Hepatophyta were the first nonvascular plants. This is evidenced by the fossil record and their lack of stomata, which all other divisions have.  They have rootlike rhizoids and bodies which are lobed and flattened. Liverworts reproduce sexually when the flagellated sperm from the male antheridia swim to the female archegonia, both on the gametophyte. This produces a sporophyte, which releases spores formed by meiosis. They reproduce asexually by forming balls of diploid tissue in gemmae cups. Gemmae are dispersed when rainwater splashes on them.

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Nonvascular Plants

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