胡榮華天天下棋
摘自《胡榮華自戰解說譜》序言
胡榮華寫過編自傳《路，從這裏開始•••》代序。他從不提打譜，只說下棋。和圍棋的聶衛平可說是「實戰長棋」的代表人物。
胡剛學下棋時：
「我學會車、馬、炮走法後，開始在學校裏找同學下棋。很快，同學們都不是我的對手了，於是轉到裏弄找同伴下棋，但年齡相仿的孩子會下棋的不多，我就找大人『比賽。』」
很快，他就到棋攤和成年人對奕：
「在小學，我很快成了學校的棋大王，每天放學回家，就找人殺幾盤。如果實在找不到人，就到附近的一個棋攤上去看別人下棋。記得當時擉棋攤的是一個比較隨和的中年人。因為我經常去看棋，所以攤主也認識了我。一天也許是生意比較清淡，攤主就主動招呼我上去和別人下棋......我當時只有十歲多一點，一般大人哪會把我放在眼裏，沒想到我竟接連勝了幾盤，換了幾個對手，我一個多鐘點裏共勝了十二盤......攤主也十分高興，要我經常去玩......」
1957年夏天，胡榮華12歲，奪得上海小學生冠軍。棋王謝俠遜讓兩先和胡下了盤和棋。當然，對小學生，古稀之年的謝俠遜未必下得很認真。可以認為胡和當時的一流名手約差一馬左右，以小學生來說已很了不起，以後的練習仍以下棋為主：
「......當時有人介紹我到上海城隍廟得意樓茶室內去下棋......當時表演的程序是先由兩位名手對奕表演，然後由我這樣的小不點與來賓交戰，作為餘興節目......」
後來他認識了名手徐大慶，徐可以說是胡的恩師。教學方法就是和高手實戰：
「......每星期有一個下午，(徐大慶)讓我到大世界游樂場去應戰來賓......我曾和在那裏和本市﹝館主按：指上海﹞各個街道的一些弄堂大王比試高低，并從和他們的交鋒中得到很好的鍛煉。」
「......通過徐大慶老師的介紹，我得到過何順安、徐天利、惠頌祥、李義庭等名手的實戰指導......」
1959年1月，胡榮華加入上海棋隊訓練。同隊有何順安，徐天利，陳奇。訓練也就是天天下棋。胡榮華連續輸了幾個月。估計他進隊時棋力和何、徐還差一先以上，否則不會全負：
「在隊內他們(何順安、徐天利、陳奇)都關心我這個小學生，天天和我下棋，幫我分柝哪一步棋下得好，哪一步棋下得不好。但使我傷心的是，進隊好幾個月，我是下一盤輸一盤，好像他們的棋藝永遠是高不可攀，深不可測。唯一可以放心的是，我輸了以後，他們從不怪責，總是鼓勵我『好好地再想一想』。連續輸了好幾個月後，終於出現了轉機，我和何順安對奕時和了一盤，這是我在上海隊的『零的突破』。何順安驚喜地說：『小鬼，不簡單呀！』那一天我感到天空特別高、特別藍、特別晴朗。」
同年10月胡榮華奪得上海第3名，60年10月就奪得全國冠軍。進步之快驚人。
楊官璘狂拆棋局
摘自《奕林精華》
楊官璘是打譜派，花大量時間拆棋，光是殘局就拆了幾年，難怪他的殘局天下第一。請看：
「記得我童年初學象棋的時候，首先箸重於殘局方面，對各種實用殘局和江湖棋局等，不厭其煩地學習拆法。這樣經過了幾年鍛鍊之後，繼續再研究佈局的形勢和中局的變化，及﹝饒﹞單雙馬局等。當時我又廣泛閱讀先進者的創作，借以吸取前人的經驗。以後，箸重在臨局上用功，為了爭取臨場經驗，常和各地棋手對局。」
聶衛平拚命下棋
摘自《我的圍棋之路》
圍棋國手聶衛平主張多下棋，少打譜：
「......打譜固然重要，但更重要的是實踐，只有在實戰對局中，才能檢驗自己的認識和想法是否正確。我主張下棋和打譜的比例應該是七比三，甚至八比二，九比一，我們有些棋手把大量的時間用在打譜上，卻很少下棋，未免有點本未倒置了。日本棋手的『感覺』之所以比我們要強一些，關鍵就在於他們棋下得多。」
- 摘自《我的恩師們》一章
一九七二年，聶衛平調任閒職，日間常找陳袓德、吳淞笙、王汝南、華以剛下棋。聶回憶這段時期的生活：除了下棋，還是下棋：
「......﹝一九七二年﹞那時我白天下棋，晚上再把日間所下的棋擺出來反覆研究，直至深夜，有時思路一鑽進棋裏，我就會忘記一切。譬如，下完棋騎車回家，常常因腦子裏還在苦苦思考棋裏的變化而『闖紅燈』或騎錯了路。漸漸地，我驚喜地發現，除了陳袓德，對其他幾位國手我己略佔優勢了。」
一九七三年中國成立棋隊，聶也是隊員。他一見高手就會纏住人下個沒完沒了：
「......1972~1973年是我學習圍棋最狂熱的時期。那時，我下起棋來幾乎從不感覺到累。集訓隊的訓練是很緊張的，一周至少要下三~四局﹝訓練比賽﹞，對有棋手來說，三~四局正規的比賽己覺得相當累了，但遠遠滿足不了我的需要。除了訓練比賽，我把全部的業餘時間都用來下棋，只要有人奉倍，我能從早上一直下到深夜。當時，集訓隊裏的高手們最怕被我纏住下棋，因為一下起來，他們嬴了，我自然不肯放他們走，輸了，他們自己又不甘心，所以往往是下個沒完沒了。以致一到周未，諸位國手便對我敬而遠之，晚飯後立即逃之夭夭，唯恐被我纏住而不得脫身。我敢肯定說，那一段時期我下棋的局數之多超過任何三名集訓隊員加起來的對局總數。這種拚命式的努力當然也得到了報償，在集訓隊的內部比賽中，我常常獲第一名。」
- 摘自《命運的轉折點》一章
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吳清源整天打譜
摘自《天才的棋譜》﹝與田川五郎合著﹞
田川五郎訪問圍棋泰斗吳清源，把訪談時的對答編成書。
到吳十三歲(20年代)時，已戰勝中國一流高手汪雲峰(吳認為汪和當時日本一流高手約差二、三子)；十四歲東渡日本，日本棋院授予三段(約相當於今天五段)。他少年就有高段實力(少年進入棋院學習，十二、三歲時入初段已是天才)，除天資外，練習方法有無特別之處？
[田川：......你是怎樣學習的呢？
吳：我當時把家裏的秀策《圍棋百局》等棋書從頭到尾仔細地研究過一遍，因為也沒有甚麼事好做，所以我一天到晚都在打譜......]
- 摘自《自學》一章
黎子健打譜實戰
摘自《棋壇秘奧錄》
黎子健是五、六十年代香港棋王。他的著作有一章專門講練棋，認為開、殘局靠打譜，中局靠實戰：
「要象棋下得好，必定要把開局、中局和殘局三者分別練習，同時單靠對奕，還不是最好的方法，一定要在對奕之後，再加上參考棋譜，然後可以學得好。」
開局：
「......現在坊間出售的佈局專書，數量也有不少，讀者們大可以選購一些適用的，作參考之用，一方面又可熟練開局的門徑。」
中局：
「......中變的練習，沒有捷徑可走，是從經驗鍛鍊出來，經驗卻要對奕得多，才能老到，所以想走捷徑，是絕對沒有可能的。不過在對奕之餘，另外找些名手對局看看，是多少有些幫助的。」
「......下場之前，最好預先聲明，請對手在自己失先或走出毛病的時候，給你一個說明，要是他肯解說改那箸較佳，那當然更好。當你既然曉得了那一步生毛病，便可以在奕完之後，再次擺出來，檢討分析，才決定下次的戰略，那麼就算輸了，也可以得益。」
「最適合的對手是一個比自己高兩先的人，因為這樣既可免輸得太不像樣，同時又可以循序漸進。不過並不容易常常都碰到這種適當的對象，便跟那些較高的棋手讓一些也無妨，最好的是如果對方可以讓你一馬或三先的話，不妨跟他下兩先﹝餘類推﹞攀高一點，盡量捱辛苦棋，對奕時要留意他搶先的妙箸，俾得過後加以變拆。這樣有了準備，到再交時可不玫重蹈故轍，雖然他還是可以別出奇謀制勝，可是一經過相當時間，便會有技窮之感，而須讓少些，那未你就有進步了。不過最要留意的，就是交了相當時期後，即要另找別位對手，因為對下得太久。怕棋路太熟的關係，又會影響進步。」
殘局：
「至於殘箸，可以買些殘箸譜﹝即棋局書﹞留意拆閱，在閱讀的時候，卻不可看箸法，必須用棋子照棋圖擺置檯上，再將棋譜掩埋，然後留意觀察，又不可移動棋子，初時雖然會辛苦點，但是經過相當時間，即可遂漸觀準確，要是認為想得週密，再拿棋譜的箸法來比對，如因仍有不妥，則再想過，這樣下苦工，對於殘箸有無限補助，而且可以增加想棋的步數。」
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Kotov看棋心算
摘自《Think Like a Grandmaster》
在這本名著裏，特級大師 Kotov 先回顧自己年青時參加比賽的對局記錄和筆記，加上參考高手的棋譜，認為棋藝高低取決於算度能力，而算度能力是可以訓練的，請看英文版：
「Having examined the games of other players, particularly masters, and
read the occasional comments on this point that appeared in game annotations,
I became even more covinced that the ability to analyse clearly a sufficient
number of variation so as to clarify the position was the basic condition
for success. However, I also came to the conclusion that in their analysis
some players make various mistakes. Some examine a few lines to a considerable
depth, others analyse a large number of variations two or three moves
deep. The correct solution is to find the golden mean, especially as one
is playing against a time limit. It also became clear to me that the ability
to orientate oneself in the labyrinth of possible variations is not only
a natural gift, but also the result of serious and prolonged effort, and
training.」
怎樣練習呢？當時﹝四十年代﹞Kotov 翻遍了棋書，竟沒有一本談怎樣練算度的，只好自行設計練習，行之有效：
「 How should one go about this training? Where was there a description
of how to train the discipline one's thought? There were no books on the
subject, and it did not seem possible to get help from anyone else, so
I had to find for myself. I chose a method which seemed to me the most
rational, and fortunately it was the right one. Ever since that time I
have considered it the most effective method to get good results.﹝Kotov
自述：初用此法時，雖已是一些比賽的冠軍，但仍不過是個候補大師。他後來成為特級大師，認為得力於此法﹞ 」
方法說穿了也很簡單，就是看棋盤心算，然後和棋書對照，請看他的具體做法：
「I selected form tournament books those games in which great complications
had arisen. Then I played them through on a board but when I reached the
crucial point where there were the greatest complications and the largest
number of possible variations I stopped reading the notes. I either put
aside the book or covered the page with a sheet of paper and set myself
the task of think long and hard so as to analyse all the possible variations.
All the time I tried to work myself into the frame of mind that I was
sitting at the board in the torunament room.
Having spent between half an hour and an hour on this this task I would
sometimes (especially in very complex positions) write down the variations
I had examined and then I would compare them with those of the annotator.
At first there was a big discrepancy in favour of the latter, but then
I learned how to widen my scope and examined each variation with considerable
exactitude. Naturally I analysed without moving the pieces so as to make
it just like a tournament game.」
- 摘自《Do you know how to Analyse?》一章
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Vasily
V Smyslov廣閱棋譜
摘自《Smyslov's 125 Selected Games》
Vasily V Smyslov，1957年的世界冠軍，以殘局見長，一直在棋界前線作戰。1982年，以
61 歲高齡參加，世界冠軍挑戰者候選人賽﹝Candidate Match﹞，奇跡般殺入決賽，謹負於後來的世界冠軍 Karsparov。晚年出版的棋局選集，附有篇《My
Chess Carrer》，回顧棋藝生涯。謹摘錄當中練棋片段給大家參考。
Smyslov的父親是位業餘好手，曾戰勝過世界冠軍 A A Alekhine。Smyslov
童年時從父親處學會下棋，馬上愛上這遊戲，頭幾年只和父親對奕：
「In chess - and I immediately became carried away with it - for the next
few years my father was to be my sole teacher and opponent.」
Smyslov受父親影響，喜愛研習只有幾個棋子的「簡單局面」。認為可以加深對棋子的理解，對他後來的棋藝發展很重要。難怪他能成為當代殘棋大師：
「 From the very start he ﹝指他父親﹞instilled in
me a love for so-called 'simple' positions, with the participation of
only a few pieces. It is they that enable an inexperienced player not
only to understand, but also to gain a deep 'feeling' for what each piece
is capable of. Perhaps I rather overrate this factor, but even so I am
inclined to think that it played an important role in my development as
a chess player. Because to remember how the pieces move is not difficult,
whereas to sense their peculiarities, their strength and impotence in
different situations on the board, the limits of their possibilities,
what they 'like' and what they 'don't like' and how they behave in the
various conficts of their chess fate - to understand and 'feel' all this
is much more difficult... 」
Smyslov 兒時每天最少習奕 8 小時，他自覺沒有紀律，為什麼能如此專心，自己也不名所以：
「I studied chess a lot in my childhood. I could sit at the board for eight
hours, and sometimes even more. How I managed to find time for all this,
I myself don't understand, because I was not particularly well organized.
But I managed... Perhaps in one's youth the days seem longer?...」
十四歲前，Smyslov 在家學棋，沒有想過參加棋賽。能和父親下對手棋後，以打譜為主：
「Up to the age of fourteen I studied chess only at home, and did not think
of taking part in tournaments. But I passionately read chess books. Their
authors became my main teachers, once I began playing on equal terms with
my father (at first I used to be given a start - a queen, a rook, all
the usual odds).」
Smyslov父親的藏書，Smyslov一一仔細看過。他深信，有大志的棋手，都應走同一條路。先要了解先賢觸及的極限，才能有所創新：
「...My father's library contained everything, so to speak, of an everyday
nature (I think that there were at least a hundred titles), and I made
a thorough study of this library. Thus I as though traced the evolution
of chess thought, and repeated its basic steps in my own development.
I am convinced that any player with high ambitions should follow such
a path...In order to attempt to step even a little further, you must first
of all understand what is the limit reached by your predecessors.」
這樣練棋，成效如何？他十四歲首次參加棋賽，成為丙組棋手，年餘後升為甲組棋手。
Smyslov 很早就注意學習排局。他喜愛解拆排局，尤愛和實戰相似的排局，當中意料之外的妙手吸引箸他。還自行擬局，並獲發表：
「A considerable role in the forming of my style was played by an
early attraction to study composition. I loved trying to solve studies,
giving preference to positions which were close to practical play. What
attracted me in studies was the striking and unexpected idea. I even tried
composing studies myself, and my first compositions to appear in print
relate to this time.」
Smyslov迷戀排局，對他助益很大。既助他理解棋藝之美，又改進殘局：
「My fascination for studies proved highly beneficial: it assisted the
development of my aesthetic understanding of chess, and improved my endgame
play.」
Smyslov自首次比賽起，就不怕進入殘局﹝一般年青高手多好中局博殺，避開殘局﹞：
「From my first tournament encounters I did not avoid going into the endgame,
since I had a mastery of technique of realising an advantage. Therefore
I did not complicate matters unnecessarily, and did not aim for effects,
but played, as they say ' according to the position'. Having grasped its
essence, I would seek the best move in confirmity with my plan. And that
is the way I play now.」
摘自《My Chess Carrer》章節
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Sam Reshevsky
專研開局
摘自《http://www.chesscafe.com/text/resha.txt》
特級大師 Sam Reshevsky 的棋藝生涯很長，童年已揚名，四處表演棋藝，長大後成為特級大師。幾乎和所有高手，從
Emanuel Lasker ﹝1894年世界冠﹞到 Bobby Fischer ﹝1973年世界冠軍﹞， 都交過手。1940年代，不少棋評認為他是當時世界最強棋手。1948
年，他參加世界冠軍賽，打進決賽圈﹝最後由 Botvinnik 嬴得世界冠軍稱號﹞。1991年，80高齡還參加國際賽。
1991年他接受訪問，自述一生傳奇。最近在網上找到這篇訪問稿，摘錄練棋的片段給棋友參考。
Reshevsky 從小就顯露下棋才能，是位天才：
「HWR (記者Hanon Russell): When did you
learn to play chess?
RESHEVSKY: When I was five years old.
HWR: How did you learn? Did your father teach you?
RESHEVSKY: Nobody taught me. My father used to play with his neighbors
and after watching for about two weeks, I saw him resign. When he did
that, I popped up and I said, "Dad, let me take over your position."
He said, "OK." I took over the position and I won the game.
That was the beginning.
HWR: How long was it before you or somebody realized you had a talent
for the game?
RESHEVSKY: Well, they took me to the best players in the town and when
I had no difficulty against them, they took me to the large city of Lodz.
They took me to one of the best chess clubs there. I played against some
of the best players and I did well.」
Reshevsky 大學時才認真研究國際象棋，花時間研究開局，：
「RESHEVSKY: ...I attended the University of Chicago..
HWR: That's when you started playing a lot of chess regularly.
RESHEVSKY: After I graduated from the University of Chicago, I took off
about six months and started studying chess theoretically and scientifically.
The openings especially, of course.
HWR: What were you initially interested in when you looked at openings?
What was influential on your study?
RESHEVSKY: I hadn't know anything before that time. I played by instinct.
I always got myself into trouble in the openings because I didn't know
them. I had to fight out of them. Then I made up my mind that I had to
know the openings. I studied the openings thoroughly.」
Reshevsky 只打開局譜，對當時的高手對局不感興趣，中殘局也只憑自身功力應付：
「HWR: Did you study games or collections?
RESHEVSKY: Yes, those were the main things I studied. From magazines
and from the opening books available at that time.
HWR: The stars of the late 1920's and the early 1930's were Alekhin,
Capablanca, Lasker...﹝按：都是世界冠軍﹞
RESHEVSKY: I didn't study them, just the openings.
HWR: Nothing else?
RESHEVSKY: Opening books, nothing else. I lost interest in everything
else, really, because I depended on my ability to know the mid-game and
the endings.」
Reshevsky 一直都只習開局，就是爭奪世界冠軍也是如此。不習中局，不習殘局，也不下訓練對局：
「HWR: That was also the year [1948] of the world championship tournament.
Alekhin had died in 1946 in Portugal. Botvinnik won, and along with you,
Keres, Smyslov and Euwe played. There were five games against each. What
did you do to prepare, now that you had a direct shot at the title?
RESHEVSKY: The openings were the only thing I ever prepared.
HWR: You didn't spend any time on the endgame?
RESHEVSKY: No.
HWR: You didn't spend any time on the middlegame?
RESHEVSKY: No. I just spent time on the openings because I was confident
that I could handle the rest of the game myself.
HWR: Did you play any training matches?
RESHEVSKY: No.」
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Lev Alburt 只拆一局
摘自《Test and Improve Your Chess》
Lev Alburt 原是蘇聯國際象棋手，移居美國後取得三次美國冠軍。他著書談及頂級棋手的訓練秘密，原來就是把所有時間都用來拆同一局，拆通後才另換局面：
「......Top players have a training secret from which amateurs
could also greatly benefit - if only they know what it was! The trouble
is that most of the basic chess manuals disregard it completely, which
the ones that do suggest it (like Kotov's highly acclaimed Think Like
a Grandmaster) overlook many of its virtues.
Simply stated,
it is as follows: to borden your overall chess skills, choose one concrete
position and analyse it exhaustively. Only after you have painstakingly
unearthed every latent strategic idea and tactical naunce should you proceed
to a different position.
The immortal Aron
Nimzowitch was a staunch advocate of this didactic approach, and I too
wholeheartedly recommend it. I advise my students to devote their hours
of independent study to thorough research on a solitary position, be it
a commonly played set-up, instructive middlegame formation, critical tournament
game, complicated adjournment, or composed endgame study.
Initially, this
system of specialized learning may appear time-consuming and even monotonous.
But if you stick with it, your diligence will return generous rewards......」
Lev 建議的拆棋時間是很長的：
「......For your introduction to the system of specialization, we
invite you to analyse (a positioin offered in the
book), and then compare your conclusions with mine...Take as much
time to analyse as you want or need (several sessions lasting one or two
hours each is recommended), and analyse at your own pace.」
- 摘自《Specialization I》一章
TOP
Josh Waitzkin對棋冥想
摘自《Searching for Bobby Fischer》
國際象棋程式 Chessmaster
的代言人Josh Waitzkin 是國際象棋國際大師﹝IM -International Master﹞。六歲就顯露下棋才華，十三歲成為國家大師，十六歲升為國際大師，八次奪得全美國際象棋冠軍﹝不同年齡組別﹞。Hollywood
電影《Searching for Bobby Fischer》就是依據他父親 Fred Waitzkin 寫的同名書拍成，描述 Josh 的成長。有興趣的棋友可以到
Josh Waitzkin
的個人網頁看看。他還是全美太極推手冠軍。
他父親在書裏透露了 Josh 兒時怎樣學棋。原來他主要跟國際大師 Bruce Pandolifini
上課，Bruce 是美國著名象棋教練，善長指導初、中級棋手。另外每星期有三、四個晚飯後獨立拆棋半小時，周未實戰。請看原著：
「...He﹝ Josh Waitzkin﹞was now ﹝
1984 年，十一歲﹞studying two hours each week with Pandolfini, doing
half an hour of problem-solving three or four evening a week and, if there
was no tournament, playing once or twice a weekend in the park – a total
of six or even hours of chess a week;...」
- 摘自第十一章《Not Closed for Repairs》
Fred Waitzkin 請 Bruce Pandolifini 到家裏指導兒子，看到上課的情形。Josh
還小時，指導就是下快棋：
「At the age of six, Josh resisted instruction, and Bruce taught him indirectly
by playing speed games and offering delectable bribes for rare moments
of seriousness...」
Josh 稍大一點，指導變成以解棋題為主：
「...but by the time he was eight, their lessons often resembled meditations.
When Josh looked up from a difficult position for a hint, Bruce would
say inscrutably, "I am only here to help you look. You have to find
the answer yourself."」
解題時，不允許搬動棋子，老師也不給提示。Fred 的描述很生動：
「 Week after week Bruce urges Josh to look deeper into the positions they
study…I watch the two of them for a few minutes from across the living
room. Typically, Bruce leans back in his chair and sips coffee. Josh sits
at the board, his head cupped between his hands. I can see his eyes flashing
from piece to piece, his face taut and serious. He can't find the answer.
He glances up at Bruce for help and then back at the board. His lips move,
“Take, take, take, take, take, take,” while he nods his head to the beat
of his mumbling. He is in trouble. Bruce won't help and leans back in
his chair with a supercilious expression that both spurs our son ahead
and angers him. His brow furrows in frustration. The mate is eight move
from the position in front of him, and he isn't allowed to move the pieces
until he figures it out in his head. He almost has it, but not quite.
At the point in his analysis where the lines have been cleared of pieces
and the mate should be crystal clear, the king standing like a lone figure
on an empty avenue, he gets lost. He doesn't see the critical check, and
after a few seconds the imagined position of the pieces grows fuzzy in
his head and he must reconstruct it again. “Take, take, take, take, take,
take…knight to f8,” he says without resolution.
“That's a nice try, Josh. I considered it myself, but you can see why
it doesn't work, can't you?”
“Because the queen protects along the diagonal,” Josh says glumly. He
begins to chew on the neckline of his polo shirt while his teacher sips
his coffee. 」
- 摘自第十四章《Josh and Bruce》
按：Bruce Pandolifini在國際象棋網頁chesscafe有
專欄，解答棋友學棋和教棋疑問。
Top
修訂：二○○四年十二月十八日
二○○四年十二月四日
二○○四年十月廿一日
二○○四年九月九日
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