of 1776 (which, the Declaration, uses almost verbatim in various sections).

French Revolution

Causes: The French Revolution has political, social, and economic causes.  Politically, France suffered under an Absolute Monarchy, and most people were  denied basic rights, or a say in their government. Socially, France was divided among 3 Estates, or classes.  The 3rd Estate, which constituted 98% of the population, had the fewest rights, the least amount of land, and the heaviest tax burden. Economically, France faced a severe financial crisis due to overspending.  Also, bad harvests resulted in food shortages.  The Third Estate faced the greatest burden because of these problems.

In 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates General, France's weak legislative body to deal with the crisis.  The meeting begins the French Revolution as the Third Estate attempts to better their situation by taking control of government.

Stages of the French Revolution 
1st Stage: National Assembly Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly, vows to write new Constitution. (1789) 
2nd Stage: Limited Monarchy New Constitution of 1791 limits the monarchy, sets up a representative assembly. 
3rd Stage: Radicals 1792, Radicals take over.  Maximillien Robespierre is leader.  Reign of Terror, many die as result. 
4th Stage: Directory Moderates return to government. In 1795, 5 man Directory  runs country.  Government very weak. 
5th Stage: Napoleon 1799 Coup d'etat... takes control from Directory.  1802 - names himself Emperor of the French.  Absolute government again.

Effects: The French Revolution provides an example to other nations, especially Latin America.  The democratic ideas of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"  were spread across Europe.  Also, nationalist ideas were spread, which would in turn lead to the unification of Italy and Germany. The growing Middle Class asserted their power, and would come to dominate politics throughout Europe as limitations were placed on existing monarchs, or they were ousted in favor of other forms of government.

Industrial Revolution
 
Background
In 1750, most people in Europe lived on small farms and produced most of their needs by hand. A century later, many people lived in cities and most of their needs were produced by complex machines using steam power. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and Japan. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, and altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution is a major turning point in world history.

Causes
Agrarian Revolution: was a change in farming methods that allowed for a greater  production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The results of this revolution if farming was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. Also, the Enclosure Movement, which was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, left many people jobless and homeless. These people would provide the workforce of the Industrial Revolution.

Geography: Great Britain has an abundance of the natural resources needed for industrialization, such as iron ore and coal. Britain also had access to many navigable rivers and natural harbors which provided for the easy movement of goods both within the country, and overseas.

Capital: The British had a vast overseas empire that provided them with a strong economy. They had the capital (money) needed to build railroads, factories, and mines.

Technology & Energy: Britain experienced a revolution in energy use as they switched from animal power, to water power, to steam power in a few short years.  The steam engine was the power source of the Industrial Revolution.

Effects
Mass Production:  The use of the Factory System allowed for mass production of  textiles and other goods.  This shifted people from production at home with the Put Out System, to production in large factories in cities.  Mass production also allowed for lower prices on the good produced.

Big Business: As the Industrial Revolution grew, so did business.  To meet the needs of this growth, business owners sold shares of their companies to stockholders who would share the profits and losses.  The influx of capital allowed business to grow into corporations that had dealing in many different areas.

Laissez-Faire Economics: This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government.  This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution.

New Social Class Structure
 
Upper Class: Very rich industrial & business families.  Old Noble class. 
Upper Middle Class: Business people & professionals such as, lawyers & doctors. 
Lower Middle Class: Other professionals such as, teachers, shop owners, and office workers. 
Working Class: Factory workers and small farmers.

Urbanization: People moved to towns and cities to be closer to the factories.  Conditions were very poor during the early part of the Industrial Revolution, as factory workers lived in over crowded buildings, with no sewage or sanitation services.  This resulted in widespread disease.

Working Conditions: Factory workers worked very long hours, for little pay, under harsh conditions.  Workers included children as young as 8, both male and female.  Many people were injured or killed due to unsafe working conditions.

Societal Changes: New roles were defined for Middle Class men and women.  MC men went to work in business, while MC women worked from home and cared for the family.  The higher standard of living for the middle class meant that their children received some form of formal education. Working Class families faced many hardships due to poor living and working conditions, and most WC children never received an education.

Communism: Karl Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto (1848) that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. This socialist theory would form the basis for the Bolshevik, Chinese, and Cuban Revolutions in the 20th Century.

Imperialism: Africa, China, India, South East Asia, and others were controlled by Europe to provide raw materials and new markets for industrialized goods.  Imperialism had a negative effect on most of these cultures, and did not completely end until after World War II.  Imperialism usually only benefited the European nations.

The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in world history as it resulted in a complete change in society on all levels.  Effects of the Industrial Revolutions were long reaching, and influenced many other cultures both positively and negatively.

Latin America

Revolutions: The main causes of Latin American revolutions are Enlightenment ideas, the examples of the American and French Revolutions, and the basic inequalities present in their societies.  By the beginning of the 19th century, many wealthy landowners in Latin America were tired of European control.  These landowners enlisted the support of the lower classes in an attempt to gain their independence.  The Latin American revolutions are initially successful, gaining independence from Europe, but they fail to address any of the social class problems that exist.  This leads to more almost 200 years of continued problems, with revolutions, military coups, and foreign control dominating Latin American politics.

Russian Revolution
Causes: Throughout the 19th century, Russian Czars attempted to westernize and industrialize, without also importing French Revolution liberal ideas.  They were mostly unsuccessful, and many Russian liberals called for reform.  In response, the Czars became harsh and oppressive.  A rigid social class system added to this problem by denying the majority peasant class most basic rights.  The peasant class, composed of both farmers and urban workers, were mostly poor, overworked, and hungry, which would lead them to support liberal ideas that promised better living conditions.

A small revolution in 1905 forced Czar Nicholas II to enact some minor reforms, however, these did not last.  Finally, as Russia suffered through many defeats during World War I, and the country faced shortages in food, fuel and housing, the people began to revolt.  The czar was forced from power in March of 1917, and a provisional government was setup.  In November, after this government had been slow in reacting to the country's problems, a group known as the Bolsheviks, took control of the country.  This is known as the Bolshevik or Communist Revolution, as the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, later renamed themselves Communists.

Effects:  Russia became the first country to base its government on the writings of Karl Marx.  By 1922, Lenin and the Communists had retaken most of the old Russian Empire and renamed it the Soviet Union.  Initially, the Communists fulfilled their revolutionary promises by improving basic living conditions, and ending Russia's involvement in World War I, but ultimately failed to provide a government of equal rights and participation.

Chinese Communist Revolution
Causes: After China freed itself from foreign control, the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party led by Jiang Jieshi, began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong.  Jiang Jieshi believed that Mao Zedong was a threat to his power.  China under the Nationalists did little to improve the lives of the people, as had been promised.  Mao, along with 100,000 supporters, were forced to retreat from the Kuomintang in 1934 in what became known as the Long March.  Despite losing 80% of his forces, Mao continued to fight against the government, and eventually overthrew it in 1949.  Mao then setup a government based upon Communist principles.

Effects: Under Mao and the Communists, China was transformed from an agricultural society, into an industrial society.  Mao eliminated the old landlord and business classes, and provided free health care for peasants.  Mao also instituted reform that made women legally equal to men, although in practice this was never achieved.  China was transformed into a One-Party Dictatorship with Mao in total control.  Similar to the Soviet Union, China never completely fulfilled the promises of equality and brotherhood that were originally promised when the revolution began.

Iranian Revolution
Causes: In 1953, Great Britain and the United States helped Muhammad Reza Pahlavi take control of the Iranian government.  Pahlavi proclaimed himself Shah, and ruled as a dictator. He instituted a policy of westernization and modernization that caused problems among Islamic fundamentalists. During the 1970s, the Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic religious leader, led the opposition movement against Pahlavi.  In 1979, the Shah was forced into exile, and Khomeini took control of the government.

Effects: Iran was transformed into a Islamic Republic, which meant a rejection of western ideas and culture, and a return to traditional Islamic beliefs.  Iran became extremely hostile to the West, often supporting terrorist activities directed against the United States. After the death of Khomeini in 1989, more moderate leaders took control.  Iran remains an Islamic Republic, but has worked to normalize relations with the West.

1st Quarter Study Guide

Part I
The Enlightenment: Age of Reason
	John Locke-Natural Rights: Rights you have when you're born. What are they? Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Property.
	Thomas Hobbes-Didn't agree with Locke, wrote the Great Leviathan
	Montesquieu-Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislative, Judicial
	Voltaire-Freedom of Speech
	Rousseau-The Social Contract

The French Revolution
	Causes: Political, Social, and Economic
	Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
	3 Estates: 1st (Clergy) 2nd (Nobles) 3rd (Peasants, etc..)
	3 Estate the only estate who had to pay taxes, nobody else did.
	Robespierre and the Guillotine
	Napoleon Bonaparte

The Industrial Revolution
	Revolution that changed the making of goods from hand into machinery work.
	-Britain, why?
	     -Britain had natural resources
		-coal and iron ore
		-lots of land
	 -Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto
	 -Problems; Child Labor, Working Hours, Women working, Machinery

Nationalism
	Devotion into one's country.
	What makes up nationalism?
	     -Culture
	     -Ethnicity
	     -History
	     -Religion
	     -Territory
	Examples of Nationalism
	     -Italy
		1.Mazzini
		2.Garibaldi
		3.Cavour
	     -Germany
		1.Bismarck

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