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Earth: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 5.98 x 1024
Diameter (km) 12756
Mean density (kg/m3) 5520
Escape velocity (m/s) 11200
Average distance from Sun 1 AU (149,597,890 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1 (23.93 hours)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 365.26
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 23.4
Orbit inclination (degrees) 0
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.017
Mean surface temperature (K) 281
Mean maximum surface temperature (K) 310
Mean minimum surface temperature (K) 260
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.39
Highest point on surface Mount Everest
(over 8 km above sea-level)
Atmospheric components 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen,
1% argon
Surface materials basaltic and granitic rock and altered materials
Mercury: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 3.3 x 1023
Diameter (km) 4879.4
Mean density (kg/m3) 5420
Escape velocity (m/s) 4300
Average distance from Sun 0.387 AU (57,909,175 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 58.65
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 87.97
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 0
Orbit inclination (degrees) 7
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.206
Mean surface temperature (K) 452
Maximum surface temperature (K) 700
Minimum surface temperature (K) 100
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.12
Largest known surface feature Caloris Basin (1350 km diameter)
Atmospheric components trace amounts of hydrogen and helium
Surface materials basaltic and anorthositic rocks and regolith
Venus: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 4.87 x 1024
Diameter (km) 12104
Mean density (kg/m3) 5250
Escape velocity (m/s) 10400
Average distance from Sun 0.723 AU (108,208,930 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 243.02 (retrograde)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 224.7
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 178
Orbit inclination (degrees) 3.39
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.007
Mean surface temperature (K) 726
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.59
Highest point on surface Maxwell Montes
(17 km above mean planetary radius)
Atmospheric components 96% carbon dioxide,
3% nitrogen,
0.1% water vapor
Surface materials basaltic rock and altered materials
Mars: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 6.42 x 1023
Diameter (km) 6787
Mean density (kg/m3) 3940
Escape velocity (m/s) 5000
Average distance from Sun 1.524 AU (227,936,640 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 1.026
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 686.98
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 25
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.85
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.093
Maximum surface temperature (K) 310
Minimum surface temperature (K) 150
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.15
Highest point on surface Olympus Moons
(about 24 km above surrounding lava plains)
Atmospheric components 95% carbon dioxide,
3% nitrogen,
1.6% argon
Surface materials basaltic rock and altered materials
Jupiter: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.90 x 1027
Diameter (km) 142,800
Mean density (kg/m3) 1314
Escape velocity (m/s) 59500
Average distance from Sun 5.203 AU (778,412,020 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.41 (9.8 Earth hours)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 11.86
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 3.08
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.3
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.048
Mean surface temperature (K) 120 (cloud tops)
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.44
Atmospheric components 90% hydrogen,
10% helium,
0.07% methane
Rings Faint ring.
Infrared spectra imply dark rock fragments.
Saturn: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 5.69 x 1026
Diameter (km) 120660
Mean density (kg/m3) 690
Escape velocity (m/s) 35600
Average distance from Sun 9.537 AU (1,426,725,400 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.44 (10.2 Earth hours)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 29.46
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 26.7
Orbit inclination (degrees) 2.49
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.056
Mean temperature (K) 88 K (1 bar level)
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.46
Atmospheric components 97% hydrogen,
3% helium,
0 .05% methane
Rings Rings are 270,000 km in diameter,
but only a few hundred meters thick.
Particles are centimeters to decameters
in size and are ice (some may be covered
with ice); there are traces of silicate
and carbon minerals. There are four main
ring groups and three more faint, narrow
ring groups separated by gaps called divisions.
Uranus: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 8.68 x 1025
Diameter (km) 51118
Mean density (kg/m3) 1290
Escape velocity (m/s) 21300
Average distance from Sun 19.19 AU (2,870,972,200 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.72 (17.9 Earth hours)
(retrograde)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 30,685 (84 Earth years)
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 97.9
Orbit inclination (degrees) 0.77
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.047
Mean temperature (K) 59
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.56
Atmospheric components 83% hydrogen,
15% helium,
2% methane (at depth)
Rings Uranus has a system of narrow, faint rings.
Ring particles are dark, and could
consist of rocky or carbonaceous material.
Neptune: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.02 x 1026
Diameter (km) 49528
Mean density (kg/m3) 1640
Escape velocity (m/s) 23300
Average distance from Sun 30.07 AU (4,498,252,900 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 0.67 (19.1 hours)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 60,190 (164.8 Earth years)
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 29.6
Orbit inclination (degrees) 1.77
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.009
Mean temperature (K) 48
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) 0.51
Atmospheric components 74% hydrogen,
25% helium,
1% methane (at depth)
Rings Rings are narrow, and contain
concentrations of particles
called ring arcs.
Pluto: Planet Profile
Mass (kg) 1.29 x 1022
Diameter (km) 2300
Mean density (kg/m3) 2030
Escape velocity (m/s) 1100
Average distance from Sun 39.48 AU (5,906,376,200 km)
Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 6.39 (retrograde)
Revolution period (length of year in Earth years) 247.92
Obliquity (tilt of axis degrees) 122.5
Orbit inclination (degrees) 17.15
Orbit eccentricity (deviation from circular) 0.248
Mean temperature (K) 37
Visual geometric Aledo (reflectivity) about 0.5
Atmospheric components perhaps methane and nitrogen
Surface materials perhaps methane ice