Ancient Greece (500BC-146AD)
I. Geography
A. was a Penninsula
(surrounded by water on three sides)
1. seafaring people-became cosmopolitan (took best from surrounding socities)
2. mountainous-promoted ethnocentricity, made cooperation difficult
3. colonizers--opportunity (seafaring) and neccessity (land for food production)
B. Athens and
Sparta
Sparta-
dominated Pelopnnesius of Greece
most work done by healots (slaves), more healots than free people
goal of education: obediant citizen (state over individual),
only boys educated-placed in military camps (age 6-18), "spartan existence"-no
frills in
life, citizenship based on military service, "return with your sheild or
on it"
travel discouraged
marriage and child production is duty
oligarchy-rule by rich families
eventually head of Peloponnedian League (Confederation-group of states
who give some
power to weak central govt
Athens-
goal of education: questioning citizen (individual over state)
boys educated by several teachers (not taken from their loving families)
1. academeican-philospher, philos(lover)sophos(wisdom), used Socratic method-
teach by questioning
2. pedagogue-reviewer for student, slave of student
3. olypic hero-taught sports
government-educated are part of government, 501 citizen jurors-make law,
hear cases
(peope taught public speaking for this), board of 10 generals-advised assembly
on
military and financial matters
II. War with Persia (999BC-989BC)
A. Causes
1. Long Range Causes- Persia and Greece trade rivalries
2. Short Range Causes-Greek colony Ionia(chief city--Miletus) crushed by
Perisans (Greeks next)
B. Battles
1. Marathon-Persians decided to land and destroy Athens (26 miles away),
Greeks won, runner
sent to announce victory--dead
2. Thermopylea-King Darius spent 10 years preparing for attack-died, son
Xerxes, all 300
Spartans defending mountain pass killed while killing 3000 Persians, Persians
destroyed
Athens, followed Athenians to Salamis
3. Salamis-island of small narrow bays, large Persian ships attacked by
fast small Athenian
Triremes under command of Pericles. Greeks won, achieved hegemony(#1)
Persia
declined, Athens to rebuild--Pericles choosen as leader, also lover of
arts
III. Post War Years (489BC-429BC)
A. decided that
confederation of war would remain during peace (Delian League) Treasury
in Athens
Pericles used money in treasury to rebuild Athens
B. Sparta forms
rival confederacy--Peloponnesian League, tried to get allies from each
other's leagues
IV. Peloponnesian War (429BC-404BC)
A. Causes
1. Long Range Causes-rivals of confederacies and allies
2. Short Range Causes-spartan colony Corcyra lured to Athen's side-war
breaks
B. Military
Strategy
1. Athens-superior Navy-built long walls to surround Athens and go to Piraes(a
port 5 miles away)
2. Sparta-superior army-would have to attack and Athen's would destroy
commerce (plan)
3. because of walls, plague began-Pericles died-Athens becomes unsure of
itself, citizens ? purp
4. Athens turns to Pericles' nephew Alcibiades(handsome, well educated,
good speaker, lacked
military glory), sent to Syrcuse colony to fight but detractors demanded
he be recalled
became traitor and did irreperable damage to Athenian cause
C. Battles
1. Aegispotami(404BC), Athens lost and surrendered
D. Peace treaty-long
walls torn down,ruled by "Council of 30"-"30 Tyrants"-Spartan Sympathizers
V. Boetian League (370BC)
A. Sparta and
Athens fell to them
B. Led by Apinamandas-adopted
Philip of Macedon(loved Greek things,vowed to conqueror world
father of Alexander the Great(364BC-324BC)
VI. Arts of the Golden Age -- Values
A. Parthenon(c.450BC)--on
Acropolis(center of politics and religion), dedicated to Athena Parthenos
(Goddess of Wisdom), values--mind,classical balance, love of smallness,
example of post &
intel--suitable for single story buildings only, nearly perfect building
B. The Discus
Thrower (Disc of Bolus)--values-love of sports,knowledge of anatomy,knowledge
of
psychology
C. Zeus-anthropomorphism,
values--no shame in nudity(body beautiful), knowledge of anatomy
D. Hermes goes
to war--values-knowledge of anatomy,love of family,love of country(duty/noble)
E. Dying Gaul-values--love
of bravery and country
F. Winged Victory
of Samothrace(Nike)--values-personification,skill in sculpture
G. Amphitheater
of Epidarus--value-skill in acoustics
H. Greek Plays--concerned
struggle of a character against himself (fatal flaw), won-comedy, lost-
tradgedy, males played females, used masks, believed in hubris (pride,
not arrogance), came
from self knowledge, self control, service to others
VII. Hellinism
A. Alexander
the Great (364BC-324BC)
1. by 18, Alexander in command of wing of father's army-began conquest
of world at his death
2. created world capital in Egypt (Alexandria-created library which preserved
Greek learning)
3. Everywhere he went, spread Greek values(Hellinism)--values spread to
Rome
4. had no children, at death kingdom divided among three generals (Ptolemaic,Selucid,Antigonid)
Rome: Roman Republic (500BC-50BC):
I. Geography
A. Central Italy-Latins-tribal
organization (w/king)
B. North- "Lake
Dwellers"-created kitchen middens
C. 1200BC-Etruscan(Greek?)-advanced(built
roads, chariots,iron weapons), conquered other groups,
monarchy lasted until 509BC
II. Republican Government-Three Branches
A. Legislative-bicameral=
a.)senate-filled with Patricians-wealthy people, two tribunes-protected
intrests of Plebians-poor, could veto legislation which hurt poor, wealthy
bribed tribunes
b.) several assemblies(like house of rep) 1.)centuriate-based on units
of 100 in Roman Army,
25 years of service(army service noble) 2.)curate-based on old Latin tribes
B. Executive
Branch- a.) two consuls-powerful generals who checked on each others power
(seperation of power...checks/balances) served for 1 year, in times of
trouble-extended (call
dictators-total power)
C. Judicial
Branch-errected stone tablets w/laws listed in forum, 9 praetors appointed
by senate to
serve as judges (serve for life, had own small army to protect them-Praetorian
Guard-best of
best) if judge left-could become a sensor--passed on qualifications for
senators
III. Punic Wars
A. Background
1. centuries before was Phonecia, has established trading colony in N.Africa
across from Rome
(Carthage)--Punic is Latin word for Phonecian
2. Rome and Carthage are trade rivals
B. Wars
1. 1st war (ended 219BC)-Phonecians invented a ship (qinuereme-5 rows of
rowers), Romans
captured on, 3 mths later-built 100 copies, added portable bridge(corvus)
Roman soldiers
cross to Cartheginian ships-engage in hand to hand combat using short swords
(Gladis)-
origin of Gladiator, war ended in draw (status quo anti belamie)
2. 2nd War-Carthaginian General, Hannibal, attacked Italy from North, 15
years on Intalian soil
Roman General Scipio Africanus attacked Carthage. Hannibal returned.
202BC-at Zama,
Scipio won. Rome gave Carthage an Ally treaty
3. 50 years pass (150BC). Rome bribed Numedians to attack Carthage. Cathage
asks
permission to defend self or Rome to defend it. Rome says no. Carthage
raised an
army-break treaty Rome attacks and defeats Carthage, burn city,salted soil,
inhabitants
sold as slaves Carthage became desert (Cartheginian Peace-victory destroys
vanquished)
IV. Rome uses treaties to expand in Mediterranean
A. Citizenship
Treaty-benefits-protection of army, freedom of religion as long as state
wasnt
threatened use of Roman roads("all roads lead to Rome")-built like spokes
of wheel, roman baths
B. Ally Treaty-one
could not make war, conclude peace w/o Rome's permission
C. Garrison
State Treaty-government sent from Rome,govenor-prevent rebellion, collect
tax money,
crucifiction used at 1st sign of disobedieance
V. As Rome Expands, the Republic Changes (150BC-50BC)
A. Generals
became extremely wealthy-began to pay army themselves (army loyal to goven
not
Rome)
B. weealthy
people (generals/senators)-created huge estates(Latifunda)-worked by slaves,
once free
farmers cound not compete-became sharecroppers(tenant farmers) or moved
to cities, slums
developed ("Bread and Circuses" developed)-The Dole-welfare
C. Rome was
almost constantly at war-period of dictatorship extended (Maurius, Sulla,
Pompey)
D. 120BC- Gaius
& Tiberus Gracchus were tribunes who tried to warn senate about what
was
happening--were murdered
E. Tribunes
became "rubber stamps"
F. 60s BC -
revolt of Gladiators (led by Sparticus), put down by Pompey
VI. First Triumvirate (c.50BC)
A. Three powerful
figures took control of the executive branch
1. Pompey-general
2. Crassus-killed fighting in Persia
3. Julius Caesar-senator, wealthy, great orator, epileptic, father-in-law
of Pompey
B. Caesar asked
to be snt to Gaul to gain military fame, had spectacular success, became
known
C. Pompey-jealous,
got senate(bribery) to order Caesar sent home without army
D. Caesar marched
to river Rubicon (border of Gaul and Rome) saying "The die is cast"
E. Pompey fled
to Egypt, captured by men who hoped to gain favor with Caesar, beheaded-sent
head
to Caesar "on a silver platter." Caesar crucified beheaders.
F. Caesar(57years)
meets Cleopatra(15years), has an affair, Little Caesar born, because of
wife at
home, Romans did not like, all three return to Rome
G. c50BC Caesar
declares himself "dictator for life"
H. Caesar's
Accomplishments
1. reformed calendar added July
2. cleared marshes--got rid of some diseases
3. built roads, housing for the poor
I. March 15
44BC (Ides of March)-Caesar assassinated by Brutus and Cassius
1. said Caesar: "Et tu, Brute" (You, too, Brutus?)
2. replied Brutus: "It was not that I loved Caesar less, I loved Rome more"
3. Thousands arrested including Marc Anthony (powerful general/Caesar's
friend)
4. Through skillful oratory, Anthony turned mob against conspirators
5. Brutus & Cassius fled-41BC lost battle of Phillipi, committed suicide
VII. Second Triumvirate
A. Members-
1. Octavian-nephew of Caesar and his heir
2. Lepidus-soon retired
3. Marc Anthony
B. Octavian
stayed in Rome, Anthony went to Alexandria, Anthony and Cleopatra have
little Anthony
C. Civil War
begins-31BC naval battle at Actium--Anthony lost, he and Cleopatra commit
suicide
D. Octavian
returned to Rome, changed name to Augustus (wise/sagacious), ruled Rome
from
31BC-14AD (31BS beginning of empire--rule by one person for life with support
of army)
1. reformed calendar, added August
2. great builder-Rome enters Golden Age ("I found Rome a city of bricks
& left it marble")
3. great administrator-created very capable civil service, dies w/o heir,
nephew Tiberius
succeeded
VIII. Roman Art- (great architects & engineers--largely because
learned use of concrete and arches)
A. aquaduct-
carried water (usually enclosed in lead pipes) for 100s of miles into Rome,
use of arch--
enabled them to support tremendous weight
B. colosseum-mirrors
use of arch, mirrors roman love of gory sports, mirrors gregariousness
(big
group)
C. Pantheon-circular
structure w/Greek fascade, decorative collumns, added concept of domes,
means many Gods (had a lot)
D. Augustus
of Primporta-idealized figures, mirrors love of military heroes
E. Triumphal
Columns-inspiration for Washington monument, mirrors love of victory
F. Triumphal
Arch-Arch of Constantine
G. Head of Constantine-8ft
tall, eyes-watching
H. Basilica-Church
of St Apolinare in Classe Raveena, Italy-building originally a roman marketplace
adapted for use by early Christians, had long central aisle, end-concave
structure (apse)-was
cashier (later central part for worship), campaniel-bell tower, builders
adopted floor plan in middle
ages-added 2 wings near apse (transcepts)--made church look like cross
IX. Roman Emperors- some good, some bad
A. Tiberius-
14-37AD, adopted heir of Augustus, paranoid scitzophrenic, thousands put
to death, last
years-island of Capri w/ special friend Sejanus and extensive harem, murdered,
succeeded by
B. Caligula-
41-54AD, grad nephew of Tiberius, name meant little boots, victim of fried
brain
(minigitis), became cruel and sadistic, "dinner music", murdered by own
guards
C. Claudius-
41-54AD, physically deformed, brilliant mind, great compassion, great
friend of the
underdog, loved good food/beautiul women, married niece Agripinna (mother
of Nero), Claudius
had son Brittanicus by previous marriage, him and Brittanicus poisoned
by Agripinna
D. Nero- murdered
Agripinna, fancied himself a great musician (played lyre, recieted poetry),
decided to burn down slums, much of Rome destroyed, Christians/Jews blamed,
murdered
by his soldiers ("ah, what an artist dies in me")
X. Rise of Christianity
A. Reasons'
1. Romans were fascinated by Eastern religions
2. similarities to existing religions
3. appeal to poor-preached peach, promised excluisive, promises life after
death
4. martyrdom theme-Christians met death bravely-caused romans to believe
something
special in the message
5. christian missionaries could use roman roads, protection (initially)
6. monotheism-appealed to more intellectual roman
7. christian church copied roman organization
8. once christianity became official language--advantageous so as to rise
in government
XI. Decline-Emperors and Reasons
A. Great gulfs
developed btw rich and poor, decline in volunteers for the army, Romans
forced to hire
mercenaries (barbarians-taught Roman fighting methods-most tax money to
bribe barbarians
not to attack
B. inflation
set in-Roman money became worthless, barter economy developed
C. Emperor Diocletian
(c.200s) divided empire (2 capitals- Byantium,Rome), Byzantium-diff
culture developed (2nd type Christianity begins-orthodox--rival to Roman
Catholicism) split
remained, Rome fell in 476 AD, Byantium in 1453
D. Constantine
(330AD)-became 1st Christian emperor, rebuilt Byzantium (Constantinople)-
established library (preserve Roman learning)
E. Caracalla
(late 300sAD)
1. decreed that people o latifundia would remain there, property of owner
but not slaves
2. people had to be what their parents were, gradually feudal system developed
F. Justinian
(500s)-codified Roman laws, preserved them for future in library at Constantinople
Medieval World:
(Dark Ages 400AD-800), Middle Middle Ages (800-1200), High Middle Ages
(1200-1453)
A. Dark Ages (Age of Faith)
1. Barbarian
and Moslim Invasions
a. Vandals-defeated Rome in North Africa 429AD, 455AD invaded Rome itself,
senseless
acts of cruelty except toward Christian property
b. Huns-came from Asia, drove Romans out of what became Hungry and Yugoslavia,
defeated
in Gaul 451AD
c. Angles/Saxons-came from Germany, went to Britain
Jutes-came from Denmark
Picts/Scots-came from Ireland/Scotlant--Romans withdrew
d. Vikings-came fro Scandinavia, plundered Englan, crossed to France, group
settled in
Normandy, other group crossed thru central Europe to Russia (700s) called
varangians
"capital" at Kiev, enslaved navtives (their word for slave was slav)
e. Moslims-began "conversion by the sword" crossd over north Africa into
spain by early 700s
f. Franks-lived close to Romans, kept relatively high level of culture,
had heredatory monarchy
(Merovingians-"Merovich") one was Clovis-adopted Christianity in 500s.
Merovingians had
heredatory assistants (Carl/Charles)-usurped power, established new line
(Carolingians)
741-Charles Martel ("The Hammer") defeated Moslims at Battle of Tours,
France. Moslims
(Moors) retreated to Spain (stayed till 1492), determined Europe to be
Christian
800-Charlemagne had a vision-would recreate Roman Empire(combined w/Chrisitanity),
document (Donation of Constantine) said when emperor Constantine (200s)
was dying he
decreed that Pope should rule directly over whole center section of Italy
(document forged)
Christmas Day 800- Pope speaking on God's authority came to capital Aachen,
decreed as
God's will that Charlemagne be Holy Roman Emperor (europe's first nation)--confederation
of 350 feudal states (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Czechoslovakia,
Spain, Belgium, Holland) by 1400s-Holy Roman Emperor always a Hapsburg,
central part
of Italy became known as the Papel states. Holy Roman Emperors became "defenders
of
the faith" Charlemagne created a "caolingean renaissance:" established
excellent civil
service made up of church people (missi domini), established schools for
bright kids of all
classes, created a library to preserve learning at Aachen
2. Feudalism-system
of reciprocating obligation based on land and sanctioned by the R.Cath.Church
a. Top-Church-sources of power
1. Petrine Doctrine-in Bible quote of Christ "Thou art Peter and on this
rock I will build my
church...and whatsoever you bind on earth will be bound in Heaven and whatsoever
you lose on earth will be loosed in Heaven" Thus, people believed that
the Pope could
keep someone out of heaven. Even powerful rulers could be excommunicated.
church told people not to follow excommunicated ruler
2. monopoly on education-powerful lords & kings relied on church people
to relay
messages.
3. well organized-dispensed charity, had own courts
4. wealth
b. Lords-major & minor-two responsibilities
1. feudal- (feudom-estate)-had to protect whomever gave them their lands
2. manoral- lords had to provide buildings and tools, christianized serfs,
provide justice-
trial by fire/water/combat, provide hospitality-feed/entertain lords passing
through
territory
c. serfs-two kinds
1. Kotter-domestic servants
2. Villians/Churls-obliged to give portion of crops to lord, had to farm
lords land also, repair
roads/buildings etc. lived in huts with dirt floors&thatched roofs
(frequently caught fire)
bathing infrequent, slept with animals, no dental care, hard laborius toil,
only break
came from church
3. Crusades
(1095-1215)
a. background
1. moslims controlled holy land (1095)-Pope Urban II journied to clermont,france
(nov 1
1095) preached a holy war to drive out moslims "God wills it" promised
crusaders
remission of sins
2. Pope Urban II wanted to reunite eastern (Byzantine/Orthodox Catholic)
and western
(Roman Catholic) under his control. many knights were victims of primogenture
dreamed of sinecures (feudal estate) in outremer ("land beyond the sea")
3. serfs dreamed of "getting out from under obligations"
b. 1st crusade-1095-failure
1. Knights' Crusade-led by Godfrey of Lorrane, 4000knights, 20000 infantry
2. Peasant Crusade-led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless, 40000
serfs
3. Great Massacre of Jews-Jews were money lenders, debtors didnt want to
pay back their
debts, blamed for Christ's death
4. both crusades met in holy land in july 1099, crusaders won, mass slaughter
of moslims,
sinecures were created, within 50 years moslims reasserted control
c. 2nd Crusade-1147-led by King Louis of France, went to Constantinople
to get help but didnt
get any, some got near Holy Land-defeated by Saladin (brilliant Moslim
general)
d. 3rd Crusade-1189-King's Crusade, England-Richard the Lionheart, HRE-Frederick
Barbarosa,
France-Philip Augustus, Philip and Richard quarreled-French went home,
Barbarossa
drowned-his knights went home disgruntled-didnt get any riches, Richard
signed treaty w/
Saladin which allowed him to keep soldiers in places sacred to Christians,murdered
captives left for home through Austria, Richard captured, held for ransome
but brother John
"Lackland" "softsword" wouldnt pay ransome-origin of Robin Hood Legends
e. 4th crusade-1199 sponsored by merchants in Venice, went to Constantinople
for help-no,
pillaged Constantinople, went home, result-Constantinople weakened, ultimately
fell to
Ottaman Turks in 1453
f. 5th crusade-St. Stephen of Cloy(France), 20000 German, 30000 French
kids left for Spain,
most captured by moors, sold into slavery & prostitution, if the childre
were pure in heart
and walked around the walls, the would fall, some got to holy land--killed
(100 kids
returned)
g. 6th crusade-1227 led by HRE-Frederick II, got to Holy Land, had to rely
on soldiers left in holy
land from previous crusades, little fighting, no gains, as a reward, crusaders
were given land
in HRE called Brandenburg, HRE saw as bufferzone btw Germans & Slavs
to the east who
Germans regarded as "untermenshcew" (subhuman), by 1400s-Brandenburg heredatory
monarchy (Hohenzollerns)-tax collectors, by 1700s became Prussia, eventually
in 1870-
Germany
h. 7th crusade-1248-led by King Louis IX of France (kind, compassionate
ruler), became St.
Louis captured in North Africa & held for ransome
i. 8th crusade-1267-St. Louis made 2nd attempt, got to North Africa, had
to return to France
4. Results of
the Crusades-
a. decline of feudalism and the church
1. church did not deliver on its promise of victory in crusades
2. capitalism returned (money replaced land as standard of wealth)
3. gun powder introduced-knights less important
b. trade returned
1. new navigational instruments developed
2. new interest in science developed
c. humanism returned-belief that life on earth had value, not just prep
for life after death
d. cities began to develop, especially in Italy
1. new class exists-"Bourgeoisie"-middle class-interest tied to powerful
kings (could protect
middle class-control old landed aristocracy)
e. Dawn of Renaissance-people looked back to Greece and Rome
1. people wanted art and music for church and home
f. permanent split btw Eastern and Western Christianity ("Great Schism")
5. Rise of England
a. Roman Influence (293 AD)-withdrew
b. Norman Invasion (1066)-Feudalism brought to England
c. William ("The Conqueror") I - "curia regis" created-group of knights
who carried out King's
orders throughout England (advisors) by 1086-responsible for tax collection
in area and
taking census, tax rolls- "Domesday Book" role of exchequer (treasury)
born
d. Henry I (1086-1135)-created cicuit court from curia regis, heard cases
and made descision in
king's name
e. King John c. 1215- signed the Magna Carta
12. King couldnt raise taxes w/o consent of Lords
20. no cruel and unusual punishment
28. King coulndt seize property w/o compensation (emminent domain)
38. accused person has right to confront witnesses against him
39. right to trial by jury of peers
f. Henry III (1207-1272)- 1268-began practice of having two knights from
each shire act as his
advisors and especially called them together when he needed money (Paliament)-"to
speak"
6. Rise of France
a. Roman occupation
b. influence of Franks (c. 800)
c. 1066- Norman Invasion
d. Philip Augustus (1165-1223)-established circuit courts like England
e. Louis IX- "St Louis"-established inquisitors (looked into potential
criminal activity,
recommends for trial or not)-origin of Grand Jury
f. King Philip the Fai (1268-1314)
1. established French law based on Justinian Code
2. 1302-created Estates General-based on social classes or estates (1st-church,
2nd-
Nobles, 3rd-everybody else)
7. Medieval
Art--Chartes Cathedral
a. gothic cathedral-"Bible in Stone"
b. faced west-believed that from West Christ would return, graves open,
final judgement
c. architects made great advance, walls held up by external buttressses-pushed
inward
against vaults-allowed use of stained glass-told biblical stories, created
aura of heaven as
interior bathed in colored light
d. vast space inside-had no support-symbol for God himself
e. steeples, arches pointed-symbolizing escape of spirit to heaven
f. small doors (wood)-because "many are called but few are chosen"
g. shaped as cross (roof)
h. statues of saints surround cathedral,seen as interssors-one who speaks
to God on ur behalf
i. wooden doors-served as bulliten board for posted messages
The "Avignon Captivity" of the Catholic Church (1307-1378)
I. Background
1302-King Philip
the Fair got a tax bill fromo Pope Boniface, Philip refused to pay (perhaps
saw war
btw England and France--Hundred Years War (1337-1453)), Philip put together
a "hit squad"
sent to Rome, Pope had heart attack and died before their arrival.
Cardinals elected a
frenchman as Pope, then taken to a French City, Avignon, and catholics
were told that this city,
not Rome, was new center of Church, soldiers remain in Rome for nearly
75 years
Meanwhile, Hundred
Years War underway, by 1342-Black Death (Bubonic Plague) reached Europe
people looked to church for end to Plague but by 1350s, from 1/4 to 1/3
Europe dead
1378-French
were losing war, withdrew forces from Rome, Cardinals met in Rome &
elected a new
Italian Pope, excommunicated French Pope, French pope excommunicated Italian
pope
1409-Church
council met in Pisa and elected a 3rd pope (all excommunicated each other)
1414- HRE-Segismund
the Strong called for conferenece in Constance, Switzerland, ordered popes
to
resign-they did, Martin V installed as pope (1st worldly pope)
Segismund ordered a young priest from Prague to appear before him, priest
(John Huss)
declared heretic-burned at the stake
II. Hundred Years War
A. Background
Causes
1. King of England died w/o direct heir, nearest English relative a cousin,
King of France (son of
Philip the Fair)-nephew of dead king--claimed throne
2. Frenchmen claimed land in England & vice versa (Norman Invasion)
3. Quarrels developed over wol trade
4. both sides engaged in piracy
B. Battles
1. Crecy-1346-English used long bows (could shoot 3ft arrow 100yrds)
2. Orleans-1428/1429-English used cannons/gun powder
C. Joan of Arc-claimed
she was told by God to lead armies of France, poor, illiterate, peasant
girl,
only 14, put on man's armor, spectacular victories, captured by Duke of
Burgandy (Frenchmen
working for English)-hoping to get ransome money, turned her over to church
court because
neither England/France wanted her, accused of witch craft, burned at stake
in 1431
(In 1920, made a saint in Catholic Church-fear of communism??)
1453-was came
to an end w/result- each side gave up claims to land in other country,
England and
France emerged as independent nations
1453-Constantinople
fell to the Turks (moslims)--Ottaman Empire
1448-1453--printing
press invented-End of Middle Ages
Renassance and Reformation (1453-1648)
I. Precursors to Protestant Reformation
A. John Wycliff
(1307-1384)--professor of Latin/Greek at Oxford, translated Bible from
original sources
1st translation since St.Jerome (300s), claimed errors existed in Vulgate
(St. Jerome's bible)
1. transubstantiation-priest does not change bread & wine into the
body & blood of Christ,
symbol
2. one did not need the organized church to get into heaven
3. church should give its wealth to the people
4. attacked "Avigon Captivity"
Near end of his life, king ordered him to recant, stop teaching,did, died
natural death
remains dug up and burned, ashes scattered
B. Jan Huss
(1372-1417) priest in Prague (Bohemia-HRE) "Everyman is his own priest"
-one needed
only to read the bible, attacked "Avignon Captivity" given "safe conduct"
to come to council of
Constance & appear before HRE Segismund, delcared heretic, burned at
stake, followers
developed "Hussites"-1st protestants
C. Savanarolla
(1452-1498)-friar, lived in Florence (wealthy, ruled by de'Medici family-several
were
popes) attacked Church wealth/immorality (prostitiution, gambling, playing
cards, lewd pictures)
spoke out against church cooruption, accused of blasphemy (false teachign
of church),
condemed as heretic-burned in town stake
II. Protestant Reformation & Catholic Counter-Reformation
A. Martin Luther
(1486-1546)
1. Background-son of Hans & Anna Luther (peasants), Hans-prospersous
tin mine owner (at
Martin's birth), sat on town council of Eisleben, Saxony, HRE...went to
school in Eisleben
Mansfield university to study law, brilliant student but troubled, during
a lightening storm
vowed to enter priesthood if saved, Hans angered by idea, agreed that after
getting law
degree, he would be allowed to enter priesthood, finished law degree (1505),
entered an
Augustinian monestary to study for priesthood (1507)-ordained as priest,
sent to be priest/
councilor/teacher at new University at Wittenburg which had been opened
by Duke
Frederick Elector of Saxony, liked teaching and liked by students (1507-1512)-taught,
got
PhD in theology and law
2. Meanwhile in Rome (1512)-Pope Leo X Medici had dream of building St.Peters,
would house
Medici art collection, Michalangelo was to be chief architect, this took
money, Pope Leo
ressurected sale of indulgences, documents ranting released time in pergatory
3. Friar Tetzel came to Saxony to sell indulgences, "When a coin in the
koffer rings, a soul from
purgatory springs" Luther appalled, spent time pouring over scriptures-came
to believe that
"Just shall live by faith"-did not need a Pope, no purgatory exists, Luther
wrote to Pope Leo
but Pope refused to stop sale so Luther went "public"-spoke out about many
things, Papal
Bull "unan sanctam" sent to Luther, seal(official docment) Luther and students
burned
papal bull (1517)-Luther posted 95 thesis on church door in Whittenburg
(written in
Latin)-taken translated, & spread throughout Europe, Luther called
to appear before the
HRE Charles V-gave Luther a safe conduct, meeting called Diet of Worms-debate
lawyer/theologian John Eck, Luther ordered to recant but refused, Duke
Frederich and army
rescued Luther and hid him for 2 years in moutain fortress at Wartburg,
Luther translated
bible into German, similar to Wycliff's bible
4. 1520-Luther returned to Whittenburg and resumed his duties as teacher/priest
(?)
5. 1525-married former nun Katarina VanBora-6 children, pattern for protestant
clergy established
6. 1530-peasant revolts began, Luther wouldnt support them, many southern
Germans returned
to Cathalisism, North-protestant
7. strongly antisemetic, 1546-Luther died still believing homself to be
a priest.
8. 1555- Diet at Augsburg-each prince would decide for the people what
religion they would be
B. John Calvin
( )-came from
prosperous middle class French family, went to University of
Paris, joined radical group-expelled, went to Geneva, Switzerland, keyed
in on bible verse,
"Many were called, but few are chosen"-before birth soem were electe, many
weren't
(predestination), but people had "free will" could ruin chances of election,
dont be around
nonelect, the only way to protect self was to read bible-believed in free,
public education,
prosperity sign of election ("protestant work ethic"), work a "calling"-to
do bad
job insults god, harsh treatment for the criminals & insane (devil),
democracy but only for selves.
C. (St.) Ignatious
of Loyola ( -1560)-spanish nobleman/soldier, loved
wine, women, song, wounded
in battle sent to hospital-read Life of Christ, vowed to become priest-did,
founded order of tough
well educated priests (Society of Jesus-Jesuits) mission: stem tide of
protestant revolt
III. Council of Trent (1540-1560)--only Catholics present!
Catholics
Protestants:
1. priest set apart by holy orders
1. clergyman should be "1st among equals"
2. once one is married, can divorce, no remarriage w/o
2. remarriage can occur after divorce
annulment
3. reaffirmed transubstantiation
3. symbolic
4. reaffirmed Vulgate bible divinely inspired (free of error)
4. Vulgate inaccurate, used Wycliff, Luther
5. kept church hierarchy
5. denied authority of Pope, did away w/bishops
6. reaffirmed Latin
6. used language of the country (vernacular)
7. reaffirmed monestaries/convents
7. denied the concept
8. reaffirmed use of indulgences but "cleaned them up"
8. denied the concept
9. reaffirmed purgatory
9. denied the concept
10. reaffirmed use of statues, paintings, vestiments
10. kept only music
11. reaffirmed pilgrimages, relics, images
11. denied the concept
Protestant Revolt Reaches England
I. Tudor Monarchy
A. Background-1453-England
emerged from Hundred Years War weak and divided
1455-King had died w/o clear line of sucession
Civil War began (War of Roses)-Lancasters (red) against Yorks (white),
ended when
Henry (Lancaster on Mom's side) Tudor married Elizabeth of York
B. Henry VII-
(1485-1509)
1. cultivated the middle class
2. began a powerful navy
C. Henry VIII-
(1509-1546)
1. married Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Hapsburg-daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella),
Catherine had been married to Henry's older brother Arthur (sickly), marriage
annulled on
grounds of impotence, Catherine had several children w/Henry, only one
survived --Mary
("Bloody Mary") Tudor
2. many mistresses-one was Mary Boleyn who bore healthy son for Henry but
he fell in love with
her sister Anne, Henry asked for divorce and annulment from Catherine saying
he should
not be allowed to marry his brother's widow, but the Pope refused to grant
the annulment for
fear of offending the Hapsburgs
a. Henry said Act of Supremacy-Catholic Church no longer fficial church,
church of England
(Anglican--Episcipal Church)-like Catholic except permitted divorce and
remarriage,
church land siezed and given to middle class
3. Church of England gave Henry a divorce, Catherine went back to Spain
with Mary, Henry
married Anne Boleyn-Elizabeth I born, Anne accused of witchcraft, brother
arrested and
tortured, cofessed to having incestuous affair w/Anne-->beheaded
4. Henry married a Lady in waiting to Anne--Jane Seymaur who gave Henry
a son, Edward VI,
Jane died soon after due to post pardem complications
5. Anne of Cleves-German Lutheran Princess, divorced within a year, Anne
got great
settlement--live in England as king's "sister"
6. Catherine Howard-young, pretty, athletic, loved to dance, flirtacious,
Catherine arrested,
brother tortured confessed to incest, Catherine beheaded
7. Catherine Parr-was nurse and wife, Henry died in 1546, Catherine married
Tom Seymaur
(Jane's brother) and died in childbirth (son survived)
D. Edward VI-
1. sickly teenage king-plots and counterparts during his brief reign-between
Catholics and
Protestants
2. died w/o much accomplishment
E. Bloody Mary-
1. tried to make England return to Catholicism, 350 Protestants burned
at the stake
2. little accomplished
F. Elizabeth
I- (1556-1603)
1. little interest in religion, "Bastard Queen" "Virgin Queen" "Good Queen
Bess" many felt that
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII's sister Margret should be queen because she
had been raised
a Catholic, Mary married James, king of Scotland-last name Stuart--"Mary
Queen of Scots"
or Mary
Stuart--had son-future James I of England- scotch presbytirians revolted
against the
Stuarts, Mary and James fled to England, sought protection from Elizabeth
2. problems developed with Spain--Hapsburg princess had been sent back,
Elizabeth aided
dutch rebels (Holland then part of Spanish Netherlands), English pirates
were raiding
Spanish commerce (Francis Drake)-Elizabeth getting a "cut," Philip of Spain
proposed
marriage to Elizabeth-said no, knighted Sir Francis Drake--
a. Philip assembled an armada--vessels carrying wooded containers to Spain
destroyed by
Sir Francis Drake, neew vessels made of unseasoned oak--made many sailors
sick
when spoiled
b. King of Spain picked two commanders-Admiral Marquis de Sedonia for the
sea, and
General Duke of Parma for land, Sedonia died-Parma had to do both jobs
c. plan-leave Spain and pick up soldiers in Netherlands, Dutch rebels attacked/prevented
rendesvous
d. Philip believed that over 1 million English Catholics would rise up/overthrow
Elizabeth/
replace w/ Mary Queen of Scots---never happened
e. Elizabeth put Sir Francis Drake in charge of defense-light fast ships
w/superior cannons,
Spanish using heavy akward converted merchants ships
f. heavy wind storm (protestants called it "Divine Wind")-Spanish ships
scattered/sought
refuge in costal bays of England -Drake's pirates destroyed them, few escaped
by
sailing around Scotland, went to Ireland where Irish granted them use of
ports (English
didnt forget this)
3. England entered Golden Age of lit, art, exploration, etc.
4. 1589-Elizabeth had Mary Queen of Scots beheaded, son James raised to
be fanatical
anglican
II. Thiry Years War (1618-1648)
A. Phase One-
Bohemian Phase:
1. 1618- Ferdinand Hapsburg became King of Bohemia, fanatical Catholic,
but Bohemians were
hussites, King of Bohemia becomes next HRE when he died, Ferdinand confiscated
hussite land, closed Hussite schools-reopened w/Jesuit teachers, Hussite
leaders
imprisoned, some executed
2. HRE dieing of cancer, Ferdinand went to Vienna to await his succession
to power,
Protestants broke into his castle (Hrotkin castle) in Prague, Bohemia,
and threw Catholics
out the window (defenstrated) Protestants said new king of Bohemia would
be Frederick of
Palatimate (Head of Protestant Union), --felt that King James I of England
would help them
(Frederick's wife was Elizabeth-daughter of James but by this time, England
had a house of
Commons-most of whom were Puritans who couldnt see why they should tax
themselves
to help Hussites (see later notes)
3. Spanish sent troops to help their cousins (Austrian Hapsburgs)-result:
Protestants defeated
by forces of the Catholic League aided by the Spanish, Hapsburgs decided
to wipe out rest
of Protestant princes but Ferdinand (HRE) was afraid that Maximillian,
head of Catholic
League would get to powerful so he hired mercenary Albrecht Von Wallenstein
(protestant
from Bohemia who was willing to kill fellow protestants) Wallenstein
crushed the German
princes and ---
B. Phase Two-
Danish Phase:
1. Hapsburgs wanted a port, especially one which could control trade on
the Baltic Sea- so
Wallenstein's army defeated the Danes---Hapsburgs reached the zenith of
their power
C. Phase Three-
Swedish Phase:
1. 1630- Sweden power in north, young king Gustavus Adolphus was military
genius and
fanatical protestant who wanted to "free Europe from the yoke of Rome"
His army was
volunteer (many were peasants)-each had a rifle, good food, warm clothes,
and were 1st to
have portable artillery
2. 1632- Battle of Lutzen, Lutzen in Saxony-Gustavus Adolphus won battle
but died, Swedes
lost interest
D. Phase Four-
French Phase:
1. 1635- Louis XIII king but regent Cardinal Richilieu was really in charge,
Richilieu was
nationalist who recognized that if France wanted to advance the power of
the Hapsburgs
had to be broken- so Catholic France enter war on side of Protestants
2. 1642- Wallenstein was murdered (probably on orders of the Hapsburgs)
by own men for
money
3. 1643- Louis XIII and Cardinal Richilieu died, was wound down and ended
in 1648
E. Treaty of
Westphalia- (1649)
1. each prince decide religion of the people
2. Holland and Switzerland gained independence
3. Pennsylvania Dutch came to America
4. France largely untouched by the war, poised on edge of "Golden Age"
of Louis XIV
5. Jew blamed-served as scapegoats-many were murdered (Just as in Crusades)
Stuart Monarachy
I. Stuart Monarchy (1603-1714)
A. James I (1603-1625)
1. James's mom (Mary Queen of Scots)- catholic, beheaded in 1589
2. raised as fanatical anglican, from beginning Puritans resented him,
they wanted, for example,
to do away with church hierarchy, James hated them "No bishop, No king!"
3. believed in "free monarchy"- absolute rule, caused problems w/House
of Commons, (mostly
Puritan), problems centered on taxation
4. casued problems when protestant son-in-law (Frederick of Palatimate)
asked for help
Parliament refused because Calvinists in House of Commons saw no reason
to help
Hussites, so he dismissed them
5. quarreled with Puritans over Church control-some left for Holland &
eventually Massachusets
(pilgrims)- 1620, earlier (1607) settlers had gone to Va --Jamestown
6. two sons- eldest Charles (future king), James tried to arrange a marriage
btw Charles and
spanish Hapsburg princess, spanish rejected it, Puritans mad ("flirting
w/Catholicisim")
7. responsible for King James Version of bible, died in 1625, to many "good
riddance"
B. Charles I
(1625-1649)
1. like his dad only worse (fanatical anglican)
2. two parties developed
a. Roundheads-Puritans in House of Commons--Oliver Cromwell
b. Cavaliers- wealthy Anglicans in House of Lords
3. by 1630s- Calvinists in Scotland (presbyterians) revolt against king
of Scotland, asked
Parliament for money to aid King of Scotland
4. when Charles couldnt get money, he dismissed Parliament, tried to tax
w/o Parliament
5. England enters into civil war (early 1630s) each group aids friends
in Scotland, Charles greatly
outnumbered
6. Charles defeated, beheaded in 1649 (treason), Charles family fled to
France (guest of Louis14)
II. Inter-Regnum (1649-1660)- Commonwealth, Puritan Theocracy, Rule
of Saints, Protectorate
A. Cavaliers-
left England, came to America (Carolinas)-recreated English upper class
plantantion eco
B. Catholics-
came to Maryland
C. Presbyterians-
sent to N. Ireland by Cromwell to spy on Catholics (dispised)
D. Scotch-Irish-
Calivinsts came to frontier of America (Kentucky,Tennesse)--Daniel Boone,
Davy
Crockett, Woodrow Wilson, Ronald Regan
E. insitiuted
"Blue laws" - because Scottish presbyterian flag was blue, close bars,
etc, restricted
what could be done on Sunday, arts suffered
F. groups of
poor people began to make demands
1. "levelers"-wanted to level out social differences by having representation
in parliament, wanted
parliament to meet on reg schedule
2. "diggers"-free land for poor people, Cromwell furious, leaders executed,
many sent to
Australia, many returned to Catholicism
G. Oliver Cromwell
died (1658), his son Richard became king, by 1660, people sick of Puritanism
Richard resigned
III. Restoration (1660-1688)
A. Charles II
(1660-1685)
1. loved "wine, women, & song" beautiful palace built, great parties
thrown, elegant clothes, etc
many mistresses, but no legitimate children
2. great period for arts and sciences
3. never once called Parliament into session, being supplied w/money by
Louis XIV, planning to
crush Dutch (protestant trade rivals), didnt want Puritans to aid Dutch
4. died (1685) "childless"
B. James II
(1685-1688)
1. brother of Charles II, old when came to throne, 1st wife had died, had
2 grown daughters
(Mary and Anne), remarried Mary of Modena (French Possesion)-strong Catholic
2. 1688-had a son James, announced he would be raised Catholic, two parties
developed
a. tories- supported king
b. whigs-supported Puritans
C. Glorious
Revolution of 1688
1. throne of England offered to James II's eldest daughter Mary & husband
William of Orange
(King of Holland)-Mary didnt like dad's young wife, William to protect
Holland
2. short war developed and James, wife, son James returned to France as
guests of Louis XIV
("The Pretenders")-supported by Irish Catholics (Jacobites) James(son)
grew up in France,
married, had son Charles-nickname "Bonnie Prince Charles"
D. William and
Mary (1701, 1694)
1. 1689 - signed Bill of Rights, turned England in constitutional monarchy
(parliament-power)
a. King could not suspend laws made by Parliament
2. war broke btw England/allies and France (see Louis XIV notes)
3. died childless
E. Queen Anne
(1701-1714)
1. old when came to throne (Mary's sister), protestant, childless
2. 1701-parliament passed Act of Settlement
a. no catholics could be king/queen of England
b. couldnt be judges, serve in prestigious universities
3. died in 1714, George I of Hanover Germany became king and began Hanoverian
Monarchy
(1917 changed name to Windsor)
IV. France through Golden Age
A. Background-
1. in 1500s, had religious problems (Calvinists-Huguenats) culminating
in St. Barthalomew's
Day massacre of 1572
2. 1598- Catholic king died w/o heir, nobles gave throne to Henry of Navarre
(Burbon Family)-
a Huguenat who adopted Catholicism, "Paris is well worth a mass" Henry
issued
Edict of Nantes
a. where Protestants existed, they could exist but cant spread
b. Huguenats could fortify 100 towns of their own choice
c. could have equal civil rights as Catholics
Henry had an advisor, Sully-believed that colonization key to prosperity,
France began to
establish colonies, Sully's motto-"a chicken in every pot"
3. 1610-Henry assassinated by a Catholic, son Louis XIII only 10, became
king, but Cardinal
Richilieo was his advisor, France became #1 by time of Louis XIII's death
in 1643
B. Louis XIV
(1643-1714)
1. Three goals-Versailles Pallace used to accomplish them
a. make himself most absolute monarch in Europe (nobles isolated)
b. make France #1 in arts & sciences ("anybody who was anybody" in
arts & sciences
came to Versailles)
c. make France #1 militarily (war room, hall of mirrors)
2. Louis's Wars
a. War of the League of Augsburg (1689-1694)
1.) began when Louis revoked Edict of Nantes-many Huguenats fled to Holland
or US
(bog cities-Boston, NY, ect....example Paul Revere), Louis invaded Holland
2.) William & Mary created "Grand Alliance"-consisted of England, Holland,
Sweden,
Brandenberg, some Spanish Hapsburgs
3.) ended "status quo ante bellum" with Treaty of Rysic (lots of money,
no gain)
b. War of Spanish Sucession (1701-1714)
1.) background- 1700 Charles II became king of Spain (product of Hapsburg
inbreeding
everyone knew Spainsh Hapsburgs about to die off
Phillip III of Spain --Charles grandfather
1.) older daughter
2.) younger daughter
3.)Philip IV
1.) Louis XIV
(Burbon) 1.)Leopold,
HRE (Austrian Haps) old daught
young daught Charles
(wife Louis) (wife Leopold)
2.) Louis claimed throne for grandson, Philp of Anjou
Leoplod claimed for his son Charles
3.) Queen Anne called together "Grand Alliance"
4.) Treaty of Utrect (1714) ended war
a.) Louis' grandson made king of Spain, he had to promise that Spain and
France
would never be ruled as one
b.) Spainsh Netherlands given to HRE, became Austrian Netherlands
c.) Spain's possession in Northern Italy given to Austria
d.) Spain gave England the Asciento-England could trade in slaves w/new
world
e.) Spain gave Britain Rock of Gibraltar
f.) New Foundland, Nova Scotia given to British-process of dismemberment
of
New France(Canada) begun
g.) Brandenberg (Lutherans) given more territory and power, Swedes (Lutherans)
armed and trained soldiers of Brandenberg to act as bufferzone against
Catholic Hapsburgs, Brandenburg changes name to Prussia
h.) treaty saw rising of Great Britain
Age of Enlightenment:
Leslie Whyte-"Layer Cake Theory of Change" thechnology-->social
organization-->ideology
I. Men of Enlightenment
A.Baron de Montesquieu
(1689-1775)- French Catholic Aristocrat
1.The Spirit of the Laws - "The ideal gov't has checks and balances and
seperates the power"
2. admired Roman Republic, England of his time
3. "Humans are esentially eivl, govt protects us from us."
B. Voltaire
(1694-1778) French Middle Class Huguenat
1. famous write of satire, verbally attacked church,nobles,kings,etc
2. lover of free speech,free press
3. "Though I hate & dispise what you say, I shall defend to my death
your right to say it."
4. Ideal govt is "enlightened despotism"-absolute ruler who governs for
the benifit of the people
& leads search for natural laws
C. Jean Jaques
Rousseau (1712-1778)- French lower class poor man
1. his dad was an alcoholic watch maker, fled to Paris, became "kept man"
of Madam de
Warens--educated him
2. Emile-about education of ideal citizen, Emile would not go to a parochial
school because
it would stifle curiosity, learn through love (never physically punished),
was child not
miniture adult-special methods needed to "reach" him, will move at own
pace, will learn by
doing-1st book Robinson Crusoe, truth found in nature-father of Romantic
movement, child
of nature--will be "wild thing" "my right to sqing my fist ends where your
nose begins"
3. sequel- The Social Contract- Emile is an adult, ideal citizen, believes
in social contract-
"Rights = Responsibility" "The govenment governs best which governs
least"
D. Adam Smith-
(1723-1790) - English
1. Wealth of Nations-father of economics, wealth of nation in educated
citizenry, govt must keep
out of business-natural laws govern the economy (laissez-faire)
a. law o supply and demand--big supply, low demand, low price (vice versa)
b. law of diminishing returns-w/each unit consumed, next unit has less
value
c. prosperity trickles downward-let rich get richer (Reganomics, Republicans)
John Meynard Keynes-prosperity percolates upward (let poor get rich--FDR)
E. Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834)- Anglican Clergyman
1. studied population- father of demography, worlds population would increase
geomentrically
while food supply arithmetically (Starvation inevitable)-worldwide war
would occur first
2. soln- birth control
F. Marquis Cesare
de Beccaria (1738-1794)- Italian
1. Crime and Punishment- father of penology
2. society produces criminals so society must correct mistakes (reform)
3. enlightened society doesn't punish for revenge, punishes to deter
4. not severity of punishment which deters, but certainty
G. Denis Diderot
1. editor or worlds first encyclopedia-purpose: to strike blow against
reactionary forces of church
and state (people who contributed called physiocrats or encyclopedists)
II. Religion- Deism
A. There is
a God. He is a Great Watchmaker or Great Architect, First Cause, Divine
Providence, who
created a mathematically precise universe reponsive to natural laws
B. God withdrew
so that Humans could find for themselves the laws which govern everything
C. prayer-useless
D. Heaven and
Hell--hazy conceptions but instead believed in Law of Conservation of Energy
III. Russia
A. Reasons Russia
didnt become a super power
1. geography-not many ports, huge mass, not many natural resources, barren,
cold, Ural Mts
(natural boundry), Volga River (Caspian Sea-land locked), Don River (Black
Sea-no ocean)
2. language- Russian language not based on Latin (Europe doesnt understand),
some culture
from Eastern Byzantine Empire
3. religion- adopted Greek Orthodox religion in 800 AD
4. Foreign Invaders
a. Vikings-made slavic people slaves, pillaged, taxed, left
b. Mongols-did same as Vikings in 1200s
1.) crippled economy-ruined businesses with heavy taxes
2.) diminished foreign trade/travel
3.) princes (boyars/nobles) gained power
4.) Ivan the Great pushed out Mongols
c. Tartars-some pillaging
1.) introduced Islam but didnt force conversion from Greek Orthodox (to
keep control)
B. Ivan IV (the
Terrible)- good ruler, believed boyars murdered his wife, had Streltsy
(guards) kill
many boyars, killed son, bouars came into power
C. Times of
Trouble (1584-1613)
1. Boyars (young/inexperienced) ruled
2. famines occured - peasants revolt
3. Pland/Sweden attack Russia
4. 1613 appoint Michael Romanov as ruler (uses term Czar)
D. Romanov Rule
(1613-1917)
1. Miachel's son Alexis - 2nd marriage to Natalia, had son (peter)
2. Peter I (the Great)
a. 1682- 1/2 bro Ivan (sickly) co-rulers 1/2 sister Sophia reagent
b. Sophia didnt like Peter, spread rumors, streltsy killed Sophia
c. Natalia keeps Peter in Germanic section of Moscov (to keep safe)
1.) not Greek Orthodox section
2.) Sir Patrick Gordon- acts as father, tells Peter about Western Europe,
sailor,
tells Peter to see west.
d. 1697- travels through Europe (as regular person), learns 14 trades
1.) believes in earning nobility through hard work
2.) upper class in Russia didnt like Peter trying to change (become western)
a.) Boyars revolt, say Peter wont be king when returns
b.) Peter hires foreign mercenaries to successfully surpress revolt
e. wants to modernize Russia (learns what Europe was doing)
1.) build army- loyal men, artillery, modern war fare tactics, money
a.) drafts men, brings muskets from Europe, uniforms
2.) inroduced western calendar
3.) new crops - potatoe from Europe
4.) more freedom to women
5.) introduced European attire
6.) limit church power
f. needed to take power from boyars/streltsy
1.) forced streltsy/boyars to prove their loyalty
2.) take government jobs (office/army)
g. Great Northern War (1700-1721)
1.) Russia, Poland, Denmark, Saxony vs. Sweden
2.) Rusia wants Scandinavian port to trade w/western europe
3.) Russia building Navy to compete
4.) King Charles VII of Sweden defeats Danes, Saxony, Poland
5.) decides to enter Russia, met 200,000 well trained Russian men
a.) Russians win Battle of Poltava---turing point
6.) Sea Battle begin, Finland, Riga, Vyborg, Revel (Russian victories)
7.) Treaty of Nistadt (1721)
a.) Peter builds St. Petersburg (like Versailles) on Baltic Sea Coast
b.) castle faced west: looking at domain to conquer
Enlightened Despots:
A. Rise of Prussia
1. c1200 Brandenberg
given to "Teutonic Knights" for their service in the crusades
a. HRE saw them as a buffer btw the empire and the slavs to the east who
Germans
reguarded as "untermensch"-sub human
2. 1400s- Brandenberg
had a hereditary royal family (Hohenzollern)
3. Frederick
William (1640-1688)
a. Brandenber was on right side of the Thirty Years War (army trained by
Swedes)
4. Frederick
I (168-1714)
a. Prussia on right side of War of Spanish Succession, Prussia got more
land, stengthened army
b. created new class of civil servants (had to either be army officers
or provide leadership
in post office, newspaper publishing, etc) "Jung herrn"-junker, identified
by prefix Von
c. doubled size of army
5. William I
(1714-1740)
a. father of Frederick the Great
b. everything during reign revolved around army--Prussia known as "Sparta
of the North"
c. admired French culture
B. Frederick the Great (1740-1780) Kaiser of Prussia
1. loved the
arts, built palace "Sans Souci" at Potsdam, on of his nicknames was "Potsdam
Fuhrer" anyone who was anyone in arts and sciences invited
2. 1740- Maria
Therea inherited throne of Austria, Frederick attacked Austria-began war
of
Austrian Succession (Seven Years War 1740-1747) British helped Prussia,
France helped
Austria (Protestant vs Catholic) Frederick seized Silesia from Austria
(part of Poland)- rich in
coal & iron (for weapons)
3. established
free public school, but only for boys up to 8th grade
4. established
scientific agriculture-gave state loans to buy land, seeds, most of land
in Silesia
5. religious
toleration-welcomed Hugenots, despised Jews, said they were useless to
the state
6. "I am the
1st servant to the state"
C. Maria Theresa (1740-1780) Austria - Hapsburg
1. built "Schoenburn"
in Vienna, anybody who was anybody came
2. had come
to power as result of the "Pragmatic Sanction" (document signed by all
of Europe's
rulers saying they would not swipe territory when she became queen) led
to war of
Austrian Succesion which was beginning of end for HRE
3. was mother
of Marie Antoinette
4. tried to
reform taxation/judicial system--blocked by noble/clergy
D. Josep II (1780-1790) Austria
1. son of Maria
Theresa, most serious on being enlightened
2. decreed full
religious toleration (even for jews)
3. free education
up to high school (even for girls)
4. took church
land, sold it, built hospitals for poor
5. declared
taxation on ability to pay
6. justiced
dispensed regardless of class
7. "the state
means 'the greatest good for the greatest number'"
8. most reforms
"were washed away by the blood of the French Revolution"
E. Catherine te Great (1762-1796) Russia
1. german, lutheran
princess who came to Russia as wife of Czar Peter III (mentally unstable)
Peter murdered, Catherine became Czarina
2. collected
art, etc, her palace (Peterhaf), sponsored Diderot's great encyclopedia
(forbade in in
Russia)
3. tried to
reform taxation, restrict torture, but church/nobles didnt allow
4. went to war,
drove out last of the Tartars, Russia got access to Black Sea
5. 1792, 1793,
1796 participated w/Prussia and Austria in dividing up Poland
F. Louis XV (1715-1775) France
1. loved Versailles,
spent enormous sums of money on it, loved "wine, women, and song"
didnt like to work-nobles reassereted power ("shirt sleeves to shirtsleeves
in three generations")
2. fought several
wars against Britain, result: France lost -- taxes on poor rose
3. favorite
mistress Mme Pompadour- brilliant intellectual, kept up enlightenment
(great friend of Ben Franklin)
G. Louis XVI (1775-1789) France
1. "nice guys
finish last"
2. married Marie
Antoinette of Austria-deeply in love (5 children, all wanted/loved), no
mistresses
she was dispised, called "the foreign women"
3. had a "cottage"
built at extremity of Versialles, he and Marie retreated to a romantic
fantasy that
they were just plain folk, surrounded themselves w/yes men
4. had two honest
ministers, Neckar & Turgot, they got Gabelle (heavy tax on salt) &
benalities
(gave nobles free labor from the peasants) removed
5. October 1777-
France jointed American Revolution (France got nothing but king had to
take back
all reforms--needed money)
The French Revolution (1789-1715)
A. Revolution in terms of grievance
1. nobles &
clergy- brighter members realized change was inevitable
2. middle class-
upset about economy, paid high taxes, had no control over trade, red authors
like
Voltaire, Rousseau, etc.
3. lower class-
heavy taxes, no rights, no jobs, etc.
B. Phase One- The Calling of the Estates General (May- September 1789)
1. May 1789-call
went out for an Estates General to meet at Versailles- 1st estate: clergy
(300 memb)
2nd Estate: Nobles (300 memb), 3rd Estate: Everyone else, voting by Estate
a. a borgeous, Mirabeau, led 3rd Estate to seperate meeting room where
they demanded
that France would have a Constitution
b. Louis ordered meeting hall to be locked-Mirabu and others met on a Tennis
court, took vote
since 3rd Estate paid taxes, they alone had right to make law & swore
"tennis court oath"-
they would not leave until they had a constitution or were killed
c. that night, Louis had several thousand coldier brought from Paris
d. laws ordered all of the delegates to come back to the Great Hall and
work on a constitution
1. nobles sat on right side of king "rightist"-someone who wants very little
change
a. little change-conservationist- on far right--reactionary (want to go
back to old)
2. common folk on left- "leftists"- far left -- "racals"-Jacobeans-said
to kill king, nobles,
most of clergy, caucas formed
3. Jacobeans-common folk began to work on preamble of Constitution- "The
Declaration of
the Rights of Man"
a. freedom of and from religion-all people entitled to due processes, serve
in govt
b. liberty-right to do anything as long as didnt hurt someone else
c. law was an expression of the general will, all citizens would make law
d. taxes were to be raised by the people and based on ability to pay
e. powers were to be separated, system of checks and balances
4. agent which seperated the powers was created
a. executive-head was the king, no longer make law, could veto work of
legislative
branch, legislative could override
b. legislative-unicameral body (Legislative or National Assmebly)
c. judicial- nine federal judges
2. July 14,
1789 Bastille Day
3. August 4,
1789- constitution finished, read to delegates at Versailles, all delegates
made to sign
many nobles fled to Austria & Prussia (Emigres) worked for counter
revolution, Estates
General disbanded itself
C. Phase Two- Period of the National Assemby
1. inflation
developed
2. October 1789-
Louis & family try to escape to Asutria, were caught and retuned, letter
found
(repuniated revolution), played directly into hands of Jacobeans (claimed
plot existed)
3. all faith
in executive branch lost
4. constitution
was amended
a. Civil Constitution of Clergy- must swear loyalty to govt or couldnt
be clergyman, many
Catholic clergy would not (called "Nanjuring" clergy) Catholic Church declared
revolution
to be an anathma (serious sin)
5. Austria and
Prussia issued Decleration of Pillnitz (if any harm came to royal family,
they would
invade), king arrested
6. 1792- France
declared was on Austria & Prussia, early battles- Franch successful,
tide of battle
turned, National Assembly collapsed
I. Phase III: The Emergency Republic (1793-1795)
A. Jacobins
now in control, rewrote Constitution ("Consititution of the Year One")
1. ended monarchy, replaced w/govt patterned after the US
2. churches were closed, vandalized, many clergy arrested & murdered
B. Three Jacobins
take control of executive branch (Marat, MD, Danton (law), Robespierre
(law)
1. Louis and Marie were arrested and executed
2. Children murdered, disposed of
3. "Reign of Terror" beins, at least 45,000 put to death
C. Marat was
murdered by Charlotte Corday
Danton accused of accepting bribes, beheaded, "Show my head to the people,
it's worth seeing."
Rbespierre was shot, executed
II. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
A. Background-
born on the island of Corsica, which at the year of his birth was an Italian
possession
family-minor Italian nobility (1770 France bought Island), very bright,
especially in Math, dreamed
of going to the West Point of France, welathy mn used his influences to
get him in, brilliant
student-unhappy period, short, spoke French with Italian accent, little
money->made fun of,
should have been Valedictorian, but not ecause of social class, graduated
in 1789, joined
Jacobins, rose rapidly to Brigadier General, by age of 23, spectacular
victories, Austrians and
Prussians "wanted out"
III. Phase IV: The Directory (1795-1799)
A. Composition
1. executive- 5 man board of directors
2. legislators-bicameral, plots & counterplots were rampant on left
and right
a. Council of the Ancients (men over 40)--upper
b. Council of the 500 -- lower
c. rightists (royalists) attacked the govt, army called to put down, speaker
of the House
was Lucien Bonaparte who got Napoleon to put down coup d'etat with a "whiff
of grapeshot" govt owed Napoleon
B. Napoleon
went to Egypt to fight the British (access to India), Napoleon had to fight
Admiral Lord
Horatio Nelson, within 3 years (by 1799) Napoleon was losing (Battle of
the Nile), Napoleon
returned to Paris, He and Lucien invented a stor about a plot against the
govt, the people
"bought" the story, three of five directors were forced to resign
IV. Phase V: The Consulate (1799-1803)
A. Executive
Branch- Napoleon and 2 remaining directors formed the consulate (other
2 directors
were rubber stamps)
B. Events of
the Consulate
1. Louisiana Purchase
a. Napoleon dreamed of an American Empire based in Haiti, however, a slave
revolt began
led by Toussaint L'overture II ("The Black Sparticus")
b. US bought for 15 million (northerners opposed because of the potential
for extending
slavery) 6cents per acre
2. Plebesate of 1802- Napoleon elected as "Emperor for life"
V. Phase VI: The Empire (1803-1814/1815)
A. Key Battles
1. Trafalgar (1805)- off coast of Spain, Lord Nelson won, but was killed,
it determined that the
British would rule the seas until 1918
a. Napoleon adopted Continental System- anyone trading with England was
French enemy
2. Austerlitz (1806)- Austrian army destroyed, occupied, Holy Roman Empire
ended
German Catholic states given to Austria
3. Jena (1806)- Prussia defeated and given Protestant states, "Confederation
of the Rhine"
created, issued "Berlin and Milan Decrees"- any shipping to British would
be sized
British issue "Orders in Council" any shipping to France would be siezed
4. Battle of Friedland (1807)- Russian Defeat, Treaty of Tillsit- Russia
promised not to trade
w/England
B. 1806 Napoleon
invaded Spain, Spanish used guerilla warfare and Napoleon never really
won, these
"battles" called "Penninsular Wars" Napoleon referred to these capaigns
as his spanish ulcer
C. Napoleon
"Changes"
1. issued "Code Napoleon" based on Justinian's Law, was to become basis
for Europeean Law
after Napoleon was defeated
2. engaged in nepotism-brother Jerome King Holland, sister Carolyn Queen
of several German
states, mother Queen of Corsica
3. invaded Italy - put end to Papal States, Pope imprisoned, revolution
declared to be an "anthama"
again, Napoleon made 2-year-old son "King of Rome" created secret police
to silence any
opposition
4. Napoleon divorced his wife, married Marie Louise of Austria, had son
& Napoleon demanded that
he and all of his officers were treated like royalty
D. Russia
1. 1810- Czar Alexander I of Russia had become religious mystic, began
to believe that democracy
was evil, god had mad him savior of europe, told Napoleon that he would
no longer respect
continental system, Napoleon decided to teach Alexander a lesson, planned
to invade Russia
E. American
Involvement in Napoleanic Wars (War of 1812)
1. 1806-1807 Jefferson found himself having to deal w/both the British
and the French taking
American ships
a. issued non-intercourse act (only ship to which ever country would stop
taking ships), &
embargo act (wouldnt ship to either side--north felt Jefferson trying to
punish them)
b. 1810- Hartford Convention talked about secession
2. 1810- James Madison becomes president
a. by then, British desperate for sailors, began to sieze Americans (impressment)
b. Henry Clay led group "War Hawks"- believed that time was right to sieze
Canada
c. by June 1812, Madison allowed himself to be convinced, war delclared
d. Napoleon invaded Russia
e. 1814- British bombarded Baltimore--surrendered, British marched to Washington
& set it
on fire, British felt they had won, meanwhile- British army coming from
Canada defeated
in NY state, British sick of war, on Christmas Eve, treaty signed which
ended the war
"status quo anti bellum"
f. January 1815- Andrew Jackson defeated British at New Orleans
F. Invasion
of Russia
1. Russians turned to Marshall Kutusov--adopted guerilla warfare
a. by sept, Napoleon on 65 miles from Moscov
b. Battle of Borodeno- Napoleanic victory, but French lost 25,000 men,
15 generals
c. Napoleon entere burning, deserted Moscov, snow began, bitter winter
set it, supply lines
cut, French soldiers suffered unbelievable casulties
d. Napoleon left his soldiers (1813 French soldiers left Russia)
e. 1813- Battle of Leipzig ("Battle of the Nations"), great defeat, Duke
of Wellington landed
large army in France
f. 1814- Napoleon surrendered to Duke of Wellington
VI. Congress of Vienna
A. France- Tallyrand
("Fox of Europe"), Austria- Count Claus Von Metternich ("Coachman of Europe"),
Russia- Czar Alexander I ("Savior of Europe"), England- Duke of Wellington
(observer only)
B. decided to
exile Napoleon to island of Elba (sunny beautiful, near Corsica, near to
where he was born,
allowed to have small detachment of soldiers.
C. "Hundred
Days" (1815)
1. Napoleon escaped, returned to Paris, became emperor again
2. decided to invade Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)- Duke of Wellington
(British), Field Marshall
Von Blucher (Prussia) met at Waterloo, Napoleon defeated, surrendered to
Wellington
D. Congress
(2nd session) & Policies
1. exiled Napoleon to cold, wet, desolate island called St. Hellena (1000
miles of Africa in South
Atlantic), lived there until 1821 (6 years) where he died of Arsenic poisoning,
buried there,
1840- body dug up, brought back to Paris to "Napoleon's Tomb" till present
2. Legitmacy- all former ruling families would be restored
3. Compensation- all land taken from "rightful" owners would be returned
1. Metternich "God has given me the task of crushing democracy where it
rears its ugly head"
2. Czar Alezander "Europe must be ruled by good Christian gentlemen who
God, in his
wisdom, has placed over the people"
4. Balance of Power-- "Holy Alliance" would be created to crush any democratic
uprising, was
largely a failure because England didnt join (wanted free hand to create
their empire)
VI. Meanwhile in America
A. 1816- James
Monroe issued the "Monroe Doctrine"- the western hemisphere closed to further
colonization, backed by British (wanted to trade with Latin America)
Europe (1815-1848) -- Era of Reaction
I. France- Louis XVIII (1815-1825)
A. younger brother
of Louis XVI who had lived in Austria "king by grace of God and allied
bayonets"--
countless underground attempts to change things
B. Louis XVIII's
son Charles X came to power when Louis died, Charles X's son had been murdered
by
socialists, so he hatedall new ideas
C. Advent of
"---isms"
1. socialism- private property is great evil of society (capitalism-evil),
government should own
everything (those in need get their "fair share") 1815-1848 socialist
called antdeluvian
utopian socialists
a. Count de Saint Simon (french)- workers should own the factories, but
hire captains of
industry to run them, they would get paid and then profits would be divided
among the
workers
b. Charles Fourier (french)- society should be divided into groups of 1640
people, called
"philansteries" everyone would be married to everyone, each would do what
he did best,
kids would be raised by group, profits based on need, never as popular
in Europe as in
America
c. Robert Owen- (scotland) "ideal factory town" - nice houses, good education,
opportunity
for recreation, etc.
d. Louis Blanc- journalist, government should create "make work" jobs during
hard times,
called "social workshops"
II. Revolutions of 1830
A. France (1830)-
king had left the country on business, students, workers rose up, king
abduated, new
king was Louis Phillipe de Burbon called the "Borgeous King" workers, students
killed off, exiled
or came to America
B. Revolutions
spilled over to most European countries
1. Belgium- gained independence (1830)- part of Austria (Austrian Netherlands),
w/British help
(British guarrenteed Belgian freedom)
2. Italy- Napolean had invaded Italy
a. united it and gave it a modern efficient government
b. young Italians like it, but Congress of Vienna wouldn't allow it to
remain (legitamacy)
c. patriot (Giuseppi Mazzini)- writer arose, created society "Young Italy"
dedicated to
nationalism, spent most of life in exile-England, wing of "young Italy"
used
terrorism (called carbonari)
3. Germany-- story was similar
a. Napoleon created a unity which young germans like, but Congress of Vienna
said no
b. in German universities, frats surfaced---nationalistic, comined w/fact
that radical professors
began to teach racism (ie. german superiority), nationalism centered on
universities
III. Karl Marx (1816-1886)
A. Born in Germany
to a wealthy Jewish family, brilliant student at Univ of Berlin, history
major, student
of professorss Hegel & Herder--history was story of dilectics (things
always the same and always
changing), history story of man's desire for material things--what changes
the want is technology--
always been "haves" and "have nots" (ie. social classes)
B. Marx &
Engles went to England, where Marx was shocked at factory conditions, came
to believe
that capitalism was the culprit, wrote Das Kapital-- Capitalism was fine
when orginally began (in
1200s) but by 1800s it had become evil for several reasons 1.) capitalist
must exploit the worker
2.) capitalism causes imperialism (taking over areas which have resources
& cheap labor)
3.) capitalism needs war to use up surplus
C. Five Stages
which lead to Socialism
1. great war over resources - this war would be terrible due to technology
(WWI-1914) proletariet
(lower classes) would do the fighting
2. Worldwide uprising of prolitariet during the was (Communist revolution
of 1917)
3. Dictatorship of the proletariet, period of education, period of killing
(Stalin Era)
4. Withering away of the state--one world
5. Classless state--Utopia
Marx did not forsee union movement, government regulation
IV. England -- Windsor Monarchy (11714- present)
A. George I
(1714- 1725)
1. came from Hanover (Germany), in his 60's, didnt speak English, didnt
like England's culture,
didnt like English people, trusted member of Parliament named Robert Walpole
(embrionic
prime minister)
2. caught his wife in adultery, she was sent to convent for rest of her
life, her paramour disappeared
(probably murdered) - name was Konigsmark, to some king was now a murderer
3. had two mistresses - both over 60, tall& skinny "maypole", short
& fat "the elephant"--
people thought he was a bafoon
4. king had been given stock in trading company (South Seas Company), company
went bankrupt
called "South Seas Bubble," to many, he now seemed to be a crook
5. When he died in 1725--few mourned him
B. George II
(1725-1760)
1. terribly insecure, married very strong woman, Queen Carolyn
2. William Pitt-prime minister, Britain won War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1747), died in
1760, by 1762 Britain won French and Indian War, got Canada, liked by people
C. George III
(1760-[1812] 1820)
1. victim of schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd)
2. obsessed w/idea that his father and grandfather were "wimps" so he had
to be in charge
3. had 15 children, raised w/discipline but no love
4. When French and Indian War ended, he felt American colonies whould pay
for the war ("no
taxation w/o representation")
a. tea tax, intolerable acts, pushed colonies to revolution
b. 2 members of parliament (Wilkes, Barre) tried to make George moderate
c. George lost colonies
5. went over the edge, from 1812-1820 he was stark raving mad (George IVruled
for him)
D. George IV
([1812] 1820- 1830)
1. son of George III, man "out of control", alcoholic, gambler, ocd, hedonistic
2. nickname was "fat addonis" -- model for Santa Claus
3. mistress named Mrs. Fitzherbert
4. forced to marry Carolin of Brunswick--physically dirty, foul mouthed,
alcoholic, cocaine user
5. had child Charlotte--neglected, died at age 2 of "failure to thrive"
6. Caroline left George for a bankrupt Italian Count - Pergamie
a. Caroline died of alcoholism
7. 1818 passed Emancipation Act- overturned Act of Settlement, had good
tast for architecture
E. William IV
(1830-1837)
1. brother of George IV, "Silly Billy"
2. great compassion for poor, widows, orphans, veterans
3. passed corn laws
F. Victoria
(1837-1903)
1. daughter of Edward (son of George III)
2. married Prince Albert of Saxe, Coburn, Gotha (states near Prussia)--
well educated in science,
handsome, athletic, socially outgoing
3. Britain leaped forward in technology
4. 1860- typhoid broke out, Albert died, Victoria's nickname "The Widow
of Windsor",
always wore black
5. had 9 children (wanted, loved) - Christmas became special (all married
heads of state)
I. Unification of Germany
A. Napoleon
I had unified Germany, young Germans loved, but in 1815, Germany returned
"status quo
anti bellum"
B. Nationalism
kept alive in German universities
C. 1848- Revolutions
began in France, spread all over Europe, rulers quick to grant reforms
D. 1848- German
states sent delegates to Diet of Frankfurt- Prussian delegation led by
chancellor
Otto Von Bismark and Kaiser William I, two plans delevloped
1. Hoch Deutsch- union of all German speaking people (Austria included)
2. Klein Deutsch- Austria left out
William I offered crown of constitutional monarchy, "I shall not stoop
to pick up a crown out of the
gutter", conference collaped, Bismark said, "The problems of Germany will
not be settled by talk.
They will be settled by blood and iron." Thus began "real politik"-
(might makes right), the old
order reasserted itself- many germans fled to America
E. Bismark began
to plot eventual unity- made "good" Prussian army even better (by implementing
technology)--Krupp and Mauser families
F. 1867- Bismark
convinced Austria to take Schleswig Holstein from Denmark, Bismark provoked
border
incident between Schkeswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria), in 7 weeks
Austria crushed- agreed
to stay out of unity
G. 1870- throne
of Spain was a Hohenzollern (Prussia)
H. Meeting took
place in 1870- in the resort town of Ems, telegram given to press insulted
both sides,
especially French, Franco-Prussian War broke out, South Germans unite w/Bismark--
destroyed
French at Sedan (near German border), French surrendered at Hall of Mirrors
(Versailles) France
agreed to pay 1 billion dollars to Prussians, Kaiser William of Prusssia
became Emperor of
Germany (overall-- hatred and war united German--as Bismark said), French
preoccupied w/revenge