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Earth: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 5.98 x 1024 
Diameter (km) 12756 
Mean density (kg/m3) 5520 
Escape velocity (m/s) 11200 
Average distance from Sun 1 AU (149,597,890 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1 (23.93 hours) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 365.26 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 23.4 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 0 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.017 
Mean surface temperature (K) 281 
Mean maximum surface temperature (K) 310 
Mean minimum surface temperature (K) 260 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.39 
Highest point on surface Mount Everest
(over 8 km above sea-level) 
Atmospheric components 78% nitrogen,
                                        21% oxygen,
                                         1% argon 
Surface materials basaltic and granitic rock and altered materials 

 

 

Mercury: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 3.3 x 1023 
Diameter (km) 4879.4 
Mean density (kg/m3) 5420 
Escape velocity (m/s) 4300 
Average distance from Sun 0.387 AU (57,909,175 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 58.65 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 87.97 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 0 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 7 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.206 
Mean surface temperature (K) 452 
Maximum surface temperature (K) 700 
Minimum surface temperature (K) 100 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.12 
Largest known surface feature Caloris Basin (1350 km diameter) 
Atmospheric components trace amounts of hydrogen and helium 
Surface materials basaltic and anorthositic rocks and regolith 

 

 

Venus: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 4.87 x 1024 
Diameter (km) 12104 
Mean density (kg/m3) 5250 
Escape velocity (m/s) 10400 
Average distance from Sun 0.723 AU (108,208,930 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 243.02 (retrograde) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 224.7 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 178 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 3.39 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.007 
Mean surface temperature (K) 726 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.59 
Highest point on surface Maxwell Montes
(17 km above mean planetary radius) 
Atmospheric components 96% carbon dioxide,
                                        3% nitrogen,
                                        0.1% water vapor 
Surface materials basaltic rock and altered materials 

 


Mars: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 6.42 x 1023 
Diameter (km) 6787 
Mean density (kg/m3) 3940 
Escape velocity (m/s) 5000 
Average distance from Sun 1.524 AU (227,936,640 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1.026 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 686.98 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 25 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.85 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.093 
Maximum surface temperature (K) 310 
Minimum surface temperature (K) 150 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.15 
Highest point on surface Olympus Moons
(about 24 km above surrounding lava plains) 
Atmospheric components 95% carbon dioxide,
                                          3% nitrogen,
                                          1.6% argon 
Surface materials basaltic rock and altered materials 

 


Jupiter: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.90 x 1027 
Diameter (km) 142,800 
Mean density (kg/m3) 1314 
Escape velocity (m/s) 59500 
Average distance from Sun 5.203 AU (778,412,020 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.41 (9.8 Earth hours) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 11.86 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 3.08 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.3 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.048 
Mean surface temperature (K) 120 (cloud tops) 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.44 
Atmospheric components 90% hydrogen,
                                       10% helium,
                                        0.07% methane 
Rings Faint ring.
Infrared spectra imply dark rock fragments. 

 


Saturn: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 5.69 x 1026 
Diameter (km) 120660 
Mean density (kg/m3) 690 
Escape velocity (m/s) 35600 
Average distance from Sun 9.537 AU (1,426,725,400 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.44 (10.2 Earth hours) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 29.46 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 26.7 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 2.49 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.056 
Mean temperature (K) 88 K (1 bar level) 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.46 
Atmospheric components 97% hydrogen,
                                        3% helium,
                                      0 .05% methane 
Rings Rings are 270,000 km in diameter, 
but only a few hundred meters thick. 
Particles are centimeters to decameters 
in size and are ice (some may be covered 
with ice); there are traces of silicate 
and carbon minerals. There are four main 
ring groups and three more faint, narrow 
ring groups separated by gaps called divisions. 

 


Uranus: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 8.68 x 1025 
Diameter (km) 51118 
Mean density (kg/m3) 1290 
Escape velocity (m/s) 21300 
Average distance from Sun 19.19 AU (2,870,972,200 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.72 (17.9 Earth hours) (retrograde) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 30,685 (84 Earth years) 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 97.9 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 0.77 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.047 
Mean temperature (K) 59 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.56 
Atmospheric components 83% hydrogen,
                                       15% helium,
                                        2% methane (at depth) 
Rings Uranus has a system of narrow, faint rings. 
Ring particles are dark, and could 
consist of rocky or carbonaceous material. 

 


Neptune: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.02 x 1026 
Diameter (km) 49528 
Mean density (kg/m3) 1640 
Escape velocity (m/s) 23300 
Average distance from Sun 30.07 AU (4,498,252,900 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.67 (19.1 hours) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 60,190 (164.8 Earth years) 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 29.6 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.77 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.009 
Mean temperature (K) 48 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.51 
Atmospheric components 74% hydrogen,
                                        25% helium,
                                        1% methane (at depth) 
Rings Rings are narrow, and contain 
concentrations of particles 
called ring arcs. 

 


Pluto: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.29 x 1022 
Diameter (km) 2300 
Mean density (kg/m3) 2030 
Escape velocity (m/s) 1100 
Average distance from Sun 39.48 AU (5,906,376,200 km) 
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 6.39 (retrograde) 
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 247.92 
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 122.5 
Orbit inclination (degrees) 17.15 
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.248 
Mean temperature (K) 37 
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) about 0.5 
Atmospheric components perhaps methane and nitrogen 
Surface materials perhaps methane ice

 

 

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