SFMs (Standard Format Markers) are used by computer programs for managing and
formatting data files such as dictionaries. Each line of a Cheyenne lexical
record begins with one of the following SFMs. The first field must begin with
\c which indicates the Cheyenne entry and it is the record marker. It is this
field which a program uses for SORTing and SELECTing.
\c Cheyenne entry (word, morpheme, phrase, etc.)
\e English gloss (mark indexing word with *; see conventions below)
\e additional English gloss
\e etc. (Most entries divide multiple glosses with ";" rather than separate \e
fields. Before dictionary if finalized it may be desired to convert all
multiple glosses to division by semi-colon within a single \e field.)
\n meaning sense number (e.g. \n 1. would introduce fields giving the first
meaning sense of an entry; we depart here slightly from the PTP Dictionary
routines SFM design for \n entries, by placing the number, and following
period, on the same line as the SFM \n--BE SURE THIS CHANGE IS NOTED
AND ALLOWED FOR, BEFORE USING A PTP DICTIONARY DATABASE PROGRAM.) N.B.:
many Cheyenne proper names are phonetically identical with a common noun,
e.g. v[ohk[o[ohe 'rabbit'; V[ohk[o[ohe 'Rabbit'. In this dictionary we
have chosen to enter the proper name as a multiple sense under the first
sense of the common noun. In doing so, we omit the Cheyenne spelling of
the proper name (following the practice that the Cheyenne entry form is
never repeated in records which have multiple meaning senses), which, if
it were a separate entry, would be capitalized. The reader should make
this adjustment and capitalize all proper names taken from this
dictionary, regardless of whether they occur as separate entries or as
sub-entries (a secondary sense) under a main entry.
\i idiomatic meaning (semantic extended senses; figurative usage)
\z a temporary field to hold a part of a word which is disregarded in
alphabetization, e.g. the /he/ 'have' preverb (a \z field is found at the
end of a \c field line)
\p phonemic shape (Cheyenne in field is typed with virgules, /'s)
\po popular orthography, e.g. Tsitsistas for Ts[ets^eh[est^ahese
\sc Cheyenne subentry, e.g. full word built on the entry final
\se English subentry gloss
\sn scientific name
\g grammatical key, e.g. vai (verb animate intransitive)
\g additional grammatical key
\g additional grammatical key, etc.
\gs grammatical subcategory: e.g. rr (relative root), nrr (non-relative root),
nom (nominalization, agt (agentivized), pers (personified), impers
(impers), dim (diminutive), ben (benefactive), rs (resultative: -otse),
caus (causative: probably only morphological causatives (not also lexical
causatives), e.g. morphological causatives with the TA final -'seh)
\pl plural (for nouns)
\sg singular (esp. used when the plural is quite salient or useful and deserves
it own entry)
\ps possessive form
\in independent noun (corresponding to the possessive form or to a related verb)
\obv obviative (for nouns); use " if same as plural
\dim diminutive
\nd non-diminutive (i.e. the unmarked form corresponding to the diminutive)
\obl oblique
\loc locative
\ben benefactive
\rr relative root
\nrr non-relative root
\agt agentivized
\pers personified
\adv adverb (particle created from preverb usually with -to suffix)
\k semantic key, especially for semantic classification, e.g. plant, bird
\u usage (e.g. rude, vulgar, feminine speech, neologism, archaic, loan-
translation)
\pa Proto-Algonquian etymon for Cheyenne entry
\cog cognate in another Algonquian language
\x cross-reference, compare another entry
\l literal meaning
\co comment, e.g. cultural information
\pco phonological comment, typically an abbreviation for some phono. process
or phenomenon, e.g. vs (Vowel-stretching), iah (Impermanent
Antepenultimate High pitch), apoc (apocope), LHR (Low-to-High Raising)
\rd reduplicated form
\nrd non-reduplicated form (cross-referenced to reduplicated form)
\v variant
\vpl plural variant
\d dialectal variant
\od Oklahoma dialect
\md Montana dialect
\vai Animate Intransitive
\vii Inanimate Intransitive (this and following two fields are for bundling related stems with "citation form" AI stem)
\vti Transitive Inanimate
\vta Transitive Animate
\hs 'have' stem, i.e. verb stems which begin with 'have' /he-/
\f final
\fni inanimate noun final
\fna animate noun final
\m medial
\mbp body part medial
\i initial
\pv preverb
\pn prenoun (usually subsumed under preverb, unless form does not exist as pv.)
\hom homonym
\rs resultative (i.e. corresponding form with -otse resultative suffix)
\nrs non-resultative
\ant antonym
\syn synonym
\hom homonym
\hyp hyponym ?
\fem feminine counterpart
\mas masculine counterpart
\so source, e.g. where this entry or a form close to it may be found, often in
a text (1987:105 would indicate the 1987 text volume, edited by W. Leman,
page 105)
\q a question, usually indicating further information which is desired
***** (Note: the only field which must be unique is \c.) *****
Conventions for \e and \i (and a few \l) fields:
* start of keyword
% terminate keyword before end of word
= extend keyword to include next word
[...]invisible keyword (e.g. [*tooth] baby teeth
(Note: [ ] should be left and right angle brackets,
which are not allowed by HTML for on-screen display)
$n distinguish homophonous keywords, where n is a digit
(e.g. *bow$1 and arrow, *bow$2 of canoe would appear
in the English inversion as separate entries under bow 1
and bow 2)