Ancestry References

. "Red China Blues, My Long March from Mao to Now" Jan Wong, Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1996, 405 pp. The author was Canadian born in Toronto to wealthy parents. In 1972 she was a starry-eyed Maoist who enrolled in Beijing University in a six year romance with Maoism. Later she returns to China as a reporter to discover the harsh realities of Chinese communism, including the Tiananmen Square crackdown and tumultous capitalist under Deng Xiaoping, and her eventual repatriation to the West.

. "Waiting," Ha Jin, Pantheon Books, New York, 1999, 308 pp. A novel on contemporary China that traces the life of an ambitious doctor torn between dedication and tradition to his chosen wife left behind in his home village, and his love for a modern woman. The book traces his life over 17 years of attempts to obtain a divorce, while his love continued to wait and age, overcoming culture, traditions, and the Party.

. "1421: The Year China Discovered America," Gavin Menzies, Wm Morrow & Co., 2003, 576 pp. Amazon. Menzies suggests the 1421 Chinese fleet continued on past Cape Horn of Africa, and on to both coasts of America, and back to Australia and China. The author stretches what others have documented, and tries to hypothesize the origins of Asian cultures found in distant lands.
- 1421 site Sacramento River JunK (maybe) 4/03/02 article

. "When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405-1433," Louise Levathes, Simon & Shuster, 1994, 252 pp. Amazon. The Chinese fleet spans the oceans from the east coast of Africa, to the Phillipines and west coast of Americas. Excellent descriptions, drawings, and pictures of the huge, early sea-going ships.

. "Driven Out, The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans," Jean Pfaelzer, 2007. Ethnic cleansing of Chinese-Americans in period 1849-1906 in California and Pacific Northwest.

. "Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home", Transnationalism and Migration Between the United States and China Madeline Y. Hsu, Stanford Univ Press, 2000, 271pp. Many tables and statistics on the early sojouners from Taishan County of south China, including remittances to their families remaining in China.

. "Bitter Melon: Inside America's Last Rural Chinese Town" Jeff Gillenkirk and James Motlow, Univ of Washington Press, 1987, 143pp. Personal interviews with many residents of Locke, California.

. "One Day, One Dollar: The Chinese Farming Experience in the Sacramento River Delta, California." Peter C. Y. Leung, Liberal Arts Press, Taipei, Taiwan, 2nd Ed. 1994, 100 pp. Very interesting descriptions of the Chinese contributions to farming in the Sacramento delta from 1850 to 1940.

. "Issei, the World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885-1924," Yuji Ichioka, Free Press, 1988, 317 pp. Excellent description of the Issei group and their lives, which immigrated to America after the Chinese exclusion of 1882.

. "Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans", Ronald Takaki, Univ of California at Berkeley, Penguin Books, 1989, 570pp. Professor Takaki describes his Asian immigration to the Hawaiian Islands and mainland over the last 150 years.

. "Journey to Gold Mountain, The Nineteenth-Century America", Ronald Takaki, Univ of California at Berkeley, Chelsea House Publishers, 1994. Adapted and reprinted from "Strangers from a Different Shore", Ronald Takaki, 1989. A version of Different Shore for elementary and middle school students.

. "The Japanese American Family Album," Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, Oxford University Press, 1995, 128 pp.

. "Bury My Bones in America". The sage of a Chinese family in California 1852-1996 from San Francisco to the Sierra Gold Mines. Lani Ah Tye Farkas, Carl Mautz Publishing, Nevada City, CA, 1998, 163pp.

. "The Forgotten Field: The Forgotten People, The Chinese Pioneers of Madera County", 6th Grade Class of James Monroe School, October 1992. Many references to (Leong) Yee Chung, who was one of the leading early Chinese pioneers in Madera.

. "The Chinese in San Francisco, a Pictorial History with 168 Illustrations", Laverne Mau Dicker, Dover Publications, New York, 1979, 134pp.

. "The Rice Room, Growing up Chinese-American -- from Number Two Son to Rock'N'Roll", Barry Fong-Torres, Hyperion, New York, 1994, 260 pp. Fong-Torres depicts life growing up as a Chinese restaurant family, and his siblings early struggles and successes, involvement in both printed and radio media at San Francisco State and the city, leading to national recognition for work in the media.

. "The Story of the Chinese in America," Betty Lee Sung, Collier Books, New York, 1971, 341 pp.

. "East Meets West, The Story of the Chinese and Japanese in California," George Goldberg, Harcourt Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1970, 136 pp.

. "The Chinese in America 1820-1973; A Chronology and Fact Book", Tung, William L. published by Ocean P. 1974 (Ethnic Chronology series #14)

. "Chinese American portraits : personal histories 1828-1988," Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Chronicle Books, 1988, 174 pp

. "California's Chinese Heritage: A Legacy of Places," Thomas A McDannold Heritage West Books, Stockton, CA, Chronicle Books, 2000, 208 pp. Briefs on practically every Chinese place in California.

. "150 Years of the Chinese Presence in California (1848-2001)," Sacramento Chinese Cultural FOundation and Asian-American Studies, UC Davis, 2001, 277 pp. For Sacramento folks, there are interesting chapters on " Mr Frank Fat, Legendary Restaurateur in Sacramento," and "Wong Family Realizes the American Dream: The Bel Air Supermarket Story".

.
eBooks
. "Unbound Feet, A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco", Berkeley : University of California Press, 1995. ISBN: 0520088670, eBook ISBN: 058520053X

. "Unbound Voices, A documentary History of Chinese Women in San Franscisco", 1999, Judy Yung, Univ. of California Press eBook

. "Songs of Gold Mountain", (portry) Berkeley, Calif. : University of California Press, 1987. ISBN: 0520081048 eBook ISBN: 0585275696

. "Interethnic Conflict under Racial Subordination: Japanese Immigrants and THeir Asian Neighbors in Walnut Grove", California, 1908-1941, Eiichiro Azuma, Amerasia Journal, Vol 20 No 2, Spring 1994. p 27-56.

. Azuma, Eiichiro "Japanese Immigrant Farmers and California Alien Land Laws: A Study of the Walnut Grove Japanese Community," 73:14 (CA Historical Society)

. Prejudice Goes to Court-The Japanese and the Supreme Court in the 1920s, by M. Browning Carrott, 62:122-136 (CA Historical Society)

. "Catepiller Sixty Photo Archive", P. A. Letourneau", 1993, ISBN 1-882256-05-0 paperback. Purchase from Iconografix, PO 609, Osceola, WI 54020, 1-800-289-3504. $29.95 (Amazon)
- Side View: Cat 60 and Miller & Chong plow, January 1927
- Rear View: Asparagus Chopper, January 1927

Other Books
. Asian-American History and Biography
. Chinese Digest; official organ the Chinese cultural society of America. v.1-6, no.1-3. Weekly, Nov.1935-Dec.1937; Monthly, 1938-40. STANFORD GREEN, Address: Green Library, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; (650) 725-1064 http://www-sul.stanford.edu

Archives
. Sacramento Archives and Museum Collections Center (SAMCC). Catalog of Public Records, "samcc" <[email protected]>; City of Sacramento History Division: Requires appointment, 8:30-noon weekdays. The paid staffer is a lady, Pat. Located 3 blocks off Richards Blvd in an industrial section. The staff and volunteers really work their tails off to accommodate. Nothing on microfilm, just all the old original stuff. They say if you have old documents and artifacts, don't throw away, but donate to the center. One visitor was making 35mm copies by laying the stuff out on the floor and taking the pictures. (under the watchful eye of the staff). The place has 4 tables set up and they go into the archives to retrieve whatever you need. Unlike NARA, there are lots of heavy volumes to carry back and forth. But they are an enthusiastic bunch and everything is done with a smile Index listing of items contained in old county Lease Books, on microfilm at Recorders office. PERSONAL PROPERTY ROLLS. 1893-1941.130 vols. 21'linear. Personal property rolls for the county. Volumes contain various headings listing value of personal property, solvent credit, intangibles, total tax, and remarks. Some volumes alphabetically list corporations, Chinese and Japanese separately. Arranged chronologically in bound volumes.

They have the original county lease indexes and also the original, very, very detailed county assessor maps for the period of about 1910 to 1935. You can bring a camera and lightstand and copy whatever is needed. They do not allow Xerox copies of any bound materials because it may damage the backings. The archives center has 1919 and 1923 farm maps. The lease indexes are typewritten. They also have the history of Sacto County volume, which contains info on George Beleney and Hart Fellowes Smith. The stuff in the grantee/grantor records are actually 2 different indexes. The grantee indexes is easier to search for Chan and Chong. The journals are written in longhand, and each volume is subdivided into alphabetical groups like ce to ch, ci to cl etc. But within each group it is by date, so you have to go through the whole group.

"I could not find your case in our civil Superior Court files for 1920-23 or in the Grand Jury files that we have. You would be welcome to poke around for yourself by making an appt., 264-7072. Sally Stephenson, Asst. Archivist" ... regarding Chinese-Am vs Japanese farmer conflict in Walnut Gove for period.

Superior Court civil cases are arhived on microfiche at the SAMCC, the main library, and several branches.

. Sacramento County Recorders Office, "Kramer, Craig" <[email protected]>. Microfilm records of old Lease Books 1850-1925. To Sac. Area Surveyors: Recorded maps in Sacramento County, including all subdivision, parcel, assessment, survey and highway maps, are now available from the Sacramento County Clerk/Recorder's Office, as scanned images on compact disk. Maps are available for $26 per CD. These disks can contain specifically requested types of maps spanning specific dates, or they can be all the maps they have to the present (begins in 1850). The latter is an 11 CD set for $286. Periodic updates can be had for $26 per CD. The periodic update is basically replacing CD #11 with the most current CD. (The county believes it will take a few years to fill the 11th CD.) It would be up to you how often you want to update your set. If interested, please contact Craig Kramer at the Recorder's office for an order blank and any additional questions. You will have to allow them time to produce the set, (so don't just walk in unannounced with a check and expect to have disks handed over to you).

Bittersweet Roots TV documentary, May 31, 2002. Contact: Jennifer Thompson, Administrative assistant. KVIE (888) 814-3923 toll free Copies will be sold in June for $19.95 plus tax and shipping. http://www.kvie.org/api/programs.htm

- The Lions Club contact is Mike Atkinson, President, P.O. Box 857, Isleton, CA 95641-0857 Telephone (916)777-5230.
- The Isleton Museum contact is Eddie Coonception, [email protected], Telephone (916)777-4426
- "Isleton Chamber of Commerce" <[email protected]>

Madera County Recorder
County Government Center
209 West Yosemite
Madera, CA 93637
Email: [email protected]
(559) 675-7724

NARA-Pacific Region (San Francisco)
Archival Operation Staff (NRHSA)
1000 Commodore Drive
San Bruno, CA 94066-2350
Bill Greene
Archives Technician
NARA-Pacific Region (San Francisco)
Archival Operation Staff (NRHSA)
1000 Commodore Drive
San Bruno, CA 94066-2350
Telephone: 650-876-9009
Fax: 650-876-9233
E-mail: [email protected]

209 W. Yosemite Avenue
Madera, CA 93637
Clerk: (559) 675-7721
Recorder: (559) 675-7724
Elections: (559) 675-7720
Fax: (559) 675-7870
[email protected]

. "Driven Out, The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans," Jean Pfaelzer, 2007. Most Americans are not aware of the brutal and systematic "ethnic cleansing" of Chinese-Americans in California and the Pacific Northwest in the second half of the nineteenth century. The book explores this forgotten episode in the nation's past. The lawlessness began in 1849, as lawless citizens and duplicitous politicians purged dozens of communities of thousands of Chinese residents -- and how the victims bravely found back through the courts. Chinese miners and merchants, lumberjacks and firld workers, prostitutes and merchants wives, were gathered up at gunpoint and marched out of their homes, and sometimes thrown into railroad cars along the very tracks they built. More than two hundred roundups took place.

. "A Different Drummer, My Thirty Years with Ronald Reagan," Michael K Deaver, 2001. A highly personal account of Ronald Reagan, from his former political campaign organizer and Presidential chief-of-staff. Deaver illuminates Reagan's basic introverted and private nature, contrasted with his skill as a public orator and ability to effortlessly connect with his audience.

. "Reagan's War, the epic struggle of his forty year struggle and final triumph over communism", Peter Schweizer, 2002. Anyone who's lived through the cold war 1950-1990 may begin to appreciate the changes Ronald Reagan brought to American society. Reagan was much more than a B-movie actor, as portrayed by the press. He began his staunch fight for freedom of all people, and against communism in the 1940's, when the communists were infilrating the studio unions -- so they could control the US media. By 1960, he cemented his conviction Russia planned to continue using growing military might to take over the world. Reagan was felt that is the U.S. would use its superior economic strength, it could bring about the downfall of Russian communism. Russia could not stand a technology race with the U.S. From a position of strength, he would get the Russians to the negotiating table once their realized they could not win. He had to wait until he became president in the 1980's to put his belief into practice. The media played up Reagan as a great communicator, with no substance. Read this book, and you will see the media grossly distorted Reagan's strength in quiet diplomacy, and using his Hollywood acting and negotiating skills to out-negotiate the best of Russian diplomats, even Gorbachov. His presidency accelerated the final downfall for Russian communism, setting in place its disintegration a couple years later. Compare his years with the prior 20 years of detente, in which the U.S. could agree to cut defenses, while Russia would agree to limit their military growth, and then proceed to break those limits. Russia made laughing stock of Carter, Ford, Nixon, and Johnson.

. "Reagan, A Life in Letters," edited by Kiron Skinner, Annelise Anderson, Martin Anderson, Free Press, New York, 2003. This book includes hundreds of letters Reagan wrote, particular since his California governorship. He was a lot smarter and intelligent, than he was given credit. Nixon has much disrespect for Reagan, feeling Reagan had no substance. Nixon could not stand Reagan's personality (maybe a bit jealous?). Read this book one chapter at a time, in order of your personal interest. He was perhaps the most personable president, and could outwit and out-negotiate by staying firm to his convictions, and taking advantage of his opponents underestimating his strengths. Recall the 1980s: Star-wars, Voo-doo economics by tax-cuts. This was a massive distortion by the media. He really had a balanced economic plan, that began with reductions in increases in spending, combined with tax cuts, and business incentives. Inflations rates were brought down from 13% and interest rates from 21% to a few percent within 5 years, and resulted in the extremely low inflation and interest rates of the 1990s. The idea was Reagon's, "Star-wars" was a term coined by the media; he had simply asked defense experts to develop a missile defense system. The media said he did not have a foreign policy in 1981; rather, he was developing his foreign policy as he sized up the field, and he was not about make a public announcement of exactly what his foreign policy was. That would show all your cards at the negotiating table. There is much more than the tidbits highlighted here. Must reading. Forget your past convictions and media brain-washing before starting.

. "Reagan's America," Garry Wills, Penguin Books, New York, 1987,. This book describes life in America during the Reagan era, beginning with his Midwestern roots in Tampico, Illinois. Events surrounding his youth are depicted, from his boyhood to early learnings as a lifeguard and radio broadcaster and commentator, then his experiences in Hollywood and leadership for the Screen Actors Guild. The book gives reader a great perspective on how his environment and people surrounding his life played a major role in developing his political skills and convictions.

. "Ronald Reagan, and His Quest to ABolish Nuclear Weapons," Paul Lettow, Random House, New York, 2005, Few people who experienced the Reagan era, in both California and the White House, realize that Reagan developed is hatred of nuclear weapons back the 1940's. He never was the reported hawk, who as President might unleash America's nuclear forces. From 1960 onward, he realized that he must become President to create the abolishment of nuclear weapons -- from a position of strengths. Reagan's strategy for strong defense that would lead to abolishment of nuclear weapons was unique among the political establishment, and caused much criticism -- even among this Cabinet. Yet, the idea for eventual abolishment of nuclear weapons striked an accord with much of the population.

. "The Boys of Pointe du Hoc: Ronald Reagan, D-Day and the U.S. Army 2nd Ranger Battalion," Douglas Brinkley, Harper-Collins, 2005. The story of Ronald Reagan's visit to Normandy and the U.S. Rangers who fought on D-Day is woven into a powerful tale that celebrates and explores the patriotism inspired by America's brave soldiers. A very important and entertaining book. Reagan's speech was written by Peggy Noonan (see book below).

. "What I Saw At the Revolution," Peggy Noonan, Random House, 1990. Peggy Noonan was a writer, and became a backup speech writer for Walter Conkite, and upon his retirement wrote for Dan Rather of CBS News. By the mid-1980's, she joined the speech writing department for the Reagan administration. Later, she worked under Patrick Buchanan, who was hired to manage the group. Noonan wrote the famour Pointe du Hoc speech for the 40th anniversary of World War II D-Day.

. "Imposter, How George W. Bush Bankrupted America nd Betrayed the Reagan Legacy," Bruce Bartlett, Doubleday, New York, 2006. Bush is described as being less like Reagan, than like Nixon. Both would vote for anything to help get reelected. Bush has not vetoed a single bill from Congress, being controlled by the Republican party. Bush pushed through a poorly conceived Medicare program, which will eventually bankrupt America. Democratic reforms are passed, if it helps his re-election. Nixon did pretty much the same, and the heck with the long-term consequences for the federal budget.

. "The Truth About Hillary," Edward Klein, Sentinel Press, New York, 2005. This book describes what she knew, when she knew it, and how far she would go to be come president, i.e. the inner working of Hillary Clinton. As a teenager, she wanted to be an astronaut; but one had to be a fighter pilot, and have good vision -- which she did not. Her mom suggested she try to be a Supreme Court Justice, but Hillary quickly realize she could achieve the most power as President of the United States! She entered college as a Goldwater Republican, but was quickly transformed at Wellesley woman's college. She became an extreme liberal -- which was also known having large numbers of Lesbian professors and students. At Wellesley, she was rather homely, poorly groomed, and dressed sloppily, with large oversized glasses. She became involved with the "motive" publication, an extreme liberal and radical college publication -- on part with the infamous "Berkeley Barb." Hillary's first entry into politics was to committee chair the Democratic impeachment investigations of Richard Nixon. Under her supervision, C. Vann Woorward and a team of 12 wrote a report on prior presidents, including JFK, who had engaged in immoral and unlawful abuses of power -- as bad as Nixon's abuses. The House Chair of the Judiciary committee decided the report must remain "Top Secret", and never to be disclosed! Relative to what was known regarding prior presidents, Bill's sins with woman while in the Whitehouse was not sufficient obstruction of justice to impeach. Her marriage to Bill was alleged to be a marriage for convenience. That is, by joining with Bill she could gain visibility through the Arkansas governorship, that could lead her to the Presidency. She was the one who drive Bill through Arkansas, and Washington. She was aware of Bill's girl friend escapades from before marriage, she throughout she played the role of the innocent and hurt, who had not known the extent of Bill's womanizing. She knew; yet playing this card helped her election to the Senate, taking over for retiring Daniel Moynihan. After being invited back to the Whitehouse by the Clintons, Nixonlater remarked she "inspires fear", much more so than Bill Clinton ever did. Imagine if she should become President!

. " Treason, Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the Warn on Terrorism," Ann Coulter, Crown Forun, New York, 2003, 356 pp. Conservatives will love this book. Coulter provides a different view of McCarthyism, from that found in history books and the press. She did not believe he was on a witch hunt to root out the "commies", but rather to identify those with communism association, who should not be in hundreds of government positions in the executive, state, and other branches of government. Roosevelt and Truman both did not believe the evidence, even when presented convincingly in court. Roosevelt's top advisor at Yalta, where the west and east divided up Europe, was none other than Algier Hiss. Hiss was alleged to be a communist agent; not until the mid-90's when the intercepted Soviet cables from the Venona project were finally released on July 11, 1995. McCarthy was right and the liberals were wrong. Coulter continues to shade the last fifty years foreign policy as liberals giving in to all enemies, and the republicans the opposite. Liberals will be frothing upon reading this book, which provides different views of recent history that ought provoke more critical thinking.

. "Slander, Liberal Lies About the American Right," Ann Coulter. 2002. The liberal politicians and press will use slander to get their point across, even if incorrect or wrong. The Right seldom uses the same tactic, but will point out the errors.

. "High Crime and Misdemeanors, the Case Against Bill Clinton," Ann Coulter. 1998. This expository brings it all back, along with events of details that the new media will never inform the public. Read this and you will realize Clinton was much worse sinner than generally known, and only the liberals in press and congress saved him after being impeached. Naturally, Hillary was guilty of much duplicity, crimes related to Watergate, and arrogant and tacky behavior once in the White House.

. "How to Talk to a Liberal, If You Must," Ann Coulter. 2004. A liberal will never admit wrong, and can be driven nuts when faced with the facts and an able debater.

. "In Defense of Internment," Michelle Malkin. 2004. An eye opener that lays out the circumstances under which Roosevelt decided to move the Japanese Americans away from coastal areas. As described, there were well-known local Japanese American organizations in all major west coast cities, that were organizing spy activites and possible collusion event of coastal invasion. Although 98-99% of the populace was innocent, by moving all the populace to internment centers they could control spy and other activities against the U.S.

. "Embattled Dreams, California in War and Peace 1940-1950," Kevin Starr, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, 386pp." The book describes events leading to the start of the war against Japan, in which the entire state of California became a military debarkation, ship construction, shipping, and aircraft manufacturing center, if not war machine. He describes the war as being formal hostilities, after forty years of undeclared war beginning with the discrimination laws against Japanese in California. Starr details the train of events, beginning with the U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in 1898 via the Treaty of Paris, and annexation of Hawaii the same year -- incorporating 60,000 Japanese laborers into the U.S. territories when it was formally declared a U.S. territory. In 1905, the fleet that Roosevelt feared destroyed the Russian naval fleet at Tsushina Straits. Other incidents included anti-Japanese labor rallies in 1900, segregating Japanese students in San Francisco in 1905, Roosevelt's executive order restricting further Japanese immigration in 1907, Asian Land Laws of 1913 and 1920, Supreme Court confirming Japanese were ineligible aliens to citizenship in 1922, Immigration Act of 1924 (Oriental Exclusion Act) effectively banning further Japanese immigration, reports in 1915 that Japan planned to assist Mexico in regaining its lost territories. Because California laws were passed against the Japanese in defiance of the federal government, Japan had actually considered going to was against California! Beginning on Dec 22, 1941, Commander Noshino's fleet of nine submarines took up position off the coast of Salem, Oregon, and then proceed north to Washington State to intercept shipping. By mid-January he proceeded to sink a U.S. freighter off San Francisco before returning to the Marshall Islands for resupply. Operating in the Santa Barbara Straits, the fleet returned to fire 25 5-inch shells across the Pacific Coast Highway toward an oil storage complex in late Feb 1942, then sank two more freighters along the northern California coast before returning. In April 1942, there were reported unidentified aircraft overhead Los Angeles on night, resulting in 1400 anti-aircraft shells fired at the phantom enemy. This further led to the hype to round up the Japanese two months later.

. "The Valor of Ignorance," Homer Lea, 1909 . Inevitability of war between Japan and United States. Predicted Japan would seize and occupy the Philippines, move on Samoa, Hawaii, Aleutians, and Alaska giving Japan control of the Pacific. The attach on the Pacific Coast would come from Washington State, San Francisco Bay Area, and Los Angeles and the South Coast. Lea mapped how the Japanese could land at Santa Monica Bay and seize Los Angeles and seal off most of Southern California. Landing at Monterey Bay, the Japanese woulc move north and encircle San Francisco, bombarding it from strategic heights around the Bay until it surrendered. Eventually, the Japanese army would establish a defensive perimeter in the Sierra Nevada, taking the American army years or a decade to be raised, trained, and deployed against the invaders.

. "Sea Power in the Pacific: A Study of the American-Japanese Naval Problem," Hector Bywater, 1925. Outlines complete naval strategy for Japan in the Pacific in event of war with the United States. Bywater suggests war would begin with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. He said Japan would need to establish a naval base and fleet in the Philippines, with other bases at Midway and Wake Islands. Although he doublted Japan would launch a major attack on the Pacific Coast, a young Harvard-trained Japanese naval captainm Isoroku Yamamoto, then serving as a naval attache in Washington, was highly impressed. Yamamoto submitted a detailed report to Tokyo naval headquarters, and lectured on Bywater's book upon his return to Japan. Fifteen years later, Admiral Yamamoto put many of Bywater's strategies into practice, beginning with the attack on Pearl Harbor.

. "Must We Fight Japan," Walter Pitken, 1921. The anti-Japanese lobby argued the hundred thousand Japanese living on the Pacific Coast would spring into action as a fifth column. Even American-born Japanese, Senator Phelan argued, regarded the Emporer as the devine leader whose will must be obeyed. Phelan argued that technically speaking, every Japanese , even those living abroad, remained liable to call-up between the ages of seventeen and forty. Every Japanese in California was a possible soldier, or worse, a possible spy.