Compartive Politics - examining political realities around the world, how govt opperate,
    how people opperate, leaders, within country (structure, taxation, human rights)
Politics- continuing series of events (process) by which communities pursue collective
    goals & deal w/their conflicts authoritatively (capability to rule) by means of
    governement (bargaining & coersion)
Issue is political - Are governments involved? Is the governement asked to be involved?
    Are they expected to be involved?
Answer the empiracal questions -- evidence/fact based, exploration of what is normative
    questions - what should be, "ought," political theory
Method: 1.) describe "what" - clarrify what your talking about
    2.) explain "why" - how factors influence others, general patterns & specifics
    3.) prediction- tendencies, take peoples whims into account
    4.) prescription - how govt should act, share info w/policy makers
Point - look at countries around the world, compare/contrast govt style, econflict, etc
Conflict- power, resource, identity, values/morality, ideology
Political power - capacity to effect outcomes by controlling or influencing the state (govt
    as whole), held by govt officials & smaller groups, govt tries to prevent one groups
    total domination
Authoritty - ability to rule 1.) legal - rule of law, law limits what state/govt people can do
    no one above law     2.) personal - leadership ability, get people to follow, charisma, ideas
    military support
Legitamacy - right to rule (should come from public), give govt stability, problem when
    challenged sources - public, devine right, laws of history, differ in how to put into use
    *Locke, Hobbs, Rouseau - social contract, differed on practice
    *Weber - 1.) traditional authority    2.) legal authority    3.) charismatic authority
Ideology - came in late 18th & 19th centuries during Age of Enlightenment, Industrial
    Revolution, people thought they had rational ability to solve problems, began to challenge
    right of monarchs
    -process ("science") of ideas & prescription of future
        1.) materialism - ideas inspired by material things
        2.) social & political improvment is primary goal
    -tool of Elite group used to justify postion in life  (Marx & Engles), not objective,
     represent upper class
    - only make sense in context (period of time & country)
    -pertains only to extremes
    - always oppose status quo (not -- absent ideology)
    -evaluate status quo & prescribe changes for better future, put forth method to get there,
        provide value system
    1.) political    2.) view/understanding of present & view of future    3.) action oriented -
        provide plan for goal    4.) geared toward masses (concrete or vague)    5.) simple &
        straight forward message    6.) view of relationship btw state, govt, & society (masses)
    -purpose -> mobilize people to some end, develop relation btw state & people, shared inter
    -philosphy concerned w/meaning of life, clear right/wrong,phil- open minds, introspection,
    abstracting from realtity; ide-move to action -- not develope intellectual capacity,
    concrete steps
spectrum--
 LEFT ---radical -- liberals -- moderates -- conservatives -- reactionaries ---RIGHT
1.) direction of change, progressive, retrogressive
2.) depth of change, how much?
3.) spread of change -- how fast?
4.) method of change -- nonviolenc to violence (terrorism)
1.) progressive -- deviation from status quo
    retrogressive -- return to past practices
2.) create new institutions, reevaluate wat govt works
3.) gradual, quick wide sweeping (revolution)
-moving toward the left -> use of extra legal means exist (challenge law)
-Radical -> quick, drastic, overhaul, may be more likely to use violence fundamentally
    challenge values --more equality, idealistic, people tend to overreact (ex Lenin, French Rev)
-Liberals - less drastic, less dissaticfied, significant reforms within laws (not revolution)
    strong belief in equal opportunity, hard work not birth matters, individual rights over state
    advocates of reason to solve problems, believe, people basically good, classical liberals-
    placed value on property, elirist element, now- decreased importance on property, increased
    social justice, rights of groups (ex Ted Kennedy)
-Moderate - leans toward liberal or conservative, no real characteristics (ex Blaire, Clinton)
-Conservatives - not change, satisfies, people not inherently good, people dont have capacity
    to make informed descision, irrational (limit to reason), elitist- natural born talent matters
    most, society more important than individual (moralities), less tolerant of deviations,
    strong appreciation of order, heirarchy, stability, strong protection of property (less govt
    intervention) (ex. Newt Gingrich, George W.)
-Reactionary- return values/institutional structures to past (ex. unibomber, taliban)

European Left - Communism, Socialism, Labor Parties
-England - left changedd, moving toward private health care, labor groups not w/party
-France - selling state owned industries
-Spain - privatization of health care
-"Third Way" - left coming towards middle, reevaluate meaning of left at end of Cold War

Marxism -
Marx--sees people living in poor houses, long hours, unsafe conditions (exploited), owners
    of means of production (have money) use profits to reinvest, take left over, people paid
    bare minimum, increased depersonalized work, thought he was at the end of capitalism
-Labor Theory of Value - manufactured good gets value from work put in
-people fundamentally good/generous, have infinite creative capacity
-capitalism impediment to development of humanity
-Economic Determinism - all behavior (political/social)  determined by economic class
-national boundries wither away - all workers unite
-society made of foundation and super structure
    -means of production
    -relations of production - social classes depending on means, owners high/greater say
        in govt
    -superstrucure - everything outside of economy (nonmaterial institution arranged to
        suit ruling class), for rulers to maintain control
    -religion - opiate of the masses
    -similar economic structures lead to similar superstructure
-dialectic - thesis: state of events at time    antithesis: challenge of events
    synthesis: fusion of positive elements of theis & antithesis
- 5 stages of history   ---> materialism is engine to move forward
-Communist Manifesto -- move to socialist state, thru revolution carried out by working
    class ("call" to them), assist working class in developing class consciousness, vanguard
    of proletariate - educate, develop class  consciousness, then wont need to do anything
    else to get revolution started, revolution: take away factories, remove democracy,
    flatten social classes, 1st govt & dictatorship of prolitariet - reeducate owners of means
    of production, govt wither away -- stateless society, people will give what they can,
    take what they need
    -problems - who judges needs? no incentive to participate, dictatorship doesnt wither,
    optimistics, about human nature (greed)
-movement of history: tribal -> empire -> feudalism -> capitalism -> communism
    -thought 1st site would be Germany or England

Russia - 1917, political & economic chaos, Czar Nicholas II abdicated, power stuggle
    agricultural society (80% peasants    3/126 million 'working' class)
V.I. Lenin - Bolshevick leader, used to be socialist democratic party, 1895- imprisoned
    & exiled to Siberia, "Capitalist Development" lived abroad, 1905- party lived into
    Blsheviks (hard core) & Mensheviks (literal), 1917-1918 WWI, Czar gone, Civil
    War, Lenin takes charge implements War communism (takes control of building
    war materials, imposes tax on peasant agriculture, doesnt allow other parties to
    speak, creates secret police), creates USSR (1922-1923), didnt wait for the revolution
    to occur spontaneously, joined workers w/other disenfranchised (peasants), vangaurd
    made party (central) - democratic centralism, revolutionaries
Demcratic centralism - party heirarchical, participation at every level of party, bottom
    level most important, party leaders elected from below, oranizes all activities,
    members go along with decisions of party, deviations go against party
central part takes over democratic part, democracy for the people, by the people
    Communist Party-dictatorship of the prolitariate, rescinds peasant tax - sell for
    profit -> NEP (new economic policy) dual economy - mostly socialism, some
    capitalism, dies in 1924, power struggle (Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin-Trotsky flees
    to Mexico)
Joseph Stalin - got rid of NEP, state runs everything (research, defense, peasants forces
    from land into collectives, party no longer vehicle to revolution, he is revolution, rapid
    industrialization (5 year plans), resistors/critiques expelled, no discussion, birth of KGB
    (root out opposition to Stalin, no regular party meetings, purged party, totalitarian
    state, national interest 1st (Marx - international) not working class, dies in 1953,
    power struggle
Nicholas Krushev - destalinization, restore communist party to Lenin's version, Cuban Missile
Breshnev - 1964- restriction on dissidents, knew what was banned,
Andropov, Cherninko - 1980s
Gorbechov - 1985, changes again

China--
Mao Zedong-peasant, 1911 revolution (Sun Yat Sen - unity) Republic existed until 1925,
    power struggle - not keeping China as state, no working class in 1920s, potential of
    peasant revolution, Chiang Kai Shek -KMT-anticommunist - Civil War, Mao keeps
    moving to avoid capture, Long March - east to west wlak to Yunan, Japan trying
    to colonize Manchuria (Manchikwova), Mao & Shek unite to fight, falls apart, Civil
    War again, 1949 Mao victorious, Shek goes to Taiwan...struggle yet to come =>
    ideological purity - everyone need to agree on ideology, practical concers for
    secondary, peasants directly involved, permanant revolution - violence, periosic series
    of events testing people's beliefs in communism, keeping masses mobilized, People's
    Republic of China, radical land reform -> give to peasants in collectives, nationalize
    industries, allowed noncommunists to originally participate, 5 year plans, equal rights
    (women's rights) -> social agenda, wanted to rid opium/drug addiction, 1958-Mao
    convinced revolution didnt go far enough, Great Leap Forward - not enough equality
    tried to take authority from party leaders to local buracracy, mass mobilization
    project, moved from intellectuals, wanted iron production, irrationization, led to
    famine, not successful (2-3 years), early 1960s - gives more control, limited market
    reforms - open/5 year plans, growth of buracracy, 1966- Cultural Revolution -
    criticism not allowed, takes back power, cracks down on Deng Chao Ping, eliminated
    opponents, student movement, enlisted Red Guard (terror) - out of control, 1976-gets
    rid of Red Guard, Mao dies, Deng Xiaoping new leader, struggle btw reforming
    communism vs soviet followers, root of Marxism
Markist Theory vs Actual Revolutions
1.) happened w/peasant class (agraian societies) lack of working clas
2.) by part, not spontaneous (vanguard stays powerful) - totalitarian
3.) dual economy (give have/take need)
4.) party central not masses
5.) violence excess (not needed to keep control)
6.) no international revolution

Fasism--
Benito Mussolini - father 20th Century
-not totally coherent, syncrehistic, doesnt call for specific govt, leader's goal different
-ad hock movement - rationalize after the fact
1.) irrationalism - rejection of Enlightenment thinking that came out of Western Europe
    life to complex for ordinary people to understand, chosen leaders, science rejected,
    no objective truth, emotions become bery important
2.) elitism - chosen few leaders should rule, chosen masses dont rule, all people not
    equal, weak subjugated by strong (social darwinism)
3.) use of myth - tell stories about past, when country was strong, envied by world
    "return to previous state of grandeur" - to get people motivated
4.) use of propganda -demonize any group thats different
goals:
1.) nationalism/imperialism - create situation where certain people have higher status
    crush weak, establish dominance
accomplish goals:
1.) violence (militarism) - struggle is good, peace - absence of struggle, bad because
    weak mingle w/strong
2.) action for action's sake
opposes:
1.) liberalism - social deviation bad, no personal freedom, work for "greater good"
2.) marxist - marxism to international, believe nation state will stay (not "stage in
    history")
maintain control:
1.) totalitarianism - total control, govt controls some part of everything
2.) economic control - does not oppose capitalism, if it benefits state (overseen by
    govt, wealth private generates goes back to state)
3.) corporatism - system to facilitate bargaining btw industry, workers, govt to
    avoid internal conflict btw different sectors of the economy
prevalent:
1.) racism - draw distinction btw weak & strong

Italy--
Mussolini - parents radical, interested in politics, joined socialist party (editor of Avanti)
    early writings followed Marxism, didnt trust masses to start revolution, believed
    strongly in vanguard, not stages, human will - people can shift events, economic
    conditions dont shape human view, WWI (1914-1917) - believed Italy should enter
    - thrown out of party, Italy expected to get land when Allies won, didnt get land,
    dissillusioned, Italy has problems: unsettlement, ineffective govt (constitutional
    monarchy), founded fascist party - opportunist - goes to industrialists for
    resources, used propoganda to get masses motivated, fascist party gains seats in
    2nd election (doesnt like electoral process) goes to King & says let him take over
    while king keeps title, establish black shirt storm troopers to get rid of opposition
-think state manifests greatest good
-tried corporation to control unions
-endured until end of WWII when killed by own people

Germany--
-Hitler from humble origins, in Vienna until 1913 - enlisted in army - wounded, ended
    Versailles treaty harsh obligations for Germany, war guilt clause, Germany had to
    pay back for war =>xenophobic, sees fault as German Jews
-inflation goes up, unemployment out of conrol, disillusionment
-Weinmar Republic - democratic mixed system that doesnt work (too many parties)
    minority govt or coalitions
-Hitler joins national socialist party, starts to do well
-Beer Haul Pouche - attempted coup failed, Hitler thrown in jail, wrote My Struggle
-1928 gain few seats (7), 1932 had 280, Hitler appointed chancellor (1933)
-establishes dictatorship (1933)
-totalitarian state -> no opposition, racist dialogue, propoganda - blame Jews
-myth back to Tuetonic nights (Sigried), democracy a sham
- corporatism set up, syncretistic, elitism

Contemporary Fascism--
-Haider in Austria        - France - national front parties, La Pen&nbbsp;       -Nazi Party
in Germany        -neonazi parties
-smaller competting electorally, seperate from state
-emphasis on fear of others (xenophobia) - antiimigration
-new speak (double talk) - twist of fact for own interpretation
-selective populism - leaders use charisma to appeal to people ("champion of little peop")
-contempt for weak (vote against social welfare)
-struggle is good, peace bad

Political Economy - how communities persue collective economic goals & deal with conflicts
    over scarce resources/ other economic factors in authoraitative ways of govt
How politics affects economics - govt policies to control, stimulate economy, taxation
How economic affects politics - countries provided aid, wealthy providing more political
    power, "vote for pocketbook," candidates like you socioeconomically
Capitalism - "free market" "market sconomy" - economic system, dominated by provate
    ownership of business, free market - seperation btw govt & business, busineess allowed to
    function w/o govt, salaries determined by supply and demand
Market - transactions occuring btw people & business
    laizze-faire ("let do") - pure capitalism, market totally independent, govt has no role --->
    state involvement - minimum wage, interest raets
Adam Smith (1723--1790) - father of capitalism, The Wealth of Nations - provides overview
    of freely functioning market, helps economy, against mercantilism- govt in competitive
    nature to get aas much as possible for nation state, forcing people to work produces wealth
    personal wealth increases total economy -- people will do good for society w/money, self-
    sustaining mechanism-reach natural economy equilibrium, profits generated -> inherently
    fair wages -> better working/living conditions -> buy more goods, classical liberal economist
    did not envision capitalism turning into greed, expected person check on wealth, in line w/
    John Locke, govt provide services (public wealth) that were not profitable privately
David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages - get workers to produce all they can at lowest salary
    to increase profit, need profit to reinvest in firm (industry growth)
Herbert Spencer (19th/20th) - Doctrine of Social Darwinism - capitalism works because of
    "Survival of the Fittest," govt should not intervene
Problems w/Capitalism - 1. monopolies (collapes itself)    2. sense of fairness doesnt exist
    3. bigger social class gap    4. personal greed    5. to idealistic    6. lack of safety regulations
    7. doesnt account for boom & bust cycle

Socialism - "command economy" "Centrally Planned Economy"
1. public ownership of production - govt decides production
2. social welfare system - govt provides welfare, pension, education, "cradle to grave"
3. socialist intent - equality in distribuation
tries to correct problems in capitalism - planned economy more efficent economic
    equivalent of democracy
Babeuf - came up w/ socialism, abolish provate property, state run economy where everyone
    is equal, influenced Marx & Engles, masses need to be led, after death (1791)- broke into
    two groups -- humanitarian and scientific
Humanitarian Socialism - Utopian socialists, revisionists, fabians, focuses on human equality,
    demands people share in work, recieve equal fruits, people dont suffer if they can be
    provided for
    utopians- concerned w/poor, Robert Owen (profit sharing), critical of traditional institutions
    revisionists - Edward Bersteind (opposed to history w/o human choice), no abolishment of
        property, advocated democratic socialism - state run economy w/public transportation
    fabians- union movement, labor, rejects forced socialism, no vanguard of prolitariate,
        masses have to decide (labor party)
Scientific Socialism - objective laws governing behaving, economic determinism, dialectic,
    Orthodox Marx - to the letter, all or nothing
    Marxism - Leninism - adapted to Russia
    Africa Socialism - Nyerere in Tanzania - rejected idea of class stuggle, needed staages of
        history, put socialism into traditional struggle (expand family), no private land,
        self-reliance of communities
Problems w/Socialsim - 1. human nature    2. not starting equally    3. no motivation to
    work    4. no competition- no new products    5. buracracy    6. totalutarianism
    7. bringing people down not up    8. market not responsive to people's wants/needs

Mixed System - Welfare State - "Third Way"
addresses problems of socialism & capitalism, most govts in world are mixed
some state owned enterprises, some private business
states provide more services -> tend to have higher taxes
John Maynard Keynes (19th/20th) - intervention of govt in fiscal/monitary policies, spend
    money to get public spending rolling, deifict spending, free market cant recover by itself

DEMOCRACY:
- no one definition, core: people have right to chose who governs them (choose officials, &
    hold accountable for actions--legal limit on person's authority), protect individual rights
    & freedoms
-Classical Liberal Theorists
    Locke & Rousseau- social contract, popular soverenty, natural law, trying to create ideal
    theory, not put into practice
-Neo-Classical Liberal Theorists- tried to put Locke & Rousseau into practice, much less
    optimistic about human nature (natural law less looked at), didnt believe in egalitarianism/
    majortism, favored limiting participation by masses (representation), purpose of govt -
    maintain order
    Edmund Burke (1729-1797) - thought change should be slow, democracy process to
        deliberate, supported American Revolution - against unjust king, against French
        Revolution- radical revolution  causing problems, believed in elitist idea
    James Madison - Federalist Papers, representative deomcracy, fear of "Tyranny of
        Majority", make sure to make institution do what majority wants w/o violating minority
        rights, govt makes sure individual rights are protected, representatives based
        on geography
    Thomas Jefferson - glorified common person - capability to make decisions, govt is a
        product of people's will
-Three Core Ideas -
    1. Rule of Law - power of state limited by law, no one (not govt) above law, states govts
        need to spell out limits in formal documents to avoid discrimination & abuse
        (ex. Constitution, court documents)
    2. Inclusion- all rights & freedoms have to be the same for everyone, cannnot deny to any
        individual of group, rules cant leave out groups systematically (ex. Apartied)
    3. Equality- democratic rights should be given to people on same level, no barriers to
        participation (ex. poll tax, literacy)
        equity- fairness, give chance to ralize ambition (same opportunity)
        equality- everyone exactly the same
-Four Faces of Democracy-
    minimum variant- bare standard        maximum variant- most democractic
    1.) popular soverignty- people determine who/how governs, hold accountable
        (min)  representative democ-->--plebisitory-->--techno-->--direct democ (max)
        2 important keys-- participation (whos involved/how), accountability (remove person)
        a. representative democracy- people choose representative through election which must be
            1.) meaningful - for serious positions w/responsibility & power so people making law
                chosen by people
            2.) competitive- multiple candidates participating representing different ideas
            3.) must be free to vote for whom you want w/o repercutions
            4.) secret ballot
            5.) fair process for counting votes- not baised
            6.) frequent/regular intervals, insures accountability
            7.) inclusive- all adults above a certain age can participate
            8.) equality- "1 person, 1 vote,"
            contact representatives, join representatives, part of media, transparency, openess,
            information provided by govt must be truthful, media independent of govt, criticism
            allowed, most consistently represent idea of masses, elitist
        b. direct democracy- every person involved in every issue, accountability in everyone
            who participates, small city-states, small govt to implement
        c. plebisistory- more issues made by direct questions (referendum) but still have reps
        d. techno- brings more info to people thru technology, vote online, more people partic
    2.) rights & liberties-either write prohibited or protected
        a. minimum- freedom of speech, religion, from harrassment, property equal protection
            under law for everyone
        b. maximum- protect more rights, Bill of Rights
    3.) Democratic Values - ex. fairness, equal & equitable treatment, tolerance- respect for
        differences (protected by legislation), compromise- talk to resolve differnces, bargains,
        concessions, trust- behavior inspires confidence, peaceful resolution of international
        issues, rule of law, inclusion, equality
        a. minimum- rejects discrimination in public & private
        b. maximum- govt takes steps to insure equality
    4.) economic deomcracy- goals (wealth, liberty to persue) decided by public, favored most
        by newer democracies, laws w/respect to economic status
        a. minimum- laizze-faire- state not involved in decisions
        b. middle- welfare states, provide education, etc
        c. maximum- corporatism, work councils, partnerships, agencies
-Parliamentry System: govt elected in two stage process (prime minister, ministers, legistl)
    legislative- people choose members of parliament, then lower house selects members of
    govt, fusion of legislative & executive power, govt accountable to legislature, interpellation-
    question govt, legislature can make/unmake govt
    a. absolute majority- 50% + 1 vote, win, automatically form govt
    b. coalition- no absolute majority, 2 or more parties agree to share cabinet/govt positions,
        problem- requires constant bargaining, need party discipline-must vote along party
        lines (ex. Germany)
    c. parliamentry alliance- no majority, less stable than coalition, 2 or more parties agree not
        to share cabinet positions, but vote along same lines, largest party refuses to share
        positions, smaller parties promised something, need party discipline, difficult to
        maintain (ex. Britain 1974)
    d. minority govt- 1 or more parties form govt, enact legislatures, but do not have near
        majority, other parties abstain from voting  against govt, constant bargaining, smaller
        parties agree on certain issues (legislative majority), because cant agree to make
        coalition (ex. Weinmar Republic)
    anticipated/snap elections- prime minister can call for election before statutory limit on
        election, to increase parties vote based on popularity or public outcry if something
        goes wrong or because no govt can be formed
    Advantages of system:
        1.) expands representation of diff parties within executive
        2.) no one party can monopolize legislative system (opposition can challenge)
        3.) possible to make & unmake govt (flexible & adaptive)
    Disadvantages of system:
        1.) too many parties makes legislation very difficult (constant bargaining)
        2.) small parties have more power than electoral turnout warrents
        3.) abuse of make & unmake govt (no stability or accomplishment)
 -Presidential System
    seperation of powers ("checks & balances")
    -federal system- authority shared by national & state govts
    -national level- executive (pres), legislative (congress), judiciary (supreme court)
        -want to mix elite & masses in power
        -no branch gets to much power
        -separate elections (congress- directly, pres- electoral college)
    -to pass legislation: congress introduces/passes, president can veto, 2/3 congress vote
        over turns veto, supreme court-judicial review, determine constitutionality, can be
        overturned
    Advantages of system:
    1.) distribution of power
    2.) staggard terms - continuity- stability
    3.) "checks & balances"
    4.) maximum deliberations on any given issue (prevent legislation from passing too quick
    Disadvantages of system:
    1.) too slow - prevent anything from passing
    2.) continuous terms
    3.) grid lock- members of congress & pres of diff parties, not much passes ("divided govt")
-Mixed System
    -ex. Russia & France
    -both pres(w/decision power) & prime minister (two executives)
    - to alleviate problems of both systems
    - lots of power to pres, try to avoid long debate, to maximize efficiency
    -avoid abuse of power (legislature selects PM)
    -on paper powers arent necessarily in practice
    Advantages of system:
    1.) medium btw legislature & executive
    2.) mximize representation
    3.) stability doesnt depend only on legislature, outside executive
-Elections
    -diff ways of counting votes
    -for presidents-
        -Direct election- votes from polls, most votes wins
            -two round system- vote candidate of choice,, top 2 go to 2nd round, go to polls again,
            most votes wins, augment popular support of chosen leaders (no challenge to
            legitamacy, ex. Russia, France, Uraguay, Peru, Chile
        -Electoral College- indirect system of voting for pres
            -each state has certain # of electors (totall of reps/senators), people vote for electors,
            48 of 50 states-popular winners gets electoral vote, congress tallies vote & certifies
            pres, "faithless electors"-vote outside party affiliation, disadvantages-larger states
            have more power
    -for representatives-
        -Single Member Districts (SMD)
            -ex. US/Britain, each country divided into ddistricts for each legislative body, one person
            elected for each district, Advantage- identify rep, geographical tie (keeps interests),
            disadvantages- local level % doesnt equal national % (seats not fair), tens to punish
            small parties (need large national campaign) leeds to 2 party system,, most votes wins
            (simple plurality, 1st past post, majority wins)
        -Proportional Representation (PR)
            - % vote party recieves = % seats in legislaature, requires multimember districts or no
            districts, may not be voting for candidate, party leadership decides who fills positions
            ("party list system"), to insure fairness/more democratic (more view pts win), hurdle-
            minimum % required to win seat, make sure limit to # parties, women/minority reps
            win positions easier, disadvantages- low hurdle leads to many parties, complicated
            govt, gridlock in passing legislation, more impersonal (voting for party not candidates)
            parties more identifyable by party issues
        some countries use SMD & PR (ex. Germany)
        Duverger-examine party system & electoral system----- SMD 2 parties,, PR many parties

GREAT BRITAIN:
October 2, 200 - Great Britain wrote "written constitution" - Bill of Rights
Unitary system- 1 central govt (no state govts - no power sharing)
Magna Carta 12150 1st limit to monach power
1265- 1st parliament convened
1688-1689 Glorius Revolution- parliamentary supremacy established (social contract w/people)
1800s- Enclosure movement- divided up common property- established private property,
    Church began to loose power, sell off land
parliamentary system~
    -Prime minister (1st among equals) & Ministers (cabinet) - executive branch
        -usually 2 dozen ministers
        -respnsible for  formulating policies to be presented to parliament (collective responsibility)
        -make/ratify major party decisions
        -arbitrating btw & coordinating w/ diff parts of govt
        -ministers must have 1st been part of legislature (b/c fusion of powers)
        -prime minister- influence party, take votes, determine when vote held
    -Legislature- debate, amend, vote on policy
        -committees- made mostly of party supporters
        -House of Commons (lower)- 659  members, primary power, primary debate
            -pass laws     &nbssp;  -provide finance (authorize taxation)
            -review/scrutinize public policy (administraation)
            -minority challenges govt (question & annswer session)
            -backbenchers- not part of govt or reg partyy leaders
            - shadow govt- opposition party has person ccounterpart to each member
            -mostly vote party line
            -SMD system, candidate names appear on balloot/must be appoved by party
                1.) need to be accountable to party
                2.) state funds campaign, no private money can be used over time
                3.) individual candidates can only spend $10,000
        -House of Lords (upper)- unellected, hereditary, appointed by crown, law lord-to
            assist in judicial matters (peer members), 1200 members
            -delay legislation for up to a year (usuallyy rubber stamp), financial- 1 month,
            -final court of appeal in civil/criminal casses for UK
monarchy~ no legal powers, purely ceremonial & symbolic, queen "appoints" PM
    -head of Anglican (state) church
judiciary branch~no judicial review determine if law violates another law, not called to
    settle controversial issues, separate courts but not real power
mostly 2 party system- Labor Party & Conservative Party
    ~Labor Party- from socialist movement (unions) @ beginning of 20th century, unions
        should have say, represent labor & disadvantages
        1997- Labor crushed conservatives in election
    ~Conservative Party- dominant 1979-1997, Margret Thatcher (1979-1990), John Major
        (1990-1997), origins- "Tory"- supported monarchy, aristorcarcy, religious hierarchy,
        low taxes, less govt involvement, grew state health system, backed most of Blair's legis
        oppposed to EMU (euro)
    1.) Labor party in power during 70s oil crisis- didnt do well allowing conservatve to over
    2.) Thatcher became popular-cintrolled inflation, looked at workers concerns
    3.) Labor party split left & moderates, prevented return to power
        -Neil Kinnock - brings party to center, left banished (latte 80s, early 90s)
    4.) Thatcher steps down, Major repeals poll tax, fades
        "run on pound" - value plummets, couldnt prop up value
    5.) 1992 Kinnock steps down, John Smith takes over,public appeal, died in 1994
        Tony Blair - takes over, modernizes way to approach pubblic, limits campaign promises,
            dynamic campaigner
        -New Labor ("Third Way")- pro business stance, leave class conflict, embrace balanced
            budgets, decreased govt spending, lessen union influence within party, incorporated
            middle class, moved away from advocating nationalized industries
        -1997 won 497 seats (majority)        -2001 snap elections keep 413 seats

FRANCE:
conflict between authoritarianism & democracy
French Constitiutional Regimes:
1.) until 1789- Soverign Monarchy
        Louis XIV (1651-1715)- "state is I" divine right of kings, strong centralized buracracy,
            built up military, no power for public
        Louis XV - no real power for people
        States General- Parliament from 1315, no real power, noble people talked
2.) 1789-1792 - French Revolution breaks out
        3rd Estate wants wants constitutional monarchy, get rid of king "Reign of Terror"
3.) 1792-1799 1st Republic
        1793-1794 Committee of Public Safety- supposed to be temp steering committee of 12
            people, turned into dictatorship
        1794-1799 Directorate - elected
4.) 1799-1804 Consulate (Napoleon Bonaparte), overthrow of Directorate
5.) 1799-1814 1st Empire - Napoleon defeated
6.) 1814- 1830 Semi-soverign monarchy-elected legislatures, king put in power, doesnt want
        to share power, & tries to take powers, people upset
7.) 1830-1848 Constitutional Monarchy
8.) 1848-1850 2nd Republic
        established universal male suffrage, people's uprising against monarch
9.) 1851-1870 2nd Empire - Louis Napoleon
        military support, but defeated
10.) 3rd Republic 1870-1940
        first time of order & stability, collapses because of Nazi invasion, Vichy regime vs against
        Nazi, formulation of political parties, no real majorities (108 govts)
11.) 1940-1944 German Occupation, Vichy Regime
12.) 1944- 1946 Provisional Government
        overseen by Charles DeGaulle, lost of party participation
13.) 1946-1958 4th Republic
        parliamentary system, president w/ceremonial govt, crisis around world affect France
        1.) decolonization in world - didnt leave Algeria    2.) beginnings of cold war- DeGaulle
        resigns because didnt feel parliamentary system works, people dont believe democracy
        can work without him
14.) 1958-present  5th Republic
        DeGaulle rewrote constitution to make mixed system w/strong president, prime minister,
        and parliament, increased stability
Presidential Powers:
1.) undisputed head of state, guardian of constitution
2.) arbitor of all other powers
3.) directly appeal to public- referendum (w/agreement of PM, cabinet or parliament), dissolve
        parliament & call for new elections (w/agreement of PM)-no more than once a year, new
        elections within 20-40 days
4.) in emergencies- "state of emergency" - articel 16- rule by decree, parliament in session but
        no power (only used once) DeGaulle against generals in Algeria
5.) chooses PM, & cabinet ministers (can dismiss), lower house can reject nominations
    Limit- must work thru PM to get legislation
6.) controls foreign policy & defense - commander in chief
7.) veto decrees made by PM & other ministers but cannot veto parliament legislation
President Elected By:
    5th Rebulic- direct election w/2 round system for 5 year term, if no absolute majority in 1st
    round, top in second round
Prime Minster's Powers:
1.) head of governement
2.) day to day government activities
3.) provides resources for presidents policies (creating budgets,etc.)
4.) drafts laws to be introduced into parliament
5.) develops national budget
6.) meets w/ all other ministers& president every week
7.) gets support for legislation from president
    Limits- subject to censure- "vote of confidence", can be questioned by parliament,
    incompatibility clause- cannot be in cabinet & national legislature
8.) blocked vote- PM & cabinet can force parliament to pass legislation w/o amendments --
     to enforce party discipline
9. create "govts responsibility"- bill considered adopted w/o further debate (decrees)
Relation bwt President & Prime Minister
same party-->cooperation
diff party-->"cohabitation", happens b/c pres appoints PM from highest party in legislature
Parliament:
not very strong
Lower House (National Assembly) , Upper House (Senate)
1.) censure- "vote of confidence"- abs majoroty needed to call vote, people present
2.) contest presidential dissolution of govt- abs majority, wait 48 hrs, maj-all must be voting
3.) sessions only 9mth of year
4.) limited power b/c only approves/disapproves legislation introduced by govt
5.) allowed to consider immigration, etc. no introduction of budgets
6.) financial legislation passed by both houses within 70 days or automatically law
7.) legislation must pass in equal form in both houses
National Assembley - 577 members, stronger,five year terms, direct elections, SMD- 2 round
    w/top 2 candiates
Senate- 321 memebers, elected by coucil representing local govts, indirect electiosn, 9 yr
    term, not much power, pass legislation, cant block legislation from passage, delay legis
Judiciary:
stronger than Britain, less than US
Constitutional Council- highest level, little autonomy
president names members for 9 yr nonrenewable terms in conjunction w/president of
    national assembly & senate
some judicial review, not court of last resort, appoints other judges
6 members of national assembly or 60 senators bring cases
Political Parties:
difference btw right & left is greater (communists ---> national fron (LaPen))
class consciousness higher
many more parties
Right- Rally for Republic (neo-Gaullist), National Front (keep immigration low, no cultural
    diversity)- maintain what is French
Left- socialist (Miderand, Jospin)- moving to center, Communist, Green, Social Democratic
Distinguished by nationalism- diversity, based on economy (not doing well = intolerance)
Current Challenges for France:
1.) economic- more center, state owned industries, unemployment rates/taxes high, public serv
2.) immigration- all to maintain own identity
3.) European Union
4.) relationship btw France & Germany
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~midterm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*Nationalism*
nation-group of people whose members believe they belong together based on some shared
    notion of identity
    a.) ethnicity- shared traditions, languages, blood ties
    b.) religion- (in Kosovo, Middle East)
    c.) language group- (in Romania, Eastern Europe)
    d.) shared understanding of priciples, way of life, civic identity, over time, perception of differenes,
        tied together by rituals & traditions ("imagined communities")
state- specific set of governmental institutions w/ land boundries
nation-state- combination of group w/ shared idenity living within same land
nationalism- idea emphasizing distinctness/uniqueness of ones own nation & conveys certain
    national interests, purposes, and goals for action, as like group must act together, to fulfill
    common political goals and aspirations, call to action, view of future, plan to get there
    (ideoology) governement needs person/group to exemplify & hold nation together
Often, more than one nation makes up a state, allowing majority and minority
    (ex. Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran ,  Palestinians in Isreal,Lebanon, Jordan French Canadians)
Sources of Nationalism
    1. top-down - imposed, spread by govt elites, highlight certain features that distinguish people
        and create programs of action, use nationalism as political tool to get of keep power, can rely
        on made up differences
    2. bottom-up - people may call for small scale change (ex. language at school, practicing religion,
        governmental autonomy), not as often
Domestic Level - people feel they have right to determine political destiny, self-determination
    (ex. Chechnya, East Timor, Basque)
    Woodrow Wilson- any country that wants to set up a government should be allowed to do so,
    want autonomy within a state- dont want to break away, but want some control (ex. Gypsies)
    Kosovo- had autonomy until 1989 when taken away
International Level- to certain extent, every country is nationalistic, to make new states, take land
    from other states, hypernationalism- aggressive action because believe in differences as weak/strong
    relationship-may lead to xenophobia
Patriotism- love for one's country w/o demanding support for nation's goals, can compete w/nationalism
Left and Right sides make difference in perception in nationalism:
    Left- educational tool, free thought, free people from political system
    Right- Monarchies used for public support for overseas conquests, force stability & order
*Balkans*
Yugoslavia- until Tito's death, defined as Soviet-style nation state, formed in 1918 after collapse of
    Austrio-Hungarian Empire, differnt identities surpressed for 15 years, Serb monarch assassinated
    by Croat, inner struggles for domination until Nazi invasion & Civil War (1941), Cold War begins
    & Communists Tito comes to power - overrode national conflicts by having people loyal to him,
    Tito dies in 1980- power struggle -> wars, 1990- end of cold war, 1991- B-H, MM break off,
    Yugoslavia= Serbia & Montenegro, Kosovo- proinvce within Serbia having autonomy until
    1989 (milosevic takes away power)
Slovenia- breaks off (European, Catholic)
Croats- breaks off (Catholic)
Serbs- (Slavic, Orthodox), seek independence, wanted more than their land
Montenegrens- Serbs who broke off & allied with Turks, converted to Islam
Bosnians- same as Serbs, but converted to Islam, some Orthodox
Macedonians- slavic decent
ALbanians- non-slavic, ties to Ottoman Empire, 1912- Albania independent, but people outside drawn
    border(Serbia-Kosovo-Muslim)
Kosovo- Serb- religious significance, Albanians- historical, religious significance
All groups were going to seperate, but Serbs wanted more land
    - Milosevic wanted to unify all Serbs, use ehnic cleansing
    - Kosovo- autonomy until Milosevic takes it away (minor protests)
    - Ethnic cleansing comes to Kosovo
    - 1992- Kosovars vote to seceed from Serbia
    - 1992-1996- stalemate w/little violence
    - Summer 1996- autrocities get worse (both sides- although more Serbs)
    - 1998- full scale revolt, Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) comes to front
    - Madeline ALbright- French agreement -> begins war
Why Kosovo-
    Serbs- historical & religious, birthplace of Orthodox, national pride
    Albania- historical battles & religious ties
    2 nations unitel by real & imagained traits (distinct ethnicity-perception, diff lang, customs, myths)
Complications-
    name-- Serbs call Kosovo, Albanians call Kosova
    language-- Serbs speak Serbian, Albanians speak Albanian, bu used Serbian in govt
    -Albanians started to win, Serbians leave
    - conflict based on perception
History-
    -Albanians - look to Roman Empire, part of ALerians, 1878- meeting for free Albania, after WWII-
        border places Albanians outside Albania
    -Serbs- birthplace of religion, Field of Blackbirds- Ottoman Empire defeated by Serbs on land
Nationalism-
    Serbs- top-down, Milosevic maintains power, make Serbs look like victims
    Albanians- Rugova-couldnt counter victim claim, KLA appears b/c Rugova not active
Dayton Accords- did not nclude anything on Kosovo
Today- Kosovo has autonomy, Milosevich in prison
    Fall 2000- election btw Milosevic & Kostunica (eventually delcared winner)

*Democratization*
wave- group of countries who make transition from non-democracy to democracy in period of time
    outnumbers those becoming non-democracies
reversal- some coutnries democracies collapse and return back to non-democracies
democratization- end of authoritarianism, switch to democracy, istillation of democracy
    consolidation of democracy- point at which people prefer democracy over all other systems,
    govt believes only in democratic means, public must accept
Factors leading to democratization
    1. economic development (National Wealth)
        -how much money does country have?
        - are they in debt?
        -if fails, may turn away from democracy
        -stability- maintain influence & transparency
    2. emergence of a middle class
        -middle income group has certain demands & values that continue democracy
        -wealthy already has power so doesnt change
         poor surpressed -leads to rebellion (take what wealthy has)
         middle = buffer btw two extremes, doesnt look to either side
    3. decrease in inequality (economic)
        -distribution of wealth
        -have & have nots
    4. elites favorable to democracy
        -people who have influence & connect w/people
        -must carry out democratic values & transmit to public
    5. international environment hospitable to democracy
        -foreign aid & assistance in trade & economy
        -incentive to become democracy
    6. political culture supports democracy
        -way people view govt (as father figure or just there)
        -is govt accountable?
        -civic culture- survey populations on attitudes of democracy
    7. development of civil society
        -independent groups /clubs form outside of govt w or w/o political goals
        -independent outlet for political activity
        -group activities allow for trust in community & fosters values
    8. strong institutions- "stateness" & specific governmental institution
        -people living within certain territory believe in same govt
        -can specific govt be set up?  does it last?
        -do parties exist? (needed for people to voice opinion)
    9. disadvantaged members of society embrace democracy
        -poor feel democracy can help them more than other forms of govt
    10. private enterprise/ capitalism
        -freedoms in market lead to other freedoms
        -economic interested protected by people lobbying govt
    11. Education-
        -information about how govt functions must be given to people
        -how it is accountable to them
        -how they can be involved
        -tell people what govt is actually doing
Dual Transitions- countries have to simultaneously change govt to democracy and restructure
        economy into free market from scratch

*Russia*
1985- Gorbechev comes to power, wants to reform communism to get rid of economic problems
    1. glasnost- openisn, allow little freedom, criticize govt w/po fear, losened restrictions on art/lit
    2. perestroika- restructuring, economic, give up little control to diff parts of party & indiv
        to get economy out of slump
    3. new thinking- move toward new relationship w/ west, cooperation, arms negociation(summits)
    4. democratization- public has greater access to buracracy, Duma more responsive to public demand
        competative elections for party positions
    -people begin to demand more freedom
    -split between hardline (want crack down) and reformers (forgo such treatment)
1989- 1st contested elections for party congress (nation elections - congress of people's deputies)
1990- pressure from reformers & public to allow new parties to exist legally (local & republic elections)
    -economic restructuring not going well (not far enough)- economy got worse
    -people unhappy & vocal, harliners griping, reformers- not gone far enough
    -Yeltsin- reformer, pushing democratic & economic changes, elected president of Russia proper
    -attempt to decentralize pwer, give republics control
    -some republics want autonomy (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine)
    -Gorbechov sends troups to quell protests, meets great resistance
    -Yeltsin leaves communist party
1991-Yeltsin elected president of Russia proper (mandate w/legitamacy-Gorbechov doesnt have)
    -Aug 19- harliners try to take over govt, Gorbechov under house arrest, Yeltsin supports
        Gorbechov, Yeltsin becomes center of power, but Gorbechov still there, ties btw republics loosen
    -December 25- Gorbechov resigns
    -December 31- USSR ceases to exist, ferderation and countries develop
1992- tries to set up market economy, must set up private business, taxes, balance budet
    -shock therapy- lift price control, privatize state owned industries, cut spending
    -people's capitalism- issued voucher to all adults to set up business (people didnt know what
        to do with money)
    -inflation up, unemployment up, GDP drops, standard of living drops
    -April- refernedum on permanant institutions- choose strong president
1993- calls for new elections in september (no real constitutional power)
    -October- Parliament dismissed, siege on Russian White House
    -December- calls for new elections & remake constitution
1995- parliamentary elections- reformers & communists do well
1996- June- Yeltsin wins barely
1996-2000 - Yelstin out of public eye b/c of health problems, went thru 12 prime ministers
1999- August- Vladamir Putin becomes prime minister, groomed as succesor
    -December- Yeltsin resigns, Putin becomes leader
2000- March- Putin elected president
~Russian Democracy~
stateness- no, chechnya challenging borders, not purely ethnic
federal system- not worked out how much power lower (non-federal) governors have
    -Putin trying to get rid of local power w/ special administrative districts- appointed by Putin
        to oversee local govts
strong president & prime minister- 1993- strong parliament    1995-strong president
    president- head of state, directly elected by public in 2 rounds, call for referendums,
        dismiss parliament, issue decrees, primary responsibility for economic resturcturing,
        govt salaries, specific policies-fight corruption, contradict parliament(ignore veto),
        commander-in-chief, appoints ministers (not approved by Duma)
    prime minister- head of govt, appointed by president, approved by Duma, does not have to
        be member of legislature, issue resolution, president can override, propose legislation
        & budget, oversee day to day govt
    upper house (federal assembly)- geographical representation, 89 regions/republics, 2 delegates
        from each, originally direct election, now- governors & heads of local legislature
    lower house (Duma)- 2/3 override veto (no amendments), 450 members directly elected, four
        year term, mixed system- 50% PR, 50% SMD, 5% hurdle, approve PM- of rejects 3 times-
        Duma disbanded, no vote of confidence
has not yet most of 11 steps of democratization

~Mexico~
-PRI party- controlled & gave stability, but like communist party
-late 19th century-lots want local power, election take place-very little power/participation
-Profirio Diaz- first elected 1876, tried to accumulate power, steps down in 1880, runs
    from behind the scenes, relected 1884, estabilishes dictatorship, 1884-1910 "El Porfiriato"
   legislature-no power, takes land from peasants, tries industrialization-get money from US
-1910 elections- Diaz lost to Madero- ran on principle that US involvement should lessen,
    Mexico do byself, Diaz tried to stop elections, but couldnt
-peasants began small rebellions led by Zapata for land reform
-workers led by Villa get together with Zapata=> radical view of Mexican democracy
-Madero wants eleites to have more power, not peasants--> Mexican Revolution
-Mexican Revolution (1910-1917)- goes into 1920s
-1917- Mexican Constitution written, strong president, weaker congress, social reforms-
    minimum wage, work day, social securit, provision for agrarian reform, limited
    influence of Catholic Church
-Caranza, Obergon- assassinated
-Cailes takes over- precursor to PRI formed
-purpose of precursor & PRI- to get every group together, give everyone enough power
-Cardenas- fimly believed in mexican revolution ideals, father of PRI, agrarian reforms
    undertaken, working conditions improve, state has more involvement in economy,
    revered b/c helped people
-Camacho, Aleman, Corines- try to undo everything Cardenas did, vehicle to power
    clientalism- partonage system, livelyhood tied to vote for party
-1940s, 1950s, early 1960s- economy did well but not people
-late 1960s- student movement, 1968- student massacre
-Mateos, Diaz, Escheverra, Lopez Portilo
-found oil, could refine it, borrowed mondey to build up infrastructure, counting on oil
    sales to pay back, "debt crisis"- oil prices drop
-Dela Madrid, Salinas- neoliberalecomic policy- reduce public spending, balance budget,
    international trade, remove state control, foreign investment
-Salinas- middle, believe PRI needs more participation (split in party)
    Cardenas- PRD- 1988- center party w/leftest tendency, loses but fraud said
-Salinas- signs NAFTA, starting to get better economy, chose Calosio first, but assassinated
-Zedillo- choosen by Salinas, finance minister, thinks PRI needs promary, opens up policy
    debate, 1994- indeginous people rebellion (NAFTA goes into action)
-Subcommander Marcos-guerilla tactics, not really negociated w/
    ELZN- Zapatista National Liberation
-2000 PRI looses presidential election to Vincente Fox (PAN party)
    -1997 PRI looses majority in legislature (PAN has majority)
-Fox tires to end drug trade, bring PRI, PRD, PAN together

~Brazil~
-settled by Portugeese
-1882- unified state (empire)
-1822-1889 empire constitutional monarchy (Pedro I & II)
-1889-1930 Old Republic oligarchical democracy
    clientalism- "coffee with milk" military not happy
-1930-1937 Provisional Vargas dictatorship
    industrialization- govt in economy- ISI
-1937-1945 Estado Novo
    social & land reform
    presidential system- Vargas consolidates power, tries to setup party like PRI
        called Arena-- doesnt work
    strong split between left (possibility for communism) & right
    Gulart- VP from left with most presiden from right
-1946-1964 Second Republic
    economic growth slows, lot of money borrowed, wide spread protests
-1964-1984 MIlitary Republic
    better able to restore order / economic policy --> nationalism
    left tortured, leave, Cardosa (current pres)--exiled
    force rapid industrialization (borrow money -> agrarian)
    hardliners- want to maintain control
    softliners- transition to democracy
-1985- present  New Republic
    right uses Arena for its movement
    brazillion democracy movement
    elected pres died night before inauguration, replaced by vp  Jose Sarney-
        made sure democracy worked
    federal system with states having more autonomy
    presidential system w/ pres having great power
    bicameral legislature with weak parties (divided govt prevelent)
    economic front- growth rates decent, but seperations of wealth large
        favelas-slums, worst distribution of wealth  (30% has 2% wealth)
        now- Cardosa- father of dependency theory, privatization to prevent corruption
    dependency theory- divide world into core & periphery, core feeds of periphery,
        so periphery can never be up (why latin america the way it is)
    Real plan- made by Cardosa, peg real to $ to stabilize and control
        1994- Brazil back on track until 1999 crisis
    elites not sure about democracy, military involved in spending- concern about
        reappearance, private enterprise flourishing- not from scratch, started by military,
        new growing middle class in favor

~Iran~
Theocracy- rule by clergy
-after WWII cut in 2 pieces (Russia in north, Brittain in south, neutral in middle
-run by shah originally (monarchy)
-Colonel Reza Khan (military)- 1921 takes over, replaced cabinet with military
    consolidated power- people feared, took title of Shah, there till 1941
    when Iran invaded bu British/Russians in WWII, stepped down
-Mohammad Reza Shah- son, until 1979, loyalty of military, allowed free press,
    seperate courts, elected parliament w/o power, workers/communist/democratic
    parties existed (national front - mossadeq- biggest)
-Mossadeq elected prime minister (1951)
-Shah cracks down (1953)- closing of independent newspapers, Mossadeq overthown
    by military, conolidated power- Shah in authoritarian regimw, paranoid
    Savak- monitors disidents, secret police
-moves Iran away from Islamic roots (upto 1960s)
    previous shahs/leaders made sure laws went w/Islamic law Sharia
    replaced religious courts w/secular courts
    Family Protection Law- raised marriage age, allowed women to work outside house,
        laws on poligamy
-elites support b/c wont loose anything, military gwts to do what it wants
-tries land reform (1960s)- take away elites land, undercuts support, lot of land suddenly
    belongs to government => corruption
-early 1970s-1975 protest in street against Shah
    resurgence party- shah created to have Russian like state, continue western reform
-Ayatollah Khomeni-one of most vocal critics, exilled, publishes tracts against shah
    dissatisfied in Iran get in touch, publishing complaints against govt from France,
    tries to orchestrate rebellion- clergy in country rallies, some elites go along
-economy based primarily on oil, 1979-oil prices drop, problems with economy
    shah does not address issues, religious charities seen as compassionate/helpful
-shah flees country-Ayatolla comes back (1979)
-Islamic Fundamentalist group issues refferendum to see what govt people want
    people choose Islamic republic (theocracy)
    -shi'ite state- only true church leaders direct decendents (suni- elected)
    -five pillars- one God Allah & Mohammed is his profit, charity, pray 5 time/day
         facing mecca, pilgrimage to mecca once in lide, observe Ramadan
    -supreme leader- link btw branches of govt, determine interest fo Islam, determine
        general policy & guidlines, commander in chief (declare war/peace), eliminate
        presidential condidates, nominate 6 members of Guardian Council (religious
        congress 12 men)- ultimate say on laws (can veto), can choose heads of mosque&media
    -president- every 4 years, direct election, cabinet approved by parliament majiles, formal
        head of government, appt minister of justice
    -guardian council-decides if laws passed by legislature agree with Islam
    -majiles- 250 members, legislation, parliament chooses other 6 guardian council,
        withhold money from governement, remove cabinet ministers, investigate charges
        of corruption
-contemporary-hard split btw
    conservatives- continues principles of 1979 revolution, but want reform economic
    moderates- real reform, less religious, open to west, criticism, political parties allowed
    hardliners/radicals- no private owenership, complete autonomy-not open to west
-periods of opposition
    -student movements of early 1990s got support from Khamenmi (supported by students,
        women, moderates)- called for reform of economy and create social life, bill of rights-->
        won even though vocal about opening to west
-Khomeni died in late 1980s, ideas continued by Khameni
-Khameni didnt realize support for Khatami, said dont push things too far, cant fire bc
    may loose legitamacy
-Khatami-protection of individual freesoms, women can take more jobs
-back lash- Feb 2000 newspapers shut down  ad/ k  o;pol]=[;[]