Chapter 23: The Ordeal of Reconstruction (1865-1877)
I. Reconstruction Era-everything from end of Civil War
(1865) to 1877
A. Three-Fold Problem
1. Political-reconstruct
gov't
2. Economic-infastructure,
need money, N/S relationships
3. Social-free
blacks, what rights? integration
B. Factors Determining Reconstruction
1. Psycological-"climate"
2. Constitutional-"seperation
of power"
a. president in power during war-wants reconstruction his way
b. congress wants control of program
c. question of secession and goal
3. Political
a. Republican (north) vs. Democratic (south)
b. better to drag out for Republican (keep control)
4. Economic-who
pays
a. cost of rebuilding
5. Social-freedom
& rights for blacks
a. humanitarian cause
C. Executive Reconstruction
1. Lincoln Plan-
10% plan-1864
pragmatism-believed in 2 tenants(flexible)-Lincoln
truth is not absolute, utilityavism-what works,what is useful
dogmatism-(inflexible)-Congress
fit set of beliefs, change is hard
a. future oath of loyalty
b. reqiure 10% of electorate in rebelious states to take oath
c. prevent high military&civilian from holding office
nothing about blacks present, too leniant, no rules for congress at all
2. Congress
responds--Wade-Davis Bill (loss of Lincoln--loss of flexibility)
3. Andrew Johnson-from
Tennesse(seceeded state)
a. southern, democratic, slave owner, dogmatic
b. plan-1.granted pardon to all confederates
2. high military & civilians w/>$20000 could not vote/hold office
3. revoke seccession/pass ordinances
4. ratify 13th amendment
5. majority take oath
6. no rule for congress
4. if can't
compromise...then election
a. 1866 Congressional Elections--Republican wins enough to override veto
D. Early Congressional Steps
1. Civil Rights
Act of 1866 (1867 amendment)
a. forbade dicrimination against people of color
b. guarenteed equal protection under the law
2. Extended
Freedmen's Bureau for another year
3. appointed
Congressional Reconstruction Commitee (15people)
4. passed 14th
amendment
5. Reconstruction
Act 1867
a. declared southern states unlawful (conquered territory)
b. created 5 military districts
c. generals in charge of each district
d. conventions held to draft new state constitutions
e. guarentee blacks citizenship & voting
f. ratify 13th, 14th, 15th amendment
E. Congressional Concerns
1. supreme court-may
invalidate; congress denies their authority over reconstruction
2. change number
of judges on supreme court from 9 to 7
3. Army Appropriations
Act-president issue orders only through one general
4. Tenure of
Office Act-need senate approval to get rid of anyone appointed
a. Johnson needed to create test case-gets impeached
b. misses conviction by one vote(Edmund G. Ross)
F. Rejection or Adoption of state constitutions
divided along political lines
H. Southern whites-democrats regardless
of pre-war party, want home rule
Negro/Carpetbag-opposed
to s.dem, supported by republican
1. terrorize-KKK,
white camelion, intimidate blacks note to vote
I. Northern Republican Party
| Southern Democratic Party
need black votes
| discourage
vote
promises, encourages vote
|
murder, threats
J. Jim Crowism-segregation along racial
lines (1872-1964)
1. Jim Crow-symbolic,
systematic way of taking away rights (amend)
2. disenfranchised
(literary test, grandfather clause, democratic "club", poll tax)
3. segregation
of American life (ex. theater, bus, military, fountains...)
4. 1896 Homer
Plessey (Plessey vs. Fergusen)--seperate but equal
L. Corruption in Govt
1. Grantism-synonymous
w/ political corruption
a. Credit Moblier Affair(one of many)--money
2. after major
war-no one paying attention to govt, sick of govt affairs
M. Legacy of Reconstuction
1. Positive
Results--job was done(reunited nation), passed war amendments, public
education in south, reestablished checks and balances, modern state
constitutions, land reform(taxed out of plantations)
2. Negative
Results--"solid south" 1868-1964(one party-democrat), extra legal
justice(lynching)-double standard, poor leadership(disenfranchized high
military & civilian leaders), silent economic-need black farm owners(share
crop instead)--Homestead Act of 1868(everyone given land in west), social
norms never changed(misenegation laws-black&whites can't marry)
Chapter 24:Politics in the Gilded Age
I. Politics-use of influence to get what
1. political tactics-boycott(economically
hurt),march,sit-in,vigil,skeleton-in-closet
(something bad about other person), demonstration(discipline), riot(violence),
rally, canvasing for votes(phone), patronage(friend-job), bribe
2. political strategy-overall game plan
1. pressure-alter
existing policy, program, etc....boycott, skeleton, letter to editor
2. electoral-stand
for office/diff person in office...canvas for votes, rally
3. revolutionary-change
system....riot, terror
3. 1st tactic w/least cost&most
potential...doesn't work->next tacic more expensive
4. Skeffington tactic-use of influence
to achieve goal in 19th century and early 20th
century American Industrial City.
5. Graft-aquiring of good or money by
underhanded or parasitic means
1. William Marx
Tweed(Boss Tweed)-Tweed Gang stole $2,000,000
2. party organization-bottom
was ward-leader(district captin,ward healer)
1. did favors for people, got votes
3. George Washington
Plunkitt-"honest graft"-crook in gov't
6. Characteristics of Old Politics
1. covert-hidden,
illegal,, based on graft, corruption, patronage
2. individual-not
group
3. not issue
related-no emphasis on issues
7. Characteristics of New Politics-20th
century
1. open, public
2. issue oriented
3. personal
commitement
4. politics
of drama
8. Trade Policies of US
1. continum
between trade barriors and free trade (now in middle)
2. global economy-world
companies
3. 1789-1816:
Revenue Tarrif (purpose was money) small tax on imports
4. 1816-1933:
Protectionist- heavy taxes to keep foreign good out
9. Arguments for protection:
1. self sufficiency/independence:over
time, not all countries can do this
2. protect infant
industries-need to protect from stronger competition
3. protect high
standard of living-keep high payig jobs in US
10. Arguments for Free Trade:
1. promote interdependence-all
countries work together (safety)
11.laissy faire-government governs,
doesn't pay attention to individual, no regulation on
business, danger of anarchy, from beginning until 1933 (Great Depresion)
welfare state-after
1933 because only govt could take care of problem
promote "general welfare" of people, could become slaves
regulator state-government
regulates everything
guarantor state-govt
guarantees things (minimum wage, etc)
12."To the Victor belong the Spoils"-jobs
based on merit
President Garfield
assassinated
1884-Pendleton
Act:Established Civil Service System-jobs based on merit
1.president classifies job
2. C.S. commision administers competition
1880-1896 presidency
rotated parties every four years-Vanquished extended C.S.
13. Money Unit
origin of money-barter
system
value of money-what
you can get in return, willingness to except determines value
purpose of money-medium
of exchange,store of value,credit,measure value
currency-money
that is current(Debt cards,Federal Reserve Note,Check, coin)
Gold&Silver
certificates both circulated 1865-1900 (1873 silver demonitized)
gold rarer-->worth more, need to establish ratio between silver and gold
bimetal monetary system->opperate on monometalic system--Crime of '73
inflation:the
continuing use in the average price of goods and services, the
purchasing power of the $ declines, caused by more demand than supply
(demand/pull), or cost push (supply shock)-reduce supply-->increase cost
total prices increase then dollar value decreases
one item price increase then substitute item
hyperinflation:(1000%/wk)currency worth nothing, go back to barter
1870s:Greenback
Labor Party-issue more $ greenback
1890s:Populus
(people's)Party: Free&Unlimited coinage of silver
both want inflation....1870-1890=deflation(dollar
appreciation)
Chapter Immigration:
A. Source Of Immigration-where they came from
1.Western & Northern Europe (WASP)
1600-1890- Old Immigrant
a. contibuted
culture, language, tradition, law, literature, industry
2. Eastern & Southern Europe 1890-Pre
WW II- New Immigrant
a. Catholic,
Jewish, agrarian, illiterate
3. Latino, Indian, Asian, African Post
WW II- Modern Immigrant
B. Reasons for Immigration
1. conditions-standard of living, economics,
better land
2. upward mobility in socioeconomic
standings
3. religious persecution
4. ethnic-one group doesnt like other
group
5. political oppression-self determination
(voice in govt)
C. Open Immigration (prior to 1880)-anybody who wants
can come
1. indentured servants-labor shortage
(1600-1700s), contract labor-1 yr (1800s)
2. American Letter-view of America sent
to England as recruitment letter
D. Closed (1880->)-got restricted
1. source change->policy change(different
people are threat to establishment)
2. 1st group excluded by law-Chinese
Exclusion Act 1880 for 10 years
1890- made it
permenant Yellow Peril-too many chinese (coolie labor-take job)
Gentlemen's
Agreement-Japan reduce flow, American keeps CA schools nonsegregated
3. European Restriction Act 1883-established
Elis Island
4. literacy tests-1890s-1st vetoed by
Cleveland, designed to descriminate
5. National Origin Quota Law (1921-1954)
# of aliens
admitted to US in any year shall not exceed 3% of the persons of such
nationality who were resident in the US according to the census of 1880
1924-cenus year
1890--2% 1927-census year 1890--1.8%
1952-census
year 1920--1.2% 1954-got rid of it
E. Reasons for keeping out Eastern & Souther Europeans
(inferior people)
1. Racial Superiority--Anglo-Saxon was
a superior race
2. American Standard of living will
drop
F. Reasons behind Immigration Discrimination
1. visibility-Ghetto Existence (tends
to be poor)
before-dispersed westward (agricultural)
after-came to urban areas (lived together)
2. Fredrick Jackson Turner-1893 Turner
Thesis-Closing of Frontier-limited land&people
3. Anarchism-advocates violent overthrow
of all government(Radicals)
4. education/skills (farmers in an industrial
society)
Chapter Industrial Revolution (1865-1900)
A. Ingrediants for Industrial Growth
1. corporate form of business-finanse
huge enterprises
a. sole proprietorship-single
owner, all profit, all liability,terminated by death
b. partnership-2
or more owners-extends limits of business,terminated by death
profit based on degree of partnership
c. corporation-has
no effect by death,liable-degree of ownership,unlimited capital
2. government aid to business
a. protective
tariff
b. subsidies-qualitiy
of life,more tax money,incentives
c. favorable
tax policies
d. minimum regulation-laissey
faire
3. new and improved methods of production
a. division
of labor
b. standarized
parts
c. automation-control
of machines by other machines
4. new source of power
a. 17th &
early 18th -- wood,water
b. 1890-1940
-- coal
c. 1940- steam,boiling
water
d. post 1940-solar,nuclear,electric
5. growing population/improved transportation,
provided ready & responding market
6. technology-incentiveness
a. future shock-measure
economic impact, number of patents
b. Eli Whitney-interchangeable
parts, cotton gin (pre 1865)
c. Edison-1st
research lab (post 1865)
7. population-labor & market
8. money-investment capital
9. natural resources(Mesabi-iron ore,
coal)
B. Trends toward Business Consolidation in Post-Civil
War Monopoly
1. purpose-eliminate wasteful competition,cut
costs
2. method of combination
a. 1870s-pools-Gentlemen's
Agreement to share markets, fix prices
b. trusts-companies
forced to turn over their business to a single board of trust
ex. Standard Oil
-Holding Co. (1920-1930)-buy & holdd pattents of a company(illegal)
-monopoly-interlocking directorate/inteerconnecting boards(illegal)
-conglomerates-mixture(Johnson&Johnnson bought by Eureka Tent,Prudential
& GE
C. Industrial leaders-Captains of Industry
1. entripreneurs-able,energetic,ruthless
a. existed in
society of high competition
1. self-reliance
2. upward mobility
3. survival of the fittest
b. commonly
accepted in business
D. Survival of the fittest
1. Charles Darwin-"Origin of the Species"-1853
a. natural selection
b. humans come
from lower animals
2. Herbert Spencer
a. spencerian
darwinism
b. applied natural
selection to humans
3. Andrew Carnegie-"Gospel of Wealth"
a. extends to
responsibilities & duties of rich
b. heratio alger-myth,
take opportunities-->due well
4. philosophy of late 19th and early
20th century
a. competition
is sacred-weeding out of unfit, no regulation of industry
b. private property
us a business man's own, do what one wants, no regulation
c. total laissey
faire-no government regulation at all
d. individualism-nation
of rugged individualists, morality equated w/money
E. Business Practices of Late 19th century
1. adulteration of product-could have
given better product at cheaper price
do not have to give better product at cheaper price
2. short weight- weigh less than on
label
3. secret rebate-giving only a few people
rebate (not public)
4. bribery of public officials-state
legislators picked senators
5. long & short haul-short costs
more than long in shipping
6. charging all the traffic would bear-charge
what they thought you would pay
7. wage discrimination-male,female,child
8. unsafe conditions
F. Attack on Social Darwinism & Laissey Faire System
1. Patrons of Husbandry(Oliver H. Kelly-1865)
a. animal husbandry->cooperative
marketing
b. Granger (Movement)-demand
changes (railroad)
c. vote: democrat,
republican, farm slate of cantidates
d. passed law:
maximum rate of shipping (transporting), Granger cases
***Munn vs. Illinois: private property comes in contact w/public..not private
e. bypass &
challange industry & laissey faire
G. 19th Century Industrial Leaders
1. Robert Barrons-based on abuse of
enormous power
a. drove competetors
out of business
b. resorted
to underhanded, immoral, illegal protections
c. motivated
by greed
d. did not care
about human ecological cost
H. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
1. 1st regulation of business to break,
change laissey faire policy
2. set-up ICC to investigate complaints
3. RR required to post their rates to
public and keep resonable and just
4. forbade protections such as pooling,secret
rebates,rate discrimination,among shippers
5. prohibit higher charges for short
haul than long haul over same line
I. Other Attacks
1. authors-wrote horrors-"Muckrakers"-expose
a.Jacob Rus,John
Spargo,Jane Addams,Mark Twain,Henry George
2. Labor Movement
3. 18902-1900 Reformed Darwinist (Social
Gospel)
a. Richard J.
Ely, Washington Gladden
b. fair competition
c. man different
than animal(can change environment)
d. individualism
w/restraint
e. religion
in league w/plunderers
f. look at how
money was made & uhow it was used
4. Sherman Anti-Trust Act-1890--Congress
passed as response to public
a. every contract,
combination, conspiracy in restraint of trade among the states of
foreign countries illegal
b. any person
monopolizing trade was guilty of a misdemenor & fined $5000
c. courts would
not enforce
a. EC Knight vs. US 1895-95%-manufacturing was a local activity
b. unions on srtike were in restraint of trade
5. Clayton Anti-Trust Act--1914 (tighten
Sherman Act)
a. took labor
unions out of Sherman Act (made them legal)
6. Taft-Hartly-1948
Labor Unit:
A. Labor Union-organization of working men & women
to improve the conditions of work
B. Development of National Unions-came into being because
of conditions of industrial life
a. size-large,employ large numbers of
people, don't have personal relations-mistreat
b. mechanization-loss of pride &
workmanship, anybody can do job, dont need skilled
c. conditions-child labor, black lung,
gray lung, low salaries, longs days, speed up
Craft Union/ Trade Union
Industrial Union:
skilled workers only
organizes everybody connected w/job
organized by skill
doesnt go by skill
originated from Mideval Gilds
skilled & unskilled workers
C. Early Attempt At Unionism
1. National Labor Union-1st attempt
for national-1868-skilled workers & reformed group
advocated 8 hr day, reform legislation
2. Knights of Labor-industrial union,
all workers(races,creeds,women), advocated equal
pay for equal work, 8 hr day, profit sharing, gov't ownership
of transportation,communication, Uriah Stephens-created in
1877, Terence Powderly, failed-not focused, "socialist"
3. American Federation of Labor-1884-Amuel
Compers founded, organized craft only,
no women, black,ect..survived into 20th century, 3 concepts
a.Bread &
Butter Unionism-narrow focus,immediate benefits only (everyday working)
b.Federation
Principle-seperate govering (federal->local), unions negociate
c.volunterism-labor
issues worked out between labor & managemnt representatives
**model for successful unions of 20th century**
D. Weapons of Management
1. financial strength
2. lockout-company strike, must work
at employers terms
3. blacklist-given to all employers
& not given job
4. labor spies-join union & find
out people in union-fire
5. company unions
6. injunctions-company go to court-order
to stop strike
7. yellow dog contract-vow not to sign
union
8. strike breakers-hire outsiders to
work "scabs"
E. Weapons of Labor
1. strike
2. picketting-informative & striking
3. boycott-primary
4. strike funds
5. closed shop-only hire union people,
open shop-have choice of joining union
union shop-(industrial)company
hires for time then asks to join union or fire
F. Methods of Bargaining
1. collective bargaining(representative
bargaining)-contract negociated between reps of
bargaining &
labor(picked by majority vote), trade issues based on two proposals
2. mediation-agree on mediator, neutral
3rd party, makes suggestions acceptable to both
3. arbitration-neutral 3rd party, both
sides give best offer(reason), contract(awards)
Populist Party(People's Party)-1890(3rd party)
Omaha Platform-1892
+Grangers, small town businessmen,lawyers,midwest
farmers
James B. Weaver-only cantidate(1892)-lost
needed more support to get elected-->brought in labor
issues
sucessful because most issues became law or amendments
within 20 years(16th&17th amend)
Democracy for the masses--legislation
+petition of inititive-% of represented
people sign
+referendum-questions on ballot in election
to help elected leaders make bills
+recall-% of people to make person leave
office
+discret primary-people in party pick
party's cantidate to run for offices
+secret ballot-vote choice w/o intimidation
advocated free and unlimited coinage of silver 16:1 of
gold-only benificial to one group (farm)
Panic of 1893-Government's(Cleveland's) handling of panic
led to revival of Sivler vs. Gold Argument
**Election of 1896**-"Battle of the Standard"-silver vs.
gold-votes crossed party lines based on issue
Republican-nominated William McKinley
1.)gold standard 2.)high tariffs 3.)imperialists
Democratic-nominated William Jennings
Bryan 1.)silver standard 2.)low tariffs 3.)non-imperialist
Populist-either split vote between Dem
& Populist or kill of party....endorse Bryan-lose
3rd party purpose is to promote issue
McKinley wins---establish gold standard
Farmers-debt, avaliablity of money, low interest rates,
inflation benificial, blaim on gold and banks,
agricultrual ecomomy moves to industrial
controlled by industrialists w/monopolies-->farmers
must
pay higher prices for goods because
of protective high tariffs.....makes populist party reform/liberal
but also reactionary-go back to before
1.)return intrests of farm to forefront 2.)back to ealier
Jeffersonian times when banks not trusted
3.)trusts-bad...want more competition
4.)public senator...like before industry
Populist issues prevail because issues are addressed by
major parties(survival & people's benifit)
Farm Political Development:
Grangers 1870s->Farm Alliances(Jim Crowisms) 1880s->Populist
Party 1890s
"The Significance of the American Frontier-Friederick Jackson
Turner--Turner Thesis(1893)
--The existence of free land, its continuous recession,
and the advance of American
settlement westward explains American
development
1.) American development has exhibited
a return to primitive condition on a continually
advancing frontier
line & new development for that area
2.) American political insititutions
had to adapt to the change of expanding people
3.) Frontier was line of most rapid
and effective americanization
frontier=farthest extent of settlement
Cattle Frontier-technology, needed to
get rid of buffulo and indians
1.)Gilden-barbwire, Colt-repeating revolver
2.)refrigeration-Westing House-to ship buffulo to east
3.)Native relations-17th->peaceful exploitation
18th->indian removal
mid19th->elimination
late19th->reservations
1890->assimilation--Daw's Act,men leave tribe
1925->act of congress->American citizenship
4.)got rid of 20 million buffulo between 1860-1890
5.)getting rid of buffulo keeps Indians in control
frontier lines-appalachian mts, miss river, rocky mts,
west coast
response-people's experience not land determines democracy,
now w/frontier gone still demo now
value-gets people to look at west
I. World Power-a nation with sufficient power to influence
world political/economic events
over a period of time
1. military-ability to project all over
the world
2. economy-stable, wealth to afford
military
3. constitutional government-nationalism
4. location-centralized
5. population-large population that
is literate, educated, and skilled
6. natural resources-
When did American become a world power?-always had but
willingess to use
involvement vs. world role
"1789 America aboslutely weak but relatively strong
2000 America absolutely strong but relatively weak"
"Americans have never learned to do wrong knowingly, whenever
they compromise with principle
or abandon it, they inevitable find a pious justification
for their actions"
Imperialism-acquisition of territory beyond national boundry--called
it Manifest Destiny
methods-war, treaty of annexation, treaty
of purchase
Geographical determination-all land aquired attatched
to previous land (until Alaska)
Economic Imperialism (Dollar Diplomacy, Substitute $ for
guns)-invest money in foreign
-many countries have one item (mining
or agricultural product)
-America invest heavily->control economy->control
government
-other nations fear replacement of culture
Causes of American Imperialism During Late 1890s
1. World Issues/Reasons
a. European
examples-Congress of Berlin(carving up Africa),Spheres of Influ(China)
message-to be a world power you need an empire
b. markets-
2. Domestic Scene-
a. Turner
b. markets &
trade (am. trade 1870-1890)
c. advocates
of imperialism
a.) Alfred Thayer Mahan-"Influence of Sea Power on History"
b.) Josiah Strong- "Our Country"
c.) Henry Cabot Louge
II. Spanish American War-
A. Background-
1. Cuba restless under Spanish control-want
economic freedom/self-govt
a. revolted
during 1870s-Spanish crushed
b. America sympathetic
but govt not involved
c. revolted
during 1890s-American intresests changed
2. American interest in Cuba
a. strategic
interest-needed to protect canal possibility
b. economic
interest-American invested $50-$100 million
c. Humanitatian
interest-General "Buthcher" Weyler-"camps"-many people died
B. Causes of War-
1. Newspaper War
a. Joseph Pulitzer-New
York World
b. William Randolph
Hearst-New York Journal (imperialist, wanted war)
--yellow press-sin,sex,sensationalism
--jingo press-want war
C. Immediate Causes of War
1. De Lome Letter-spanish minster to
Washington DC
Private Correspondence published by Hearst
derogatory comments on McKinley
2. Sinking of Battleship Maine--Feb
1898 (260 Americans dies-public furious)
McKinley ultimatum to Spain-armistices-cease
fire,end of camps,Am.mediation on terms
Spain accepts ultimatum--America declares
war on Spain--April 1898
D. "Splendid Little War"
1. April --> August 1898 -- 289 Am.
dead..13 for every 1 died from disease
2. navy much better prepared than army
3. Treaty of Paris 1898
a. annexation
of Guam,Wake,Puerto Rico, Phillapean Islands
b. Cuba independent
c. contest over
ratification between imperialist & nonimperialist
--Bryants's arguments-monroe doctrine iin asia,money,violate Dec of Ind
4. Platt Amendment-1 yr after independence,
Cuban American Base-Guantanamo
5. Insular Cases of Supreme Court-people
under falg have inaliable rights, not rest
III. Panama Canal-Both a cause of and a result of more
active Latin Am. policy by US
A. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-1850
1. between US & England
2. any canal in S.America to be jointly
built
3. good in 1850, by late 19th cent..America
wants to build own
B. First efforts at canal construction
1. French Panama Canal Co.(1870s-1880s)
2. under Ferdinand de Lessips (Suez
Canal)
3. went bankrupt....lost $26million
C. Hay-Panncifote Treaty-1901
1. severed Clayton-Bulwer
2. Britain gave up right to canal in
return for guarenteed equal access
D. Selection of Route-two possible sites
1. across Isthmus of Panama and Across
Nicaragua
2. Walker COmmision wanted Panama but
recommended Nicaragua
E. Canal Diplomacy
1. Hay-Herran Treaty-1903
a. US got 99
year lease on canal zone 10 miles wide
b. US to pay
$10million outright and annual rental of $250,000
c. Columbian
govt rejected treaty-Compensation inadequate, loss of power
2. Leaders in Panama feared Am would
switch to Nicaragua
a. hurt, would
get jobs, development, higher standard of living
3. French would lose miney if they didnt
sell by 1904(end of lease)
4. Panamanian independence--not high
chance (previous 44 attempts failed)
a. succeeded
Nov. 3, 1903, US Marines prevent Columbia from ending revolution
b. recognize
Panama Nov 6, 1903
c. negociate
same treaty Nov 18, 1903
F. Construction began 1904 ended beginning of WWI
1. after Teddy Rosevelt died-Columbia
received $25million
2. US-absolute right to defend, 1st
access in emergency
IV. Central American Policy
A. America would follow much more aggressive policy in
hemisphere following War & canal
B. Use of Monroe Doctrine
1. keep Europeans out of hemisphere
2. politically & economically penetrate
hemisphere
C. Venezuelan Debt Dispute
1. owed European countries(Endland,
Italy, Germany)
2. creditors money--defaulted on loan
3. European creditors sent naval squadron
to blockade port until debt paid
D. American Response
1. Roosevelt Corollory to the Monroe
Doctrine (Big Stick Policy)
a. in case of
chronic wrong doing the US would exercise international police power
in hemisphere
b. prevents
European presence in hemisphere (Europe happy, L.America cant change it)
c. gives US
more power in hemisphere(changes doctrine), direct intervention
V. United States-Asian Policy
1. 1900- John Hay Open Door Policy
2. Background-1890 Sino-Japanese War
3. 1890-1900 Spheres of Infulence (partitioned
China)-treaty of extraterritoriality
a. Philipines-Gateway
to China-US needed to get rid of spheres to trade
4. Hay wrote letters to all sphere countries-equal
trade access
a. all agreed--US
didnt got for CHina, went for trade
5. Boxer Rebellion-yound Chinese to
get rid of foreign control
a. international
army w/American troops to put down rebellion
b. want to be
part of peace treaty-want trade, argue against partition
I. Progressive Era 1900-1917
1. period of
idealism and reform
2. significant
economic growth
A. Background
1. carry-over
from the reform spirit of the 1890s
2. americans
wanted better life & would support reforms to achieve it
3. middle class
frightened by economic unrest of the 1890s, actions of companies
4. prosperity
inspired confidence
B. Goals
1. extend political
democracy-shift power from political boss to people
2. curb power
of monopoly-greater economic opp to labor & small business
3. eliminate
social ills through necessary reform
C. Support for movement
1. both major
parties (presidents Roosevelt/Taft/Wilson, governor LaFullete)
2. social workers
(Jane Addams, John Spango)
3. crusdaing
journalists (muckrakers)
4. radical thinking-
Eugene B. Debs --activism
II. Progressive social legislation-
A. Child Labor Laws-38 states by 1910
& compulsory edu.
B. Workmen's Comp Law- maryland 1st,
prevents suing company, works like insurence
C. Prohibition-local option, 18th Amend,
Women's Christian Temperance Union, south
III. Progressive Political Reform
A. State Level (referendum, recall,
initiative, direct primaries)
B. Federal Level (17th-direct election
of senator, 19th-Women's suffrage)
C. all designed to open political process
to common people
IV. Progressive Economic Reform
A. 16th Amend-graducated income tax
B. Pure Food/Drug/Cosmetic Act
C. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
1. strengthens
govt ability to regulate anti-trust laws
2. Magna Carta
of Labor-removes labor from anti-trust laws
D. Federal Trade Commision(FTC)-investigate
unfair trade
E. Federal Reserve System (Fed)-1913
1. central bank
of US
2. controls
monetary policy--raising (slowing), lowering (stimulating) interest
3. policy by
board of governors of 12 districts & chairmen
V. Theodore Roosevelt
A. Program-Square Deal big buisness,
small bus, labor all treated same
1. took case
to people when congress refused to act
2. stewardship
theory and leadership
B. Eamples of Leadership-Positive/Aggresive
1. Anthracite
Coal Strips 1902
a. used power of his office to bring labor & management together
b. threatened to use troops to run mines
2. Trust Program
a. Dept of Commerce 1903/Bureau of Corporation 1903
1. designed to investigate business combination and warn of harmful pract
b. enforce Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1. dissolved Norther Securities Company
2. brought charges against 43 other companies
3. Conservation
Program-possibly greatest contirbution
a. National Conservation Commission 1909
b. Newlands Reclamation Act 1902
c. Forest Reserve Act
1. protection of water supplies, navigable streams
2. govt regulation for cutting of timber
3. withdrawl of lands bearing coal, oil, natural fas, phosphates
d. govt would act or tell business what it could do
4. Public Health
Measures- National Inspection Act
5. Railroad
Regulation
a. Elkins Act 1903
1. acceptance of secret rebates illegal
2. RR granting and person accepting both guilty
b. Hepburn Act 1906
1. ICC power to reduce discriminatory rates
2. burden placed on RR to show rate not unreasonable
3. increased size of ICC from 5 to 7
4. extended jurisdiction over pipelines, terminals, ferries, express comp
C. Inconsitencies
1. monopolies-launched
program of trust busting
2. business
regulation selective
a. advocated regulation of RR and industry but not banking and tariff
3. wealth and
poverty
a. criticized badness of grant wealth & expressed concer for poor,no
tax help
VI. Blacks
A. not as progressive except in literacy
B. Booker T. Washington (passive, grandual
change) vs. DeBois (immediate change)
VII. Election of 1912
A. Taft (republican), Roosevelt (progressive),
Wilson (democrat)
B. Roosevelt split vote so Wilson won--still
progressive
I. World War I 1914-1918
A. American Policy reguarding war
1. absolute/perfect
neutrality in word & deed-- Woodrow Wilson
B. Neutrality Policy (1914-1917)-difficult
to maintain
1. reasons-isolation,
cause, money, troops, no real military
2. problems-world
market, loyalty of immigrants, economic profit,
C. International Law on Issue: The Rights
of Neutrals
1. want traditional
definition or neutral rights
2. last codified
by Henry Grotums-1500
3. Declaration
of London 1909-recodification
4. neither group
follow completely because no one know all rights
5. Allies violations
(mostly English)
a. blockade of international waters-Eng-conditions prevent trad. definition
b. rationing of Northern neutrals-Eng-continous voyage-to germany
c. direct contraband, medical supplies, fabric, food illegal-Eng-situation
determ
d. intercepted mail, sensored cables-Eng-situation determined
6. German violations
a. sinking of Lusitania May 7, 1915-passanger ship 1198 dies, 128 american
b. violated doctrine of visit & search--Americans protested
c. Arabic Pledge-Sept 1915-would sink no passenger ships or merchant vessels
without providing safety to passangers and crew
d. March 1916-Germany sinks French passangership Sussex-violates Arabic
Pledge
1.) american response-ultimatum-sink one more ship--war innevitable
2.) Sussex Pledge-identical to before but only if allied blockade ends
3.) appeases public, but Germany decides when America enters war
D. January/February 1917
1. Zimmermon
note to Mexico-German deal--Mexico declares war on US, Germany gives
territory (California,etc.)--Mexico rejects, gives note to US
2. Germany annoced
unrestricted submarine war againsssst neutrals and allies
E. Neutrality fails-over neutral rights,trade
evenly,money(debt) payed if allies win, make up
of population (Anglo-Saxon), militiristic autocracy vs. democracy
F. Attempts at Peace-objective-peace
w/o victor (or war will occur again)
-negociate peace terms or America withddraws from war
G. Commitee on Public Information(George
Creel Commitee)-Propoganda
1. convince
the public to support war
2. sell the
world American War goals
3. made films
(Kaissy Beast of Berlin & To Hand the Kaiser)
4. built up
patriotism ->lead to lacks of democracy
5. encouraged
to spy on neighbor, book burning
H. Acts passed
1. Sedition
Act-cant make any disloyal utterances
2. Alien Act-deported
alien if said anything
3. Espionage
Act-couldnt stop people from signing up for war
II. Wilson's War Goals
A. 14 idealistic points
1. open diplomacy-all
world knows terms (no secret treaties)
2. League of
Nations-international body to mediate/arbitrate
3. freedom of
the seas
4. disarmament
III. Treaty of Versailles-Summit COnference (Dec 1918-March
1919-June 1919)
A. US, Britain, France, Italy (Lion's
share of treaty)-big four (50 countries total)
1. each represented
by head of state
B. Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungry not
there
1. Finland,
Poland become free, Russia loses 1/4 of natural resources
C. Why was the treaty not better?
1. "wolf at
door"= haste<--Russia
D. Secret Treaties
1. allied govt
promised Italy more than Germany had
2. in conflict
w/ Wilsonian ideals
E. Ratification needs 2/3 majority (Republicans
control House and Senate)
1. Dem president
needs Republican to ratify
2. political
stand point--best not to ratify for Republican
3. need check
and balances after war on president
4. did not ratify
treaty--key point League of Nations formed
5. 1920 Treaty
said was over--- did not enter League of Nations
IV. League of Nations-vehicle to prevent future war
A. Wilsonian Ideal-great process of
disentanglement
B. part of Treaty of Versailles
C. three organs--assembly--every nation
has one vote
--60 countries
--league council--5 permenant members ((Br/Fr/US/It/Jap)
--secretariate (paper work)
D. Article 10 (Collective Security Article)-purpose
to guarentee the political independence
and territorial integrity of member states
E. League investigates agression, order
member states to take up arms against agressor
-only works if all countries fulfill obbligation
F. Treaty in American Senate (problem-make
up of senate-3 factions on treaty)
1. Wilson Democrates-
Treaty w/o change
2. Reservationists-
accept treaty but w/ clarification (Henry Lodge--Repub Leader)
3. Irreconciable-
no treaty (isolationists) --12 or 13
I. Reckless Years/Roaring 20s/Jazz Age
A. Important Changes Affecting American
Life
1. disillusionment
cynicism-reult of war(crusading zeal)-shattered, lost faith
2. rampant materialism-cult
of prosperity-traditional values of thrift/frugality--out
a. orgy of spending b. installment buying
c. speculation in stock/real estate "only suckers work" "something for
nothing"
stimulated by business, advertising, standardized products (planned obsolecence)
3. sports minded
(escapism)
4. urbanization-cities
new commercial/cultural center
5. emancipation
of women
a. exerted influences upon politics b. labor saving devices
c. need for teachers/nurses/office workers diminished prejudice against
working women
d. women less dependent on men e. assult on double standard
of morality
f. birth rate dropped, divorce rate tripled
6. immorality
and crime
a. bootlegging/speakeasies b. corruption of law enforcement
c. gang warfare
d. racketeeting
B. Intolerence (1920-1925)
1. anti-semitism--quotas
for Jews
2. narrow minded
(Palmer raids)--socialist party outlawed
3. Red scare-communism-aliens
deported
4. immigration
quota policy introduced
5. KKK (5,000,000)
6. anti-black
-- race riots, lynchings
7. evolution--not
american idea
II. Causes of the Great Depression
A. Role of Govt during 1920s
1. did nothing
to strengthen Unions or collective bargaining-time warp--revolutionary
result= wages stagnated
2. Tax policy
favored business-Andrew Millon-sec of Treasury for entire decade supported
side economics(ability to produce goods and services increased)-lowered
corporate tax
and wealth tax, balanced budget
B. Mal-Distribution of Wealth
1. economy over
built-tremendous productive capacity-should have resulted in lower prices
of goods and increasing purchasing power of consumption
2. Ford Idea-reduce
cost f car, raise worker wages, sell more cars
C. Farm Economy
1. collapsed
early in decade-farm migration, foreclosure, lower farm standard of living-neg
impact on total economy
2. necessary
to shift tax burden to middle/lower economic class
III. Depression-Human side
A. Invisible Scar-sequence of bad events,
isolated events, people not together, wont tell others
problems (dont
get addressed)
B. Great Fear-afraid what happened to
others will happen to self
C. Price of False Hope-crushed expectations,
hate Hoover(lied to people)
D. How Long to look for work-till absolutely
desperate the take help--problem pride,ashamed
E. knacks to being poor
IV. Isolationism--1920s style
A. Examples
1. reject Treaty
of Versailles
2. reject membership
in League of Nations and world court
3. reject foreign
trade (Smoot/Hawley Tariff of 1933 highest protective tariff--trade ceased)
4. reject immigrants
5. refused to
participate in anything that required commitment
a. Pact of Paris(Kellogg-Briand Treaty of 1927)-60 nations oulawed war(US
signed-no
respon)
b. Washington Naval Agreement-countries agreed to reduce arms
-limit established Battle Ships, no pennalty
- US 5 million gross tons: Britain 5: JJapan 3
c. London Conference 10:10:7 --America never built up (1933-Japan violates)
d. World Economic Conference-1930 on depression (America wont go--own problem)
V. Conventional Depression Wisdom
A. People spending life savings will
create the demand necessary to stimulate industrial produc
VI. Market Crash
A. margin buying- stock on credit (1920
requirement 10%) ---too many loans to pay other loans
VII. Herbert Hoover and the Depression
A. believed in : power, capitalism to
survive w/o govt help, individualism,laissey faire enterprise
B. voluntary action on part of business
and labor to solve problem
1. intensified
competition and shrinkage in demand would force prices down
2. did not want
workers fired or wages reduced,might have worked if industry truly competitive
instead companies reduced production, cut wages, cut employment,maintained
prices
C. favored loans to business corporations,
reconstruction finance corporation
Agricultural
Markey Act-govt buy food on market value
I. New Deal
A. Election of 1932-people voted for
last time
1. Democrat
Franklin D. Roosevelt (23,000,000) 454-vague plan
2. Republican
Herbert Hoover (16,000,000) 59 more of the same
3. Socialist
Norman Thomas (900,000) _ measure of discontent in land
4. Communist
William Foster (100,000) /
5. congress
2/3 democrat for first time since 1919
6. Lame Duck
Amendment- Feb 20, 1933 changed inagural date to Jan 20
B. Program
1. much of program
experimental (no long range plan)
2. product of
brain trust
3. philosophy--not
revolutionary but evolutionary
4. based on
"General Welfare" clause in preamble of Constitution
5. based on
deficit spending--John M. Keyes economics)
a. govt spends money resulting in deficits to create work, budget will
not balance, paid off
in good times by raising taxes
b. 1933 abandonded gold standard to inflate currency
6. three goals
(immediate relief-forgotten man,economic recovery-stimulate,reform-prevent)
7. 73 congress-
100 bills in 100 days --Honeymoon Period
II. Relief
A. Emergency Relief (lasts 1-2 yrs)
1. Civilian
Conservation Corp (CCC)-1.6 million young men from destitute families work
2. Emergency
Relief Amdinistration-food, clothing, housing supplements for destitute
B. Long Range Relief
1. Works Progress
Administration (WPA)--1934-1940
a. broad program of work relief-provided business for private firms, provide
employment
b. 4 million people, 5 billion dollars
c. each community decids what types of projects to undertake, WPA provided
fundraising
C. Agricultural Recovery--worksheet
III. Second Half of Roosevelt's First Term (1935-1937)
A. concerned with voice from the left-especially
concerned with the Demagogogue (insincere
political leader who appeals to the masses for his own advantage) tried
to deeped
widespread discontent
B. examples of demagogues
1. Huey P. Long
"share the wealth plan"-assassinated(1935), "every man a king." "kingfish"
called for confiscation of great fortune-redistribute money ($5000 pre
person & house)
sounded good to some in 1936, threat removed by fixing tax system (significantly
increased income tax of wealthy--use money for programs)
2. Frances Townshend-Townshend
plan-$200 over age of 60 every mth, paid by national
sales tax, beginnings of social security
3. Father Charles
Coughlin (Radio Priest)-Chicago radio, 60 million listeners,
nationalization of banks, blamed depression on Jews/Blacks
IV. Reform(1932-1939)--avoid future panics
A. Fair Labor Standard Act (1936-1937)
1. limited work
week to 40 hrs (overtime pay after that)
2. established
minimum wage of 40 cents per hour
B. Glass-Steagall Banking Act
1. expand Federal
Reserve to cover banks not previously included
2. forbade banks
to speculate with depositer money (own insurence comp/brokers)
3. established
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurence Company--secure up to $100,000
C. Regulation of Securities Industry
1. Truth in
Securities Act
a. securities had to be registered with Securities Exchange Commision
b. accurate info to buyer in order to judge soundness of corporation
c. directors of company criminally liable for false info
2. Securities
Exchange Commision
a. licensed all stock exchanges
b. established requirements for listing a security
c. tightened margin requirements
V. Shift in Power
A. Wealthy Elite (Bankers,Finance,Businessmen,etc)
hate Roosevelt--lose power
B. "Forgotten Man" (Middle & Lower
Class) love Roosevelt--became impowered
VI. Negative Aspects (in terms of Wealthy Elite)
A. spending oney--creating debt
B. bureaucracy--red tape
C. increase government power
D. criticism begins around 1935 because
times are little bit better
VII. Court Reform ("Court Packet")
A. propose ervery judge over 10 resign
or add new judge(up to 6)
B. loss of checks and balances so congress
does not pass
I. American Reactions to Events in Europe and Asia
A. Rise of Isolationist sentiment
B. Reasons for
1. depression
2. failure of
allies to pay debts (10 billion)--1925-1933 everyone/Finland default
3. Nye Investigations--
"Merchants of Death"
a. found that banks made money and munitions
b. tried to show that they made US go to war to make money
II. Neutrality Legislation-congressional acts designed
to prevent American involvement in war
A. Johnson Act (1934)- no loans to debt
defaulting nations
B. Neutrality Act (1935-1937)
1. embargo loans
to belligerents
2. prohibit
Americans from travelling on belligerent vessels
3. prohibit
the floating of loans in US by non-American belligerents
4. Am merchant
ships cound not carry munitions to belligerents or arms against attack
5. exclude belligerent
ships from American Ports
6. president
to determine state of belligerency existence
III. America divided into two camps during 1930s
A. Isolationist Camp- 70% pop.
1. America First
Commitee-former pres Hoover, Henry Ford, W.R.Hearst, Charles Lindberg
B. Interventionist Camp (internationalist)
1. Commitee
to defend America-"all aid to the allied nation short of Am troops"
2. Hemingway,
Stimson, Wilke, FDR
C. Presidentional Policy (1934-39)
1. opposed to
neutrality acts-Americans could remain at peace by preventing Euro war
2. endorsed
collective security-democracy must restrain dictators before they are strong
enough to challenge for world power
a. Quarentine Speech (1937)-FDR..rejected by 70% of people
b. use of Neutrality policy
1. Italy-Ethiopia--invoke laws, Ethiopia could do nothing with weapons
given to them
2. Sino-Japanese War- no laws, China could/did use weapons etc. given to
them
IV. Chronology of War
1937
Japan attacks China
1938
Hitler annexes Austria
1938 March
Munich Pact- Eng/France/Germany/Italy----appeasement
1938
Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia
1938 August
Germany(Hitler) & Russia(Stalin) sign 10year non-aggression pact (take
Poland)
1939 Sept
Germany invades Poland--Eng/France declare war
V. Progression of Aggression in Europe/Asia results in
American Policy Shift
1939 Nov
Cash & Carry policy-change in Neutrality law--proivde cash/boat-->have
guns
1940 Ap/June Blitzberg/Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands,Belgium, France all defeated
1940 Sept
bases for destroyers...selective service laws
1940 Nov
re-election of FDR (end--two-term, "all aid short of troops")
republican cantidate ran on same foreign policy---shows country's view
1941 March
Lend/Lease Act--all aid short of war
1941 April
US occupies Greenland
1941 June
Germany attacks Russia
1941 July
US occupies Iceland
1941 Aug
Churchill & FDR sign Atlantic Charter-- 8 post war goals
1941 Nov
Navy shoots German subs (sank American), US armed merchant ships
VI. Japan
A. by 1940, Am cracked Japanese code...knew
all dispatches coming through
B. 1941 Oct
offer US plan A and plan B (plan A rejected)
C. Plan B- Br/US cant aid China anymore,
recognize Manchuria as Japans, resell gas,
scrap metal, Japan promises not to go past Indo-China, didnt mention attack
on Pearl Harbor, US knew attack was coming but didnt know where,
D. US possibilities--counter proposal,
attack Japan (defensive,justify later), accept terms
E. US counterproposal--evacuate Indo
China, stop further aggression, the restart
commerical relations, no mention of Manchuria
F. Dec. 7, 1941---Japan's reply....war
(attack on Pearl Harbor)
VII. War on Homefront
A. attack on Pearl Harbor provided unity
of opinion on war
B. Industrial Mobilization
1. war production
board--assigned quotas, converted factories, built $20billion on new plants
2. Office of
Price Administration (ration scare peace time goods)
a. alloted civilian supplies b. fixed prices,wages,rents
c.issued rationing stamps
3. cost of war
$300 billion (higher taxes/great borrowing)
VIII. Characteristics of WWII
A. Global War-all contenents, all oceans,
supply lines would wide
B. Total War- civilians moblized for
home defense/war industries/sabatoge
C. New Weapons-guided missiles, Abonbs,jet
aircraft, saturation bombing,paratroopers
IX. Yalta Conference--January 1945
A. England-Churchill-doesnt trust Russia,
Poland?
US--Roosevelt--poor
health, wants soviet co-op in post war worlds
Russia--Stallin-soviet
security interests
B. American Goals
1. Russian support
for the post-war organization (UN)
2. Russian decleration
of war against Japan
C. Military Situation
1. Allied-not
good 2. Russia holds all the cards (right outside Berlin)
D. Eastern Europe
1. Allied governments
at start of war must go back to control
2. Russia-soviet
communist govt put back in place
3. compromise-merge
communist/free->provisional govt free election in reasonable time
E. Germany/Berlin
1. military
zones of occupation (4)-soviet/am/brit/french
2. occupation
end-unification (prevented by cold war)->east/west germany
F. Russia declare war 3 mthe after europe
war over-invade manchuria (Aug 8,2000)
G. Terms of UN
1. Russia agrees-wants
extra votes for independent countries (3), concession give votes,
veto in big five, Stalin recognize Chang Kei Shek government
2. Soviet/China/Britain/France/America--must
vote in favor
X. Potsdam Conference July 1945
A. Stalin-Churchill-Truman
B. Allied Conrol Council to administer
defeated Germany (military generals)
C. Treaties with Minor Enemy States
1st
1. Hungry/Bulgaria/Romania/Italy/Austria
2. Conferenec
at Paris 1946 treaties signed 1947 (demiliterized, lose territory,pay)
D. Trial of War Criminals (Nuremberg)
1. International
Tribunal (US-Jackson)
2. 11 executed,
8 imprisoned
3. similar trials
for japan
E. Potsdam Ultimatum to Japan
Cold War--Western Captalism vs Soviet Union trying to
get neutrals
1.) started because of Soviet violation of treaty (domination,
expansionist)
started because of US failed to realize
soviet need for secure boundries
2.) preparing for thermonuclear war (worst 50s/60s)
3.) Truman "Getting tough with the Soviet Union" Doctrine
(march 1947)
it must be the
policy of US to support free people resiting aggression
a.) asked for
American economic/military aid to greece/turkey
b.) no limits
on policy
c.) launches
policy of Globalism -- supercop
No war in europe (no shots) in
asia (shooting war)
d.) policy for
containment --no hope for satelite states
4.) Europe-
a.) European
Rcovery Program (Marshall Plan 1947)
1.) object-European Economic Recovery-relief-$12-$16 billion (credit)
2.) states will write what they need, give to US, US gives funds
3.) democracys take, communists dont (admit wrong)
4.) dont expect anything back
5.) take away misery/want--get rid of communist threat
6.) europe-direct goods America-economic stimulus (jobs)
b.) North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO)
1.) 12 countries of Europe/Canada/US
2.) military alliance-- if one attacked all are attack (collective security)
3.) 1st fight -- Yugolsavia
Point Four Program -- Basis of Truman Foreign Policy
1. resistance to russion expansion
2. support for UN
3. aid to nations resisiting agressions
4. aid to make scientific & technological info available
to underdeveloped world
War in Asia--June 25, 1950
Russia supported Korean people's Republic
& supported Republic of Korea
A. Blunder by American Sec of State Dean Achesm
B. UN Reaction
1. Sec of Council met at request of
US
a. branded N.Korea
an aggressor
b. UNmembers
help to repel attack
c. Gen MacArthur
made Supreme Commander of UN Troop
2. European Opinion on War
a. settle at
38 parallel
b. make peace
as soon as possible
c. feared a
wider war
C. War in Korea
1. communist occupies all but
2. UN landing at Inchon
3. Gen Assembly -- called for unified
democratic government
D. Conquest of N.Korea
E. MacArthur saw no dange from China