Short Stories:
"Basketball Season"-by Donna Tartt
4 models of discourse-narration, descriptive, persuation,
exposition
Style
Content
1. stream of conciousness
1. hostility
5. adolescent
2. informal tone
2. alienated
6. percieve out of accepted
3. 1st person narration
3. depressed
4. retrospective
4. failing in school
1. Thesis-society is hierarchy; groups of people
can be easily manipulated
2. epiphany-sudden realization
3. framed by car trips; conecting toAnimal Farm
and 1984
"My Name is Margaret"-by Maya Angelou
1. style-narration, description(use of vivid details),
1st person, retrospective
2. content-juxtaposition, socio-economic factors
breaks dishes-doesn't want to work there any more- defying
"A Chinamen's Chance"-by Eric Liu
1. thesis-American Dream is alive
2. anecdote, allusion, pathos, some logos
Early American Literature (Puritanism):
1517-Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther-nailed
95 complaints)
1.men justified before God on
basis of faith not actions
2. every man should be his own
priest
Christianity------------------>Anglican-Church of
ENgland (very similiar to Catholic)
Luthern.....Calvinism
1602 persacussion by Charles I
Puritans
America-Seperatists(later named Pilgrims)
England-16th Century->Catholic(Henry 8 doesnt like
listening to Pope)->Church of England
Puritan-man naturally sinful(total depravity), fight
against nature
predestination/foredestination-God has preordained saved or damned at birth(elect)
Bible-exact word of God, dont interpret, live word of God (90% literate)
providential view of history-God made whatever happen, happen (pre-ordained)
connection:manifest destiny-God given right to own
all America(1820s)
money shows grace, success
1st university-Harvard, Yale, Princeton(education important)
writing style: plain-not ornate, took away adjectives,
different connotation, simply put
archaic, two syllable words
Literature--non-fiction, literature of ideas,diaries,
historical accounts
purpose-teach, inform, moralize
Plymouth Plantation-William Bradford
author-England to Netherlands, 2nd gov(re-elected
33 times), one of 1st to come over,
narrow,provincial
view,choosen people,wilderness-Satan's realm,N.Amer-Satan's people
assumes audience
well versed in bible (biblical illusions)
purpose-teach lesson for future generation, record
history(historical chronicle)
historical journal-one pt of view
plain style
John Holand-washed overboard, good person, saved
by grace of God
guy thrown over-bad, haughty, 1st died
juxtaposition @ starving time-Puritans & Mariners
Plymoth-lived in hobbles, sickness
example of purpose-mariners & puritans, people
of faith & kindness, lesson,
skulk-sneak, spy on (native americans)
"Indian Relations"-treaty one sided for Puritans
Anne Bradstreet-second wave, influential family,
1st published female poet in America
lyric poetry-disuss feelings/thoughts of poet
plain style
temporal
vs
eternal (always wins with Puritans)
earthly/temporarily
heavenly, forever
feels upset at all losses
everything from God
lost earthly positions material
goods evaporate heaven
better
wrenched construction-writer sacrafices pronunciation
of word to fit meter
meter-rhythm of poem, based on iamb
monometer- 1 foot two sylables dimeter,trimeter,tretrameter,pentameter
iamb- U ' unstress stressed pattern, mimics natural
speech
extened metaphor-metaphor going through many lines
rhyme scheme-aabbcc
"To my dear and loving husband"-her & husband's
love, challenge other women to find better man
because her husband is best (hyperbole-exageration)
Edward Taylor-minister, poet, "Huswifery"
conceit-whole poem is extended metaphor
starts with thread-words, the fabric-follow God's
laws, clothes-bring glory to God
looks to everyday(mundane) to talk about God (biblical
illusions)
metaphysical poetry-1.examines relationship between
universe w/role of man
2.complexities and contradictions of life
3.absorbed with topics of death, religious devotion
frequently in form of argument
ornate style (200 meditations)->spiritual warm up
for sermon
assonance-vowel sounds form inexact rhyme
consonance-ending consonants same--different sound
Johnathan Edwards-Reverand (Great Awakening), influenced
by Neo-Classical Age,
Jerimiad Sermons-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
1. act of persuasion (uses powerful
imagery & metaphors)
2. ornate
William Byrd-Southern Gentlemen(Cavalier)-"The History
of the Dividing Line"
1. assumes you are a learned person
(allusions-Cantebury Tales)
2. importance-background (different),
talks about land (living on land)
3. differences- easier to read,
narrative, descriptive
4. journal-humor, hyperbole
5. purpose-entertain
Southern:
| Puritain:
1. Anglicans-came for $
| 1. Puritain sense of community (religion)
2. Aristocrats
| 2. Commoners
3. Farm-big,fertile,empty,few, far apart | 3. farm-small,hilly,rocky,family
farm
needed cheep labor
|
4. Edu-rich got in England, ties S.to Eng | 4.Edu-developed
schools(Harvard),no ties to Eng
House of Burgesse
| Egalitarian setup
5. climate-mild,long growing,leisure time
| 5. harsh, short gowing season
6. lit-leisure(to entertain, inform) journal | 6.
lit-ideas(god,universe,introspective)hist,no fic
4 modes of discourse (mode of communication):
1. narrative-tells a story
2. descriptive-embedded in other types
3. exposition-to inform, instruct, logically present
pt of view
4. persuasion-get someone to do something
Neo-Classical Age-Age of Reason:
Doric-Middle
Ionic-Early Corinth-Late
Persuasion:
1. repition-repeating of phrases(for emphasis)
2. parallelism-use of similar gramatical structure
(to creat rhythm)
3. restatement-stating of an idea in different words
4. pathos- appeal to emotion
5. logos- appeal to logic
6. ethos- establishing legitamacy of the speaker
& connection to the audience
7. rhetorical question-to get someone to think,
followed by answer (rebuttle)
8. concession-express respect for opponent to prevent
alienation of audience
9. Ad Hominem-shift emphasis from issue to character
of person
10. charged language-elicits emotion, generally
negative, part of pathos
11. allusion
12. metaphor
13. aphorism-short,insightful saying that reveals
a general truth
14. anecdote-story illustrating point
---
1. assert- thesis
2. cite examples
3. explain- define
4. conclude
Attitudes of people at this time:
1. science and reason rule over faith & fate
2. optimism, one can perfect oneself
3. good of society benifits individual
Influences:
1. John Locke-Social Contract Theory-right to change
government if majority unhappy
-give up rights for benifits by joing ssociety
2. Sir Issac Newton-scientific method-prove happenings
of the world
Patrick Henry-"Speech in VA Convention"
1. mode of discourse-political persuassion
2. uses-repetition, parallelism, restatement, rhetorical
question,concession,chargedlanguage,
allusion,
metaphor, aphorism
3.thesis-declare independence
4. content-equates colonists to slaves
5. influence-Locke
Thomas Paine-"The Crisis, # 1"
1. thesis-struggle is worth it, we have to fight
2. uses-aphorisms, pathos
3. style-political persuassion
4. anecdote-story relating to topic
5. influence-Locke
Thomas Jefferson-"Declaration of Independence"
1. thesis-we are free from Britain
2. style-justification of rebellion
3. uses- repetition
4. influenced by John Locke-democracy, people's
right to change government
Benjamin Franklin-The Autobiography
1. influences-Newton(daily planner, 13 virtues--man
of reason(opposite of Puritains)
2. purpose-serve as role model
3. mode of discourse-narrative, persuassion
4. 1st rags to riches story, each story tells about
society at that time
5. aphorism-short,witty statements relling general
truth
Romanticism (1800-1840)
~reaction against neoclassical time
~emphasis on intution,emotions,maysterious,individual
over society,imagination
~nature always changing,man is ever changing,look
to nature for truth/knowledge(natual laws)
~a prior knowledge-never taught, butsomehow know
~gothic-mysterious,magic,dark,emphasis on supernatural
~ancient, past, exotic
William Cullen Bryant-"Thanatopsis"-Greek Meditation
on Death
1.him=people she=nature(personification)
2. nature will take away
3. dye->grass->cow->hamberger->dye...mutability-when
death only change of form
4. death and earth-not afraid of death and earth--1.)dont
really die 2.)everyone dies
5. in nature-happiness is found
6. romanticism--reverence for nature, looks to for
answers
7. style-blank verse-unrhymed iambic pentameter,
figurative language, metaphor, personification
William Cullen Bryant-"To a Waterfowl"
1.thesis-power->nature, guides us/animals through
times if open to nature's lessons
2. romantic elements-relates to nature, mystery(bird
has natural intuition)
Washington Irving-"Rip Van Winkle"
verbally&physically abused by wife->men carry
keg->bowling->liquor(drunk)->20 years later
changes-gun rusted/worm eaten,dog gone,feels stiff,grown
beard, problem-names on houses
different,children making fun,dogs growling,house
in ruins, changes in town-American flag, more
people,busier, taverns name changed, not sign(*satire(ridicule
w/humor)*-exchange george for
another),
petticoat government-escaped tyranny of his wife
about three time periods:pre-revolutionary-dutch
control
colonial-british control
post-revolutionary-american control
Diedrich Knickerbocker-fictional author who researches
Dutch
folktale-American story,rooted tradition-drinking,political
Wachington Irving- "The Devil & Tom Walker"
similar-abusive wives who die,woods(peace,escape),supernatural(ghost,devil),satire(religion)
same time
period,humor
different-woods(puritancial-devil's home)
4 humors-must be natural balance or person is sick
or nasty
ex.black bile,yellow bile, phlegm,blood
black represented nasty personality(produced in
liver), heart symbolic of soul
tree symbol for souls of well known people(power&wealth)-chop=reward
of soul for devil
Edgar Allen Poe-"The Fall of the House of Usher"
-went to West Point b/c of misconduct thrown out
-born to two actors
-drank had experience w/drugs
-marries Virginia Clem(13 yr old cousin), she dies,
he writes
-all words,characters produce a single effect--terror
in this story
-master of writing
-uses alliteration,assonance,consonace,charged language
-house of Usher-house itself and family(direct line
of descent)
-parallel between house and Roderick(both die w/madaline)
-Roderick-acuteness of senses, Madaline-cataleptical
siezures(mimics death)
-calls narrator to entertain him
-Roderick develops phobophobia, begins to play music,
write poetry, read, paint
-painted tunnel-literal & figuative (mind trapped-buried
in own mind)
-"The Haunted Palace"-- literal- describes palace&valley,yellow
banners waving,something evil
happens
to castle figurative-metachor for mind-good/happy,all still well, depression,
now madness
-Madaline dies,Roderick wont bury for fear of scientists
studying, put in dungeon, bury later
-narrator notices...brother&sister look alike(special
bond), she still had color when buried,
screwed lid of coffin
-7/8 days later-narrator ill at ease,storm,Roderick
comes, read "The Mad Trist"-noise parallels
Madaline escaping
-realize Madaline buried alive, stands at door,
madaline falls on him, she dies, Roderick dies of
fright,
house falls
-clues house will end up in tarn-caracked,two halves
falling, reflection of house in tarn
1.)romantic elements-gothic, Roderick romantic-foucused
on self
2.)style-parelleling house,painting,MadTrist&Rodericks
mind,family& house,descrip of
house&Roderick
single effect(everything develops one idea)-terror
Edgar Allen Poe-"The Raven"
-narrator foes crazy at the end (scholar morning
lover)
-Lenore-dead wife/lover
-sitting in study
-The Philosophy of Composition-Poe's reflection
+only write about beauty elevate
soul to tears w/ melancholy tone
+death of beautiful women
+theatrical points-refrain (nevermore)-single
word
+sound of more (o + r), chose
for sonorous & emphasis
+uses assonance, consonance, alliteration
+chose raven-dark, ill omen, no
meaning--needed for repetition
-tempest going on-bird looking for shelter
+writes 2nd last stanza---climax
first
+bird + bust contrast----hard
& white/soft & black
Edgar Allen Poe- "The Bells"
-metaphor: stanza 1-happiness
stanza 4-death......total metaphor for life
-uses assonance, onamonapia
Nathaniel Hawthorne:
Salem Witch Trials-19 people died, 400 accused in
6mths
grandfather was judge-N. added "w" to name to distance
from past
very critical of Puritans (unforgiving) & science
trancendentalist:felt that man essentially good,
society corrupts, get back to nature
transcent world-Emmerson, Thoreau
Brook Farm-utopia of writers, in the end, no writing
got done, Hawthorne left
antitranscendentalist-pessimistic view of world,
Hawthorne, people combination of
good& bad, focuses on guilt & physc makeup, need to live w/others
reclusive-wife saved him from himself
The Scarlet Letter-(1646-1649)-set
adultery punishable by death(symbolic execution,
whipping, fines)
ending resolves everything--sellout
novel is classic except for custom house (classic-theme
is timeless)
timeless-guilt(public confessions-Puritanism), love,
honesty, shame, isolation
Custom House-narrator talks about different things
and self
Chapter 1:rose bush-Hester grows even though Puritan
society kills off
prison->civil law, cenemtery->death,moral law(judgment by God)
tone-dreary, gloomy, grim,
scaffold-divides story into 3 parts
A-adultress, able, angel
ambiguity-all symbols have positive & negative
Pearl-color, sin/blessing, formed from irritation,
beautiful child vs. evil being
Chillingworth-character by name
elaborate A: not ashamed, definance, Hester's spirit
irony of Pearl covering scarlet letter
Dimmesdale asks for name of father (if u have to--->say
it)
penance-self punishment penitance-wanting
make up for sin(regret)
Hester-not penitant, but excepts penance, defys
everyone & accepts punishment
not ashamed
of Pearl
Dimmesdale-penitant, penance (beats himself, fasts),
crime = sex and not telling
Hester makes bargain w/Chillingsworth not to tell
that he is her husband, made
everything
except wedding dress
Chillingsworth finds out at the Governors house
when Dimmesdale speaks on Hester's
behalf
to keep Pearl, manipulates Dimmesdale
Chapter 12: Scaffold Scene-Dimmesdale tries to confess
but is coward, Hester&
Pearl
come up on scaffold, Chillingworth sees, anithesis of alienation
dual nature of man-antitranscendental novel (social
commentary)
"scarlet letter has not done its office"-did opposite
Chillingswort's quest for revenge makes him evil,
admires Hester for handling
Hester reveals to Dimmesdale that Chillingworth
was her husband
Pearl-precocious (know more than age), intuition
Dimmesdale not intuitive because of focus on self,
cant forgive Hester for not telling,
says Chillingworth
committed unpardonable sin
sunlight-innocence, grace of God
cap-repression....removal of cap-let go of repression
Pearl wont come to her mother w/o A, wont kiss Dimmesdale
brook-division between fantasy & reality
minister in a maze-everything looks different, gets
5 evil temptations but doesnt succumb
to them,
unconciously due to getting away with sin, realizes he cannot
God's
work cannot be manifest by coward-listen to intuition to do right
must come
forward, cant live w/sin, journey of coward->strength
Hester doubts Dimmesdale in paradfe--doesnt glance,
Dimmesdales confession redeems him, Pearl softens
(redemption)
Theme: 1.) guilt can destroy self
2.) choices determine what person becomes
3.) punishment by others not as hard as self punishment
4.) revenge destroys victim and seeker
Chapter 24: Chillingsworth leaves money to Pearl,
Pearl marries well, rich
"Minister's Black Veil"
secret sin, Elizabeth, Mr. Hooper, universal sin
veil-sin, ambiguity
criticism of Puritans-no outlet for redemption,
private sins
Theme:guilt & forgiveness-concentrated on sins
was avoided & feared
Herman Melville:
-antitranscendentalist, whaling ship, jumped ship
in south pacific, lived w/cannalbals,
married Elizabeth Shaw, had 4
kids, idolized Hawthorne, moved to NY,
isolts-cast away,desperado,ill-starved
pilgrim, nature-uncarring,malevolent
"Insanity is a sane response to an insane society"
"Bartleby"
Illusions:John Jacob Astor-name drop to bring emphasis
to self
character illusion-tell about self in indirect way
Wall Street-street office is on, stockmarket,materialist capital of US
Trinity Church-wealthy church, JJA paid for bronze doors, go to be seen
Petra-ancient city in Jordan, center of business, between Agraba &
Dead Sea
Wall Street-pun--cubical,window looks at wall
Cicero-Roman orator,ideal for lawyers,in office,strive for best
Pillar of Salt-story of Lott,Bartleby doesnt heed instruct,lawyer-cant
react
Marius-defeated King,freed Cathage,known for defiance&threatening attitude
Similarities(Bartleby & Narrator):
1. passiveness-Narrator listens,
Bartelby-"I would prefer no to."--choice
2. alienation-what society does
to people in Industrial Revolution
-boredom on job(copying), wants to be aalone
3. pathological
Three times Narrator tries to help Bartleby:
1. let him stay at office
2. asked if Bartleby wanted to
live with him
3. pays guy at prison to take
care of him
Dead letters symbolize Bartelby--represent potential
& hope
society stepping back from society
Transcendentalism:
Ralph Waldo Emerson-primary transcendentalism spokesman
(theorist), unitarian minister,
New England Renissance, a priori knowledge-rely upon intuition, link
man god, nature...God-each person has piece of divine, man-individ
is most imp, society corrupts individ, society forces into conformity,
admires youth (less influenced), nature-search & find spiritual truth
oversoul-connects all three, allows person in nature ti see truth,
mysticism-connect physical & spiritual world, optimistic(idealistic)-man
completely good
"Nature"-Emerson
-definitive work explaining transcendentalism
-declaration of linterary,cultural, and intelectual
independence
-style-descriptive, metaphorical(dry bones of past-old
ideas),aphoristic(sun shines today also)
-transparent eyeball=oversoul, sensitive to truth
around self, forgets self
-hyperromanticists
-"Who can set bounds to the possibilities of man?"
"Self-Reliance"-Emerson
-points out why we arent self reliant, how we should
live
-aphoristic
-negates neo-classical John Locke (enter into society
is good)
-conformity-following societies rules, changing
self to "normal" w/o choice
+trust thyself-do for selfnot
society (heart=intuition, iron strings=strength)
+courage to be who u are
-hobgoblin-gremlin,harasses, foolish
consistency-dont look at circumstances to find fault
+little statesmen(politics), philosophers(education),
divines (religion)
-style: broad generations
-blind adherence is wrong...choice to conform is
not bad conformity
-"to be great is to be misunderstood"
-be open to differences
"Friendhip"-Emerson
-friend=someone one can tell everything to and not
be judged
=someone
you can be sincere with
-difficult to find similar to self
-literary paradox-seemingly contradictory
but true
"Experience"-Emerson
-must do things not just think about them
-Education Farm-Brook Farm
-experience in life determined by handling events
"Fate"-Emerson
-Je pense donc je suis--I think therefore I am
-"intellect annuls fate" (circumstance)
"The American Scholar"
-man thinking
-need Nature, mind of past,action
-read at night-when action cannot be done
-AMericans need own thougths, actions, lives
-colleges create-dont tell what to think--make question
Walden-Henry David Thoreau
"Where I lived and What I lived For"
-classical illusion, metaphore, aphorism
-balance between society and nature
-like Emerson
-"live deliberately"-be aware so as not to waste
time
-2 years, 2 months, 2 days = 1 year in book
-live life to fullest
-anti-materialism--dont aquire, dont buy
-simplicty-freedom
-anti-technology-seperates from nature, truth, thought
-possessions own people
"Brute Neighbors"
-ants-> black and red
-establishes self as naturalist
-style-> classical illusionn, mock heroic, pulls
from history
-"his mother had charged him to return w/shield
or upon it"-remember for Red Badge
-more think of it , less the difference"- transcendental
truth
-takes chip of wood back to house to watch battle
-ferocity, carnage, war exists in nature all the
time
"The Pond in Winter"
-negates association of death and winter
-style- hyperbole
"Conclusion"
-leaves to try something else new
-doesn't want to live routines->lead to conformity
-style-paradox, aphorism, metaphor
-society takes away from nature's truth
-be a nonconformist
-money cant buy happiness-nonmaterialistic
-work towards dreams
-table = society, bug/egg= individual, urn=knowledge(warmth-creativity)
Historical Section:
-slavery, Mexican American War-westward expansion,
Andrew Jackson-optimism
-beginning of Industrialization
-Emerson (Beliefs)--optimism, man essentially good,
personal truths in nature against society,
against conformity & technology, must be individual, intuition, mystical
relationship(oversoul), man, God,& nature, oversoul makes transparent
eyeball (nothing, see all)
-Thoreau-anti-materialism,simplicity,anti-technology,machines
should serve you,notyouthem
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:
-by Mark Twain (Samuel CLemens)-1884, Hannable,
Missouri
-discussing pre-civil war
-takes place in Missouri (not much change between
1850 & 1880)
-instituionalization of racism
(Jim Crow laws)
-regionalist-one who takes language,dress,customs,background
of area and writes about them
-realist-one who wrote the way life was,dont make
better than is
-comes about from Charles Darwin
(Theory of Evolution)
-survival
of the fittest, natural selection
-social/economic
Darwinism (lazzie faire)-Puritan element
-universal meeage-Freedom (Huck and Jim), Friendship
-topics-slavery, friendship(levels),freedom,realism,society,race
realation
-friendship-Huck & Tom (longstanding, predates
& concludes novel)
-Huck & Jim (agaisnt society)
-Huck & Buck (casual)
-picaresque-picaro(soundrel,wildman), episodic story,
humerous (comic)
-burlesque-parody (mock,exaggeration), exaggerated
comedy
-bildungsroman-novel of moral development of character
(young->growth)
-end of novel-divison of Tom & Huck's world
-travel down Mississippi River on raft (sacred journey
of enlightenment)-peace
-meet people in towns(only Duke/King
come aboard)-deal w/levels of goodness
-would go to hell to save Jim
(kid making adult decision)
-landings:1.)lady teaching Huck to throw ball
2.)Grangerfords & Sheperdson-feud (Huck disgusted)
3.)meet Duck/King(Yankee peddler)-money grubbing (Huck glad to see gone)
-amt of death-most violent (common in 19th century
life)
-Story of Jim/Huck's adventures
-Jim from slavery
-Huck from cruelty (Pap, Widow
Douglas, Miz Watson "sivilizing" effort)
-Social Satire of towns along river (hopes to upset
reader)
1. funny/sad
comedy/tragedy
2. appaling violence (Col.Sherburn,
Grangerfords & Shepherdsons)
3. religon & superstition
(Miz Watson, G & S)
-Characterization of Jim
-intimidated,humble,doesnt respond
violently,innocent,superstitious,gulable,sincere,victim
-any character development= growth
of Huck (makes Huck think-sound heart)
-occured at seperation on raft
during fog in Cairo, Jim's daughter(has family)-compassion
and guilt(deaf
but beaten), Jim wants to make enough money to get family out of slavery
-Characterication of Huck (transcendental character)
-sound heart, deformed conscience
-1st person perspection
-lies to everone except Mary jane
(likes her)
-makes fun of religion
-practical, must work for now,
nature of faith
-superstitious-spider, bread finidng
person
-gives up eternal soul ("All right
then, I'll go to hell")-climax
-lie->giving
Jim back (emotional struggle)-commitment to Jim
-sound
heart deformed conscience
-sense of morality-moral code
better than average person
-tells
Mary Jane about King/Duke
-drunken
man in circus on horse (mark twain- commenting on laughing at other's peril)
-king/duke
being tarred/feathered ("Human beings can be so cruel to one another")
-on Sir
Walter Scott (boat) got help for murderers
-outside of society-better view
of being human
-Sub theme--self defeating nature of greed
1.) King/Duke tarred & feathered
2.) Sir Walter Scott-Jake/Bill/Jim(robbers)
went back for extra money, Huck/Jim take boat
3.) Huck wants adventure and gets
shot
4.) Pap gambled and wanted Huck's
money--gets killed
-Sub theme--"Noble birth" vs noblity
"noble birth"-born into education,class,wealth,
Grangerfords,Shepherdsons,Tom,Col.Sherburn
nobility-nobel spirit (develop
integrity), Huck, Jim
-Mob Scenes
1.) Col. Sherburn speech- Twain
editorializes --cowards
2.) King/Duke tarred & feathered-Huck
realizes evil of humans to each other
3.) King/Duke play (3rd nigth)-
all of townspeople
-Twain's attitude towards small towns-petty,provincial,self-centered
-Theme-satire-failure of authority
1.) Miz Watson/Aunt Polly-represents
society/civilization
2.) Huck's Pap-as good force (parent)
3.) King/Duke
4.) Judge (new)-rehabilitating
Pap
-The Problem of the Ending
-logic of ending
-Jim should
not be freed (Miz Watson--sell him, why set free?)
-deuz
ex machina-device used by writer to resolve something (God as machine)
-brings back feeling of beginning
(sacrificed theme,plot,ideas,character for structure)
-Baillie Theory--land=Twain's
satire/critcism, ending = Satire
-Tom symbolizes
Southern Society (pointless rules)
-Huck's
epiphany-Tom not risking anything in setting Jim free (already free)
-Raft--safety of Jim/Huck, freedom of Jim/Huck (paradoxal)-powerless,rudderless-symbol
of Huck
and Jim's position, steamboat=society/power-->raft drifting through society
-River--means of escape, tool connecting episodes
of story to thesis of story
-Thesis: freedom to think, be who you are--not part
of society
Life on the Mississippi-Mark Twain
-figurative language
-understatment
-characterization
-techincal language
"The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"-Mark
Twain
dialect-speech pattern by birthplace
vernacular-everyday speech, phraseology by region
juxtaposition-place next to each other
satire-ridiculing through humor
hyperbole-exaggeration
Narrator 1: eastern, educated, flat accent, looking
for Rev.Leonidas W. Smiley
Narrator 2: Simon Wheeler-laid back,underseducated,
local, western dialect
Jim Smiley--lucky, gambling obsession--parson's
wife dieing, chickening fight,stratelbug
15 minute nag-horse-win race (take off at end)
Andrew Jackson-bull pup (dog)-won dog fight (bite
back leg), no legged dog wins
-satire--people cant adapt
Naturalism/Impressionism:
"We Wear the Mask"-Paul Laurence Dunbar
-hide how person feels (protect from vulnerability)
-written during Jim Crow laws by African American
-two ways to read something--universal (word), writer's
meaning
"As I Grew Up"-Langston Hughes
-barriors between dreams and achieving them
-slavery
naturalism- Emil Zoler--hyper realism
+free will and self-determination are illusions,
product of heredity and environment
+ rejection or acceptance
"To Build a Fire"-Jack London
-best example of American naturalism
-style: repitition(cold, old man-3times), parallelism,
foreshadow, understatement, archtypes of #s
-elements of naturalism
+environment---below 75 degrees
below zero
+dog---natural protection,perceptive
to man,instinct
+man---hubris(false pride)to beat
elements, doesnt understand significance,panic,denial,death
-relationship of man & dog--not loving relationship
-man sent dog to see if thin ice(hot
springs)
-man tries to kill dog to defrost
hands
-conflict: man vs nature...nature wins
"The Open Boat"- Stephen Crane
-nature doesnt care about person, can swallow person
-4 men, oiler, captain, cook, corespondent
-impresionistic (gull on captain's head, character
compares self to surroundings)
-colors--give time,creae mood, impressionist of
characters
-couldnt see color of sky--focusing on waves
-role of nature--antagonistic(fighting against nature),
unifying(depending on each other)
-must face death--best experience in life of corespondent
-herocism on "Open Boat" are men heroes? what is
def of Crane's hero?
-"halo" "saint" and oilers death. Christ symbolism?
intentional? why?
Impressionism-began in France,artistic and literary
movement, perspective of light, realists, only
paint what is seen (not what they know is there)
The Red Badge of Courage-Stephen Crane
-May 13, 1863 Battle of Chancelersville (last battle
South wins--poor Northern leadership)
-people got into war-patriotism, pension, glofied
view, romanitic view
-Henry=youth Jim=tall
Wilson=loud
-allusion to Greek war
-existentialist-existence(life) preceeds essence,
life is chalange, no fixed essence, create selves
as
live lives, Jean Paul Sartre
-buildungsroman of Henry
-one perspective--Henry
-Henry-repeatedly rewritten(changes), no formative
philosophy, romantic view of world(war),NY
-ideals of war and what I am
-shallow plot tied together by causality(what's
going on w/Henry)
Chapter 2:
blue demonstration--part of whole; scientist--scientific
method; thinks only one doubting self
pruple hue-death (uniforms); red eyes (fires-monsters);
impressionism-man on gigantic horse
skitsophrenic; looks up-sees fairy blue(delicate)
juxtaposition-nature not in war; comic relief
men forget war sometimes
Chapter 3:
walking to war; walk past dead man-question--what
happens after death; Wilson shaking-gives
Henry letter to take back to his family
Chapter 4:
getting prepared
Chapter 5:
"The Generals were stupids"--Henry's thoughts--whiny,
little kid
Chapter 6:
other people running; mosters product of fear; stripped
of allusions(Romantic View)-cap/gun
Chapter 7:
regiment successful-makes Henry coward; nature is
indifferent(juxtaposing nature/man)-
animals continue lives; transcendental view-look
to natuer(squirrel ran); sees animals attacking
and being attacked-ends transcendental view-doing
opp of animal; chapel/reeligious;
fish--3 times (Henry-fresh fish, fish food, dead
fish); ant eats corpse-nature thrives on death
Chapter 8:
Nihilism-lost,doesn't care(sings songs-nothing matters);
reality dominated by destuctrive
forces; not horrified by war (destructive machine)-ammoral-must
go see; tattered man-
hit in head, arm dangling, asks about Henry's wounds
Chapter 9:
Henry sees Jim (brings Henry back to reality); Jim's
wounds-side (Jesus=pierced sided w/spear),
hand (nailed to cross), death-redemptive for Henry-life
has meaning (redems sinners)
Humanism-Henry finds meaning in meaningless world;
unaware-doesnt know who or what he is
Henry treated tattered man with scorn-but tattered
man cares (brings out guilt,inferiority); leaves
Henry hit on head by annoyed soldier; cheery soldier-random
act of kindness(sense of brother-
hood) takes Henry back; Wilson changed-from self-absorbed
to caring,tolerant,reassuring
Roman Hero--based on benefit for group---Wilson
Greek Hero--individual glory, generally flawed--Henry
Henry now proud/huaghty/egotistical/feels guilt/boasts/self-absorbed
Chapter 15:
decides not to give packet back to Wilson--hypocrit;
still a man in other's eyes but knows he is
a coward; Henry keeps fighting, doesn't realize
everyone else stopped-congradulated
not truly hero--not concious (menos)
Chapter 18:
climax- "new eyes were given to him" (pg. 552);
learned he was insignificant (call to maturity-
buildungsroman); Henry and Wilson are expendable
(mule drivers); inner knowledge
Chapter 19:
honored to be flag bearer (flag--geras); Henry urges
people to fight after getting flag(goddess)
Chapter 24:
death insignificant; coward-one who fear conciously;
"He was a man"-existential change-rite of
passage
John Hart:
"unconsious desire and concious fear"
Henry's identity comes from group??---no from self
discovery of self--group fascilitates
seperation, initiation, return
universal hero???
Henry's Changes:
1.) Romantic youth 2.) stripped
of illusions 3.) transcendental (rationalizing)
4.) Nihilism-life has no meaning,nothing matters
5.)Humanism-meaning in meaninless world
Stages of Henry by Battles:
1.) ran 2.) machine-like
3.) conscious decision (new eyes)
Greek Words:
geras-the prize (flag)
arete'-code of conduct based on loyalty,honesty,
charitable deeds, fair play
menos-animal like battle rage
Modern Literature:
suspend belief, celebration of disruption (author's
intent to fight w/reading), symbolic thought
ambiguos, gnomen (leaving out info), uses stream
of consciousness, flashback (interruption
for past info), nonlinear story telling
The Great Gatsby-- F.Scott Fitzgerald
-married to Zelda Sayre after success, alcoholic,
life parallels Gatsby, not rich
- 1914-1918 WWI disillusionment, allienation, country
optimistic, prohibition, fads, Jazz Age
Chapter 1--first few pages = prologue
protagonist-Nick, Gatsby
midwest-innocence, surviving Puritainism
east-post war heodonism, corruption
West Egg-new wealth
Valley of Ashes-middle, poor
East Egg- Old Wealth
Nick--midwest, upper middle class, West Egg
James Gatsby- nouveau riche (just earned wealth),
gaudiness, showyness because of money,
represents self-made man, rags to riches, orphaned, pretends to be old
wealth,
San Fransisco (mid-west), hero
Jay Gatz- becomes James Gatsby while meeting patrons,
middle class, farmers, parents,
unimaginative (boring, dull)
Tom-Yale, old money, money gives right to be recklace,
Daisy's husband, polo player (affluent)
creep(cheats on Daisy several times--chambermaid, Chicago Girl, Myrtle),
(gnomen-
missing pieces that writer allows reader to add), hypocritical, racist,
anti-semite,
philanderer, cheater (sexually), invests inherited $
Daisy- doesnt know what she wants, no values except
materialism, Tom's wife, met Gatsby in
Lousiville before war, anything but pure, never intended to leave Tom(pg139),
never
intended to run to Gastby, plays w/2men, lets Tom know he needs to do something
to keep her, lack of self worth, killed Myrtle, possibly cheated on Tom,
why doesn't
she drink? can hide affairs
Wilson- gas station, lower working class
Mertle- wife of Wilson, having affair w/Tom
owl-eyed guy- amazed because books are real (thought
they were for show)
Dan Cody-takes Gatby on board ship, teaching him
how to live in world of wealth, alcoholic,
left Gatsby $25,000-never recieves,lawsuit,others get
Meyer Wolfschein-fixed world series ("Field of Dreams")
allows involvement in organizing crime
bootlegging, give opportuinty to provide for his American Dream, sells
drinks over
counter in drugstores, ominous tones
Bad Drivers--symbolize carelessness, Jordan Baker,
Daisy, "Owl-Eyed," Tom(destroy Mertle,G)
Themes:
1. money & effect on people
idealism-perfection (Daisy to
Gatsby)--destroyed "Her voice is full of money"
2. can not recapture past-Gatsby wants to bo back
to before w/ Daisy
Dutch sailor eyes--1st to colonize
NY
Gatsby's house panders--American
Dream (magnificence)--didnt know dream already behind
him, flaw/death of American dream
Tom over Gatsby?
-letter before wedding from Gatsby (not said)
-gets drunk, letter(Gatsby) dissipates in water
-cant leave Tom, wants money, Gatsby's isnt clean
-green light-symbol of hope
yellow-wealth, money
Gatsby like Ben Franklin--
-leaves home at 17 like Franklin (BF 1st self made
man, rags to riches)
American Dream--having opportunity to improve socioeconomic
status, make self successful
Gatz becomes Gatsby--to be accepted by "old money"
Money gave Tom & Daisy idea that they dont have
to be morally right
American dream rests in Puritainism
Gatsby can't repeat past w/Daisy (wants her to be
person she was)
Puritain idea of dream--other than self-gratification
purely important or important to Nick(moral center-sees
how $ effects others, doesnt have it)
relationships--money is not essenece, therefore
friendship is important
dream dead everywhere? western (moral) vs eastern
(corrupt)
Nick & Gatsby not adaptable
If dream based on materialistic, dream is lost (unattainable)
No one at funeral--everybody used Gatsby
Gatsby doesnt drink-wouldnt have control
Daisy doesnt drink--if wanted to be indiscreet no
one would know
TJ Ecklebryd-eyes of God to Wilson, God presides
over moral wateland (Valley of Ashes)
Ash heap-represents who cant get out, connection
must go through Valley to NY
epigram-tells story in 4 lines
idealism, hedonism, materialism, egotistism
Epilogue-cant recapture past, lack of spirituality
due to materialism
McCalis-helps Wilson after wife killed (neighbor
of Wilson)
Prologue--Nick-"more honest than anyone he knows"--ethos,
see story through his eyes
Poetry Unit:
Robert Frost-- pastoral, formal, expresses complexity
of life in a simplistic manner, seeminly
regional writer expressing universal ideas
"The Road Not Taken"--one road not necessarilly better,
but different, talking about chooices
make differences
in life, about choice not made, eliminated other choices
"Mending Wall"-frost-pun on name, something that
doesnt love wall (frost doesnt like walls)
iambic
pentameter-10sylla, blak verse (no rhyme), call neighbor-only wants divider
not community,
wall-physical seperation of neighbors, uses sarcasm, light humor
old stone
savage-insult to neighbor, doesnt question necessity of wall, darkness-
not
thinking,
following traditions, need wall to physically seperate, seeing things for
self
important-buy
into it
"Birches"-symbolist (2 & 3 part), doesnt have
direction, pentameter, blank verse, smacked in eye
with branch--obstacle
from out of nowhere, life-pathless wood, half wish-death (not return)
no consequences,
1st part science--ice stormbow branches sim colors-prism
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"- aaba bbcb
ccdc dddd 8 syll, tetrameter, most
simple
poem, symbolic, tone-happiness,beauty, took step back to look at woods
beauty
promises=
responsiblities
"Aquainted with the Night"- ABA BCB CDC DAD AA sonnet
(14 lines), tone-saddness, alienation,
creepy,
hopeless, watchmen-policemen, stop feet-anxiety about city, being followed
luminary
clock-moon
"Fire & Ice"- about end of world, fire=desire/passion/greed ice-hate
"Out,Out-" -allusion to Shakespear's Macbeth, boy
working at sawmill, lost hand, dies in op room
tone-harsh,
reality of life, others go one w/their lives
Walt Whitman-celebatory of america, common working man, transcendentalist, long island to NJ
"Song of Myself"- free verse-no set meter but there
is rhythm, no rhyme scheme
rhythm--
repetition, catloguing, parallelism, banned talking bluntly
I- composed
of same materion (common btw people), American writer identified (4th gen)
thanscendental ideal--die when done w/life
6- what
is grass, flag of dispositon (hopeful), child, handkerchief of God, uniform,
hieroglyphic, thantopsis-out of death comes life, no death, transcendental
(lucky)
9- work
should ve always outside, parallelism, love work, play in work
14- catalgouing,
onomonopiea, earth resisting to people trying to destroy world, humans
are simple all that they need intrinsic,nature heals, covers,hides->natual
process of heal
52- dying,
he is there when u die, becomes part of earth
Carl Sandberg- infuse spirituality in urban society (modern industrial)
"Prayers of Steel"- knowing, crowbar-to rip apart
1st stanza--destroying past, 2nd stanza-creation
of city/skyscrappers--recreate
"Chicago"- The Jungle, economic center of country,
new city, personifies tells criticism
(corruption-prostitution,
killers going free (gangs), senseless hunger), tells good city after
having
criticsm, calls city fighter (not really smart)
Stephen Crane- war is kind, poetic appostriphy-speak
to someone as if present but not there
3-maiden,babe,mother,
verbal irony, challenging romantic view of war
"I saw a Man Pursuing"-unreachable goal
"The Wayfarer"- turns away from truth, going wrong
way, hard to live truthful/righteous life
style--verbal
irony, cynical-pessimistic-negative
Harlem Renaissance- people head north for better life
"As I Grow Older"- Langston Hughes- man had dream-obstacle, may have been written specific