Regents Prep
Home
Regents Prep Packet Site
Global History I & II Regents Review
Global History and Geography Intensive Review Most current Regents Questions Geography & Its Effects Natural resources: iron ore and coal in Great Britain - Industrial Revolution Rivers: early civilizations emerge; Nile River, Indus River, Huang He Island status: Japan�s limited natural resources - imperialism & industrialization, Great Britain- strength of navy, trade Harsh winter: Russia�s �General Winter� helped defeat Napoleon and Hitler Monsoons: �feast or famine� of South Asia, Green Revolution Irregular coastline: Italy has many natural ports, inviting trade & Renaissance Land Bridge: Korea serves as a cultural bridge for cultural diffusion between Japan and China Great Eurasian Plain: allowed easy invasions of Poland and Soviet Union (WWII) Global Concern Desertification: arable land turning to desert Sahel region of Sahara Desert in Africa Causes: overgrazing, cutting down forests Effects: Sahara Desert grows 50 miles/yr, famine Solutions: education, planting trees to reduce soil erosion, crop rotation, international aid Deforestation: destruction of forests Brazil, India, Indonesia Cause: developing nations looking to sell lumber or clear land to grow crops, graze cattle or build homes Effects: Losing 50 million acres of tropic forest each year, greenhouse effect, soil erosion, extinction of certain plants and animals Solutions: education, planting trees, population control, economic development Overpopulation (too many people for the available resources) Causes: traditional values, laborers, lack of birth control China, India, Bangladesh Effects: World population of 6.2 billion and growing, drain on resources (including energy, education, food, farmland and water) Solutions: education, family planning, China�s �one-child� policy Religion & Philosophies Judaism Israel, created in 1948 Holy Book: Torah Three beliefs: monotheistic, God gave Hebrews the land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Commandments Spread throughout world as a result of Diaspora Impact: Zionism (Jewish nationalism), conflict in the Middle East, anti-Semitism during Middle Ages, Holocaust, Russian pogroms, creation of Israel as a Jewish homeland Christianity Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic) Holy Book: Bible Three beliefs: monotheistic, Jesus Christ as savior, 10 Commandments Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Man�s Burden) Impact: Crusades, dominant institution during the Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther) Islam Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia Holy Book: Quran (Koran) Three beliefs: monotheistic, Five Pillars (faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca), Sharia (Islamic laws) Spread through trade and conquest Impact: unites most of Middle East, Islamic fundamentalism in Iran (1979), Crusades (Jihad), creation of Pakistan after the partitioning of India in 1947 Hinduism India Sacred text: Vedas &Upanishads Basic beliefs: several gods, caste system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cow, Ganges River is sacred Impact: caste system remains strong in rural areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny), partitioning of India in 1947 Buddhism Southeast Asia, China (spread from India - an example of cultural diffusion) Basic beliefs: reincarnation, nirvana, Four Noble Truths life is full of suffering suffering is caused by a desire for things suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire following the Eightfold Path will help overcome desire (right thinking and action) Confucianism China Basic beliefs: Five Basic Human Relationships, education should be the road to advancement, filial piety (respect for family), Mandate of Heaven (rule must benefit people or may be lost - unlike divine right) Impact: provides social order and encourages education Economic Systems Traditional: based on subsistence farming Manorialism: based on feudal manor (little trade) Mercantilism: nations sought to export more than import/ favorable balance of trade (led to imperialism) Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism: based on profit, private ownership, little gov�t interference Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism: gov�t makes all economic decisions, no private ownership, proletariat (workers) control means of production Revolutions Revolution=overthrow of a pre-existing way Neolithic Revolution: FROM nomadic tribes TO domestication of animals and farming gave rise to early civilizations (food surplus) Commercial Revolution: FROM limited trade TO urban centers, new middle class and changes in business practices(mercantilism & capitalism) Scientific Revolution: FROM medieval thinking based on Church�s teachings TO use of observation and reason Glorious Revolution: FROM absolutist policies of James II TO signing of Bill of Rights limiting power of the monarchy in Great Britain French Revolution: FROM absolute monarchy of Louis XVI TO democratic ideals of Enlightenment, end of estate system Industrial Revolution: FROM cottage industry (goods made at home by hand) TO factory system, women working, higher standard of living, reform movement Russian Revolution: FROM Czarist autocratic rule of Nicholas II TO communist rule under Lenin (Russia was the first communist nation) Chinese Revolution: FROM warlord control and civil war with Nationalists TO communist rule under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants) Iranian Revolution: FROM western rule of Shah Reza Pahlevi TO Islamic Fundamentalist rule of Ayatollah Khomeini Green Revolution: FROM limited crop yield TO double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia Key People Nationalists Communists Women Supporters of Westernization/modernization Ruthless Leaders Enlightened thinkers Religious Leaders Others Nationalists All nationalists want independence from foreign rule Latin America: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L�Overture, Jose de San Martin Italy: Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi India: Mohandas Gandhi Africa: Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) China: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek Palestine: Yasir Arafat Communists Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism) V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Mikhail Gorbachev (last communist leader of the Soviet Union) Fidel Castro (Cuba) Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China) Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam) Kim Jong-Il (North Korea) Women World Leaders (non-traditional roles): Indira Gandhi (India), Benazzir Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain) Humanitarian Concerns: Mother Teresa (India), Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar), Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala) Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft Supporters of Westernization All supported modernization Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the Great, Stalin Iran: Shah Reza Pahlevi Turkey: Kemel Ataturk Japan: Emperor Meiji Ruthless Leaders Adolf Hitler leader of Nazis(Germany) Pol Pot leader of Khmer Rouge (Cambodia) Slobadon Milosevic leader of Serbs (Serbia) Mao Zedong leader of Red Guard (China) Joseph Stalin leader of network of terror (Soviet Union) Religious Leaders Martin Luther: Goal: to reform Roman Catholic Church Posted 95 Thesis Ideas: church corruption must end - including the sale of indulgences, believed that faith alone - not the Pope and clergy - were needed for salvation Impact: Protestant Reformation shatters religious unity in Western Europe Religious Leaders Ayatollah Khomeini Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and create an Islamic Fundamentalist state in Iran Impact: 1979 Islamic (Iranian) Revolution, government required strict adherence to Muslim traditions and enacted anti-western policies, held Americans hostage for over one year, women lost rights Enlightened Thinkers Locke: life, liberty & property, social contract, gov�t job is to protect rights, right of rebellion Voltaire: free speech Mary Wollstonecraft: enlightened woman Montesquieu: separation of powers Other people to know Adam Smith: wrote The Wealth of Nations advocating laissez-faire capitalism - gov�t leaves businesses alone Machiavelli: wrote The Prince, a handbook for rulers, �the ends justify the means�, better to be feared than loved Nelson Mandela: first black South African president (1994), fought against apartheid (racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa) Gutenberg: invented printing press- Bible read more Types of Governments Democracy: gov�t by the consent of the people, gov�t to protect individual rights Direct: Athens Indirect: Rome Parliamentary: Britain & India Expands to Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, also the trend in Latin America and Africa Word association: Pericles, John Locke, Enlightenment Types of Government Communism/Marxist socialism: government control of economy, �classless� society, strict gov�t controls. COLD WAR: policy of containment: stop the spread of communism Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin: 1917 (Russia is NO longer communist!) China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949 Cuba, Fidel Castro: 1959 Vietnam: Ho Chi Mihn: 1975 Cambodia: Pol Pot North Korea: Kim Jong Ill Types of Government Totalitarian/Authoritarian: Total control (Stalin) Fascist: Dictator, extreme nationalism (Hitler, Mussolini) Theocracy: Religious rule (Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, Taliban in Afghanistan) Autocratic: Rule by one (Czars of Russia) Absolute rule: Divine right (King Louis XIV and Louis XVI) Feudalism: Local control (NOT king), strict social system (Western Europe and Japan) Human Rights Violations Examples of Genocide (mass murder of a group of people) Armenians during WWI Holocaust (Jews and others) during WWII educated persons under the Khmer Rouge Hutus and Tutsies in Rwanda Muslims in Bosnia by Serbs Human Rights Examples of other violations of human rights (denial of basic political, economic and social right to which all humans are entitled): Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in Russia/Holocaust Irish Potato Famine: Irish flee to America Apartheid in South Africa: Mandela & Biko fight Untouchables in India: Gandhi fights Tiananmen Square massacre in China: Economic changes - no democratic reforms Dissidents under Stalin Women and Children during Industrial Revolution Urban population in Cambodia under Khmer Rouge Chronology JAPAN: feudal period (Tokugawa Shogunate) > Meiji Restoration (westernization) > Imperialism > WWII > Economic Superpower CHINA: economic reforms > call for democratic reforms > Tiananmen Square massacre LATIN AMERICA: European conquest as a result of advanced weapons > cultural diffusion and harsh European rule (encomienda system) > independence movements (Bolivar) > military dictatorships/ economic problems > trend toward democracy Chronology AFRICA: New Imperialism & scramble for Africa by European nations > demands for independence after WWII (Nkrumah & Kenyatta) > tribalism lingering problem (Rwanda) > trend toward democratic nations INDIA: British rule > Gandhi�s independence movement > partitioning of India into Pakistan and India > lingering hostilities Chronology EUROPE: Roman Empire falls > splits into Byzantine Empire (thrives from trade) & feudal society/ Dark Ages in West > Crusades > rise of towns/money/powerful kings> Renaissance & Reformation > Age of Exploration> Commercial Revolution > Absolute kings emerge > Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment > French Revolution. Industrial Revolution > Imperialism > WWI & WWII > Cold War> European Union. Technology Important inventions: seed drill (agricultural revolution), cotton gin (slave trade), astrolabe (exploration), printing press(Bible spreads), computer/ internet(global connectedness) Military technology: gunpowder (Latin American colonization), tank, poison gas, aircraft, submarine, machine gun,(WWI) atomic bomb (Cold War, nuclear proliferation) Industrial advancements: interchangeable parts, assembly line, factory system, mass production (Industrial Revolution) Cultural Contributions Early Civilizations Mesopotamia: legal system (Code of Hammurabi), wheel, irrigation, Cuneiform (writing system of Sumerians) Ancient Egypt: hieroglyphics, medicine, architecture Phoenicians: alphabet Ancient China: silk-making, gunpowder Ancient Hebrews: monotheism, Ten Commandments Kingdoms & Empires EMPIRES: all expanded their territory and control through conquest. African Kingdoms: Ghana, Mali & Songhai (thrived on trade of gold and salt, Mansa Musa adopted Islam - example of cultural diffusion) Middle East: Byzantine Empire (Justinian Code, Eastern Orthodox, Constantinople, trade, influences Russia) Ottoman Empire(Suleiman the Magnificent tolerated Jews and Christians, falls after WWI) India: Mughal Empire (Akbar the Great practiced religious toleration between Muslims and Hindus, encouraged learning and the arts) Kingdoms & Empires Europe: Roman Empire (Pax Romana, rise of Christianity, decline into Dark Ages) Latin America: Maya, Aztec, Inca Empires (rigid social structure, polytheistic, advances in architecture, calendar) Organizations and Groups European Union: a growing group made up of both Western and Eastern nations. Its goal is to expand free trade by ending tariffs. Uses common currency called the euro. PLO : (Palestine Liberation Organization, led by Yasir Arafat) Its goal it to create an independent state of Palestine. (in conflict with Israeli Jews) OPEC: (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Its goal is to control the oil industry by setting production levels and prices. United Nations (UN): Its goals are to promote global peace and encourage economic and social well-being. Organizations and Groups NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance between democratic nations after WWII WARSAW PACT: a counter military alliance made up of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations (communist) NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement: its goal is to promote trade free of tariffs (has pros and cons) Nationalism Nationalism: devotion to one�s country, especially to be independent and free from foreign control(hook up with self-determination / independence movements) Groups seeking independence Chechyns in Russia Tibetans in China Palestinians in Palestine Kurds in Iraq Albanians in Kosovo Imperialism IMPERIALISM: taking over territory for raw materials, markets, power and prestige NEGATIVE: treated natives as inferior, exploited natural resources, forced labor POSITIVE: brought technology, medicine and infrastructure AFRICA: 1880s, disregarded boundaries and traditions, White Man�s Burden, Scramble for colonies (MauMau Uprising) CHINA: spheres of influence (Boxer Rebellion) INDIA: British rule (Gandhi�s civil disobedience) Conflicts Cold War: Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs (Cuba), Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War Israelis and Palestinians: conflict over Holy Land. Israelis believe God gave the land to them and Palestinians say they were living there. Palestinians fled to neighboring nations after the creation of Israel. Four wars - Israel wins all. Palestinians have limited self-rule in Gaza Strip and West Bank and want statehood.
