Neurothemis sp.(Fig.2)
General Description: The members of this group is marked by the riot of crossveins in the triangle of the forewing; thorax and abdomen light brown in color; wings generally light brown; brown area of the wings extending towards the stigma but abbreviated and rounded posteriorly towards the margin of the wings; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not broadened; wing apices well rounded; is group was observed to have only three (3) variants.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes scarcely touching.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 6-12; number of cells in the subtriangle 6-9;12-23; extra bridge crossveins 0-4; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 5-9; number of antenodal crossveins 14-21; number of postnodal crossveins 8-14; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing different in general appearance; triangle nearer to arculus in the hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle staright; vein Rs smoothly curved and unforked; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma less than 3; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 nad M2 arising just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1-3; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1-3; number of antenodal crossveins 11-14; number of postnodal crossveins 9-14; anal loop footshaped and entire; anal loop flatfooted and not open; ankle cells present; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 strongly divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma less then 3; arculus nearer the second antenodal crossvein; supratriangle crossed; stigma thin.
Three variants were observed from this group of dragonflies. All of the variants have their vein Mt. running in a smooth curve and their vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the hindwing triangle. Variant 2 differs from the other two because this has a complete distal antenodal crossvein in both sides of the forewing. Variants 1 and 3 have incomplete antenodal crossveins in the forewing.
Table 13. Qualitative characters in the fore- and hindwings used to describe the different variants of Neurothemis. sp.
Holotype: var 1- Tipanoy, Iligan City; var 2 ? Luyong, Iligan City.Acisoma panorpoides (Fig.2)
Description: Both thoracic and abdominal segments yellow in color; thorax heavily marked with black; basal part of the hindwing light brown in color; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; apices of wings well rounded; only one kind was observed in this group.
Eyes: Vertex larger than the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cells in the subtriangle 2; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 2; number of antenodal crossveins 7; number of forewing postnodal crossveins 7; last antenodal cross-vein continuous; vein Mt. Smoothly running in a smooth curve; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing dissimilar in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in the hindwing than in the forewing; outer side of the triangle straight; vein Rs smoothly curved and unforked; radial planate present and subtends one row of cells; number of paranal cells 5; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under stigma less than 3; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 arises just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 6; number of postnodal crossveins 7; vein Cu1 originating from the outer side of the triangle; vein As arising beyond anal crossing; base of the triangle distant from one end of the arculus; anal loop footshaped and jagged; base of anal loop not flat; anal foot not open; toe in anal foot weakly developed but complete; no ankle cells present; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; no crossveins present in the supratriangle; stigma thin.
Distribution: Camiguin Island
Gynacantha subinterrupta (Fig.2)
General Description: These are large dragonflies of the Family Aeshnidae; the thorax of which is finely filled with light brown; the abdomen somewhat red brown in coloration; traces of dark brown can be seen on some of the antenodal crossvein and on the basal area of the wings; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing neatly curved and not greatly broadened; apicesof the wings well rounded; Only one (1) kind was observed in this group.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front absent; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes broadly touching;
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 7; number of cells in the subtriangle 2; extra bridge crossveins 9-10; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 31-33; number of forewing postnodal crossveins 17-23; last antenodal cross-vein discontinuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of the triangle at least twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing similar in shape and size; distance from the triangle to the arculus in the fore and hindwing the same; costal side of the triangle angled; vein Rs undulant; fork of Rs askew upward; no radial planate present; number of paranal cells 8; number of crossveins under the stigma more than 3; nodus neatly placed at the point halfway between the base and apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 nad M2 arises at the point before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle7-8; number of cubitoanal crossveins 8; number of antenodal crossveins 22-23; number of postnodal crossveins 23-24; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; base of triangle distad; anal loop elongated but not footshaped; anal loop entire and sealed; midrib jagged; veins m4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma more than 3; one end of the arculus much closer to the second antenodal crossvein; crossveins in the supratriangle present; stigma thin.
Distribution: Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City
Tetracanthagyna bakeri Campion(Fig.2)
General Description: These are large members of the family Aeshnidae the thorax of which is filled with red brown; dark thoracic markings not evident; the rest of the abdomen is colored with black; the wings are generally brown in color with no spots or marks on the antenodal crossveins and the basal parts of the wings; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax insufficiently elevated; base of the hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices slightly pointy; only one kind was observed in this group.
Head: Vertex larger compared to the occiput; median cleft in front absent; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes broadly touching.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of veins in the triangle 5; number of cells in the subtriangle 1-2; extra bridge crossveins 9; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 33; number of postnodal crossveins 17-23; last antenodal crossvein discontinuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of the triangle longer than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing similar in size and shape; distance from the triangle to the arculus the same in both fore and hindwing; costal side of the triangle angled; Rs vein undulated and forked; fork askew upward; radial planate absent; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 7; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma more than 3; nodus placed at midpoint between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 arises ahead of the stigma; stigma thick (about only twice as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 5; number of cubitoanal crossveins 6; number of antenodal crossveins 22-23; number of postnodal crossveins 24; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; base of triangle distad; anal loop elongated but not footshaped; midrib jagged; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma more than 3; arculus near the third antenodal crossvein; supratriangle crossed; stigma thick.
Distribution: Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City
Unknown Species A (Fig.2)
General Description: Members of this group of dragonflies have their thorax yellow in color; dark stripes present in the thoracic segments; abdomen light brown in coloration; basal area of the hindwing neatly marked with yellow orange; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of the prothorax well elevated; base of the hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices slightly pointy.
Head: Vertex larger than the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes scarcely touching.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 1-2; number of cells in the subtriangle 3-5; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 10-16; number of postnodal crossveins 8-19; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inners side; triangle in fore and hindwing dissimilar in shape; costal side of the triangle straight; Rs vein smoothly curved and unforked; radial planate present and subtends more than 1 row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 5; number of crossveins under the stigma less than 3; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 beginning to appear just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 9-14; number of postnodal crossveins 9-13; anal loop footshaped and entire; base of anal foot not flat; toe in anal foot well developed; ankle cells in the anal foot present; midrib entire and angled; veins M4 and Cu1 convergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma less than 3; arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; supratriangle not crossed; stigma thin.
Ten (10) variants were observed for this group (Table 14). The only characteristics common to all the variants belonging to this group is the possession of a smoothly curved vein Mt. All the other characters vary considerably from one variant to another and from one side of the wing to the other. As observed, the vein Cu1 of this species of dragonflies can originate either from the hindmost angle or the outer side of the hindwing triangle. All variants on the other hand collectively exploits all the three possible positions of the base of the hindwing triangle.
Table 14. Qualitative characters in the fore- and hindwings used to describe the different variants of Species A.
Distribution: var 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ? Tipanoy; var 4 - Mt. Gabunan; var 6- Luyong; Var 10- Mesaledeng; var 10- Muyong, Mesaledeng, Tipanoy.
Unknown Species B (Fig.2)
General Description: These dragonflies are members of the Family Libellulidae; the thorax and abdomen of which is filled with a reddish brown coloration; thoracic segments marked with dark stripes; the basal area of the hindwing painted with a strong reddish brown coloration; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of the prothorax well elevated; basal part of the hindwing greatly broadened; the wing apices slightly pointy. Only one kind was observed in this group.
Head: Vertex larger in size when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance;
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 4; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 13; number of postnodal crossveins 8-9; last antedonal crossvein discontinuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing dissimilar in shape; triangle nearer to the arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs smoothly curved and unforked; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 5; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under stigma 1-2; nodus located halfway between the base and apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 beginning to appear just right before the stigma; stigma thick (only about twice as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 7-8; number of postnodal crossveins 10; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; base of the triangle may come opposite or beyond the arculus (a or d position); anal loop footshaped and jagged base of anal foot not flat; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; ankle cells absent; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; arculus near the first antenodal crossvein; supratriangle uncrossed; stigma thick.
Distribution: Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City .
Unknown Species C (Fig.2)
General Description: This dragonfly belongs to the family Libellulidae; the thoracic and the abdominal segments of which are black in appearance; both wings are clear with no colored spots in the basal area of the hindwing; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not well elevated; wing apices slightly pointy.
Head: Vertex larger than the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 15-17; number of postnodal crossveins 10-12; upper side of the triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing dissimilar in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in the hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs undulant but not forked; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of crossveins under the stigma greater than or equal to 3; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 beginning to appear on the point just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 11-13; number of postnodal crossveins 10-13; anal loop footshaped and jagged; basal part of the anal foot flat; anal loop closed; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; no ankle cells present; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma greater than or equal to 3; one end of the arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; no crossveins in the supratriangle present; stigma thin.
Only two variants were observed in this group (Table 15). These variants differ only in the position of the base their hindwing triangle. The first variant has it directly below and opposite the anal crossing. The other variant has it positioned between the base and arculus of the hindwing triangle.
All two variants from this group manifested an incomplete distal antenodal crossvein in both the right and left side of the forewing, a smoothly curved vein Mt., vein Cu1 that has its origin at the hindmost angle of the hindwing triangle and a vein As situated beyond the anal crossing.
Table 15. Qualitative characters in the fore- and hindwings used to describe the different variants of Species C.
Distribution: var 1- Mt Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City and var 2- Luyong of Rogongon, Iligan City.
Unknown Species D (Fig.2)
General Description: This dragonfly belongs to the family Libellulidae; thoracic segments of which are green in color mingled neatly with dark markings on the sides; the abdominal segments brown in color; basal area of the hindwing free from color spots; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; apices of the wings well rounded; only one (1) variant was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 17-19; number of postnodal crossveins 12-13; last antenodal crossvein continous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing dissimilar in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in hindwing than in forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs undulant and unforked; radial planate present and subtends one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; nodus located halfway between the base and apex of the wings; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 beginning to appear just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 7-8; number of postnodal crossveins 10; vein Cu1 arising from the outer side of the triangle; vein As arising opposite from the anal crossing; base of triangle proximad; anal loop footshaped and entire; basal area of the anal foot not flat; anal foot sealed; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; ankle cells in the anal foot absent; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; arculus is much nearer to the second antenodal crossvein; crossveins in the supratriangle present; stigma thin.
Distribution: Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City.
Unknown Species E (Fig.2)
General Description: This type specimen has its thoracic segments colored with yellow and mingled with dark stripes; the abdominal segments are colored with a striking blood red; the wings are clear; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior portion of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices of the forewing well rounded.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons metallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 2; number of antenodal crossveins 14-15; number of postnodal crossveins 14-15; last antenodal cross-vein continuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; vein Mt. arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond anal crossing; base of triangle distad; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle closer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs smoothly curved and unforked; no radial planate present; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 8; number of crossveins under the stigma greater than or equal to 3; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between veins M1 and M2 beginning to appear just right before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 2-3; number of antenodal crossveins 12-13; number of postnodal crossveins 13-14; anal loop not foot shaped; midrib jagged; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma greater than or equal to 3; arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; supratriangle uncrossed; stigma thin.
Distribution: MSU-IIT, Iligan City .
Unknown Species F (Fig.2)
General Description: This dragonfly belongs to the Family Libellulidae the thorax and abdomen of which is yellow in color; the thoracic segments marked with dark stripes; the basal area of the hindwing is marked with a yellow orange spot; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of the prothorax well elevated; the base of the hindwing not greatly broadened; apices of the wings slightly pointy; only one kind was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 12; number of postnodal crossveins 8; last antenodal cross-vein discontinuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs running in a smooth curve and not branching; radial planate present and subtends one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 5; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between veins M1 and M2 begins to appear just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide); [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 8-9; number of postnodal crossveins 8-9; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; base of triangle proximad; anal loop footshaped and jagged; basal area of the anal foot not flat; anal foot closed; no ankle cells present; midrib entire and angled; veins M4 and Cu1 strongly convergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; one end of the arculus near the first antenodal crossvein; supratriangle not crossed; stigma thin.
Distribution: Luyong, Iligan City
Unknown Species G (Fig.2)
General Description: This species has both of its abdomen and thorax brown in color with the thorax marked with dark stripes; the basal area of the wings free from colored spots; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; apices of the wing well rounded.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3-4; number of antenodal crossveins 15-17; number of forewing postnodal crossveins 10-12; upper side of triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in hindwing than in forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs undulant and unforked; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma 3; nodus placed midway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between veins M1 and M2 begins to appear before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 11-12; number of postnodal crossveins 10-13; anal loop footshaped and jagged; basal area of the anal foot flat but closed; no ankle cells present; midrib of the anal foot entire and angled in the near middle portion; veins M4 and Cu1 diverging towards the margin of the wing; arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; crossveins in the supratriangle absent; stigma thin.
Two variants are observed from this group (Table 16). The first variant differs from the second in having a complete last antenodal crossvein and a vein As arising opposite the anal crossing in the right fore and hindwing respectively. The two variants however have a slightly undulant vein Mt., a vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the hindwing triangle and the base of the triangle strictly opposite and directly below the arculus of the hindwing triangle.
Table 16. Qualitative characters in the fore- and hindwings used to describe the different variants of Species G.
Distribution: var 1- Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City; var 2- Mt. Gabunan - Purok Bayanihan of Rogongon, Iligan City.
Unknown Species H (Fig.2)
General Description: This species has its thorax and abdomen filled with jade green; basal portion of the hindwing free from colored spots; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices well rounded; Only one (1) variant was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 2; number of cells in the subtriangle 5; extra bridge crossveins 1; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 4; number of antenodal crossveins 16; number of postnodal crossveins 11; last antenodal cross-vein discontinuous; vein Mt. smoothly curved; upper side of the triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in the fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; Rs vein running in a smooth curve and completely unbranching; radial planate present and subtends a single row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossvein more than 4; number of crossveins under stigma 1-2; nodus located midpoint between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between M1 and M4 begins to appear just before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins; number of antenodal crossveins 12; number of postnodal crossveins 12; vein Cu1 arising from hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; base of the triangle opposite to one end of the arculus; anal loop foot-shaped and entire; basal part of the anal foot not flat; anal loop closed; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; ankle cells present; midrib entire and nearly straight; veins M4 and Cu1 diverging towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under thje stigma 1-2; arculus near the second antenodal crossvein; supratriangle crossed; stigma thin.
Distribution: Gimbalonan of Rogongon, Iligan City
Unknown Species I (Fig. 2)
General Description: This species of dragonfly belongs to the Libellulidae family; its thorax is dominantly yellow in color; thoracic segments alternately marked with dark stripes; basal part of the hindwing is free from colored spots; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices slightly pointy; Only one kind was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3-4; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 15-16; number of forewing postnodal crossveins 11-13; last antenodal crossvein discontinuous; vein Mt. undulant; upper side of triangle less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle closer to arculus in the hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of triangle straight; vein Rs undulant but completely unbranching; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under stigma 1-2; nodus located midway between the base and apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between the veins M1 and M2 beginning to appear before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 11-12; number of postnodal crossveins 11; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; base of triangle may come distad or opposite to one end of the arculus (d or a position); anal loop foot shaped and jagged; basal area of the foot flat; anal loop closed; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; no ankle cells present; midrib entire and angled; veins M4 and Cu1 diverging towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under stigma 1-2; arculus nearer to the second antenodal crossvein; no crossveins in the supratriangle present; stigma thin.
Distribution: Tipanoy, Iligan City
Unknown Species J (Fig. 2)
General Description: This species of dragonfly belongs to the Libellulidae family; its thorax is dominantly yellow in color; thoracic segments alternately marked with dark stripes; basal area of the hindwing free from colored markings; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing not greatly broadened; wing apices slightly pointy; only one (1) kind was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex much larger when compared to the occiput; median cleft in front distinct; frons nonmetallic; eyes contiguous for a short distance.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 7-8; number of cells in the subtriangle 10-11; extra bridge crossveins 2-3; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 5-6; number of antenodal crossveins 16-17; number of postnodal crossveins 10-13; last antenodal crossvein discontinuous; vein Mt. running in a smooth curve; upper side of the triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing different in size and shape; triangle nearer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs undulant and not branching; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; nodus located halfway between the base and the apex of the wings; two rows of cells between the veins M1 and M2 beginning to appear before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins; number of antenodal crossveins 12-13; number of postnodal crossveins 16; vein Cu1 arising from the hindmost angle of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; base of triangle opposite to one end of the arculus; anal loop foot shaped and jagged; basal part of the anal foot flat; anal loop closed; toe in anal foot complete and well developed; ankle cells absent; midrib entire and angled in the near middle; veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; arculus near the second antenodal crossveins; supratriangle free from crossveins; stigma thin.
Distribution: Luyong, Iligan City
Species K (Fig. 2)
General Description: This species belongs to the family Libellulidae; thorax yellow brown in color marked by distinct black stripes; the abdomen yellow brown in color; basal area of the hindwing painted with yellow brown; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; basal portion of the hindwing not well elevated; wing apices blunt and rounded; Only one (1) kind was observed for this group.
Head: Vertex larger than the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes scarcely touching.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crosswings in the triangle 1; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 3; number of antenodal crossveins 8; number of postnodal crossveins 7.; upper side of triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; last antenodal crossvein discontinuous; vein Mt. smoothly curved; vein Cu1 arising from the outer side of the triangle; vein As arising beyond the anal crossing; triangle in the fore and hindwing dissimilar in shape; triangle closer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs running in a smooth curve and not branching; radial planate present and subtends a single row of cells; number of paranal cells 5; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; nodus located halfway between the base and apex of the wings; two rows of cells between M1 and M2 beginning to appear at the point before the stigma; stigma thick (only about two times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 0; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 5-6; number of postnodal crossveins 5-6; anal loop foot shaped and entire; base of the anal foot not flat; anal loop closed; toe of anal foot complete but weakly developed; ankle cells absent; midrib entire and angled; veins M4 and Cu1 strongly divergent towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma 1-2; arculus much nearer to the first antenodal crossvein; supratriangle free from crossveins; stigma thick.
Distribution: Tipanoy, Iligan City
Unknown Species L (Fig.2)
General Description: This species has a green colored thorax combined with dark stripes; abdomen light brown in color; no colored spot at the base of the hindwing; prothorax fringed with long erect hairs; posterior margin of prothorax well elevated; base of hindwing follows a smooth curve; wing apices slightly pointy.
Head: Vertex larger than the occiput; median cleft in front present; frons nonmetallic; lobes of the eyes scarcely touching.
Wings: [Forewing] Number of crossveins in the triangle 1-2; number of cells in the subtriangle 3; extra bridge crossveins 0; number of cell rows within the discoidal field 2; number of antenodal crossveins 11-14; number of forewing postnodal crossveins 11-14; upper side of triangle considerably less than twice the length of the inner side; triangle in fore and hindwing dissimilar in size and shape; triangle closer to arculus in hindwing than in the forewing; costal side of the triangle straight; vein Rs undulant and not branching; radial planate present and subtends more than one row of cells; number of paranal cells before the subtriangle 6; number of intermedian crossveins more than 4; number of crossveins under the stigma 3; nodus located at the point midway between the base and the apex of the forewing; two rows of cells between the veins M1 and M2 commencing at the point before the stigma; stigma thin (about three times as long as wide). [Hindwing] number of crossveins in the triangle 1; number of cubitoanal crossveins 1; number of antenodal crossveins 11-13; number of postnodal crossveins 11-14; anal loop foot-shaped and jagged; basal part of the anal foot flat; anal loop closed; toe of anal foot complete and well developed; ankle cells absent; midrib entire and angled; veins M4 and Cu1 strongly diverging towards the margin of the wings; number of crossveins under the stigma 3; arculus much nearer to the second antenodal crossvein; supratriangle free from crossveins; stigma thin.
Two variants are observed from this group differing considerably in four out of the five major qualitative characters of the wings (Table 17). This group of dragonflies has complete antenodal crossveins in both sides of the forewing. The two variants of these group of dragonflies collectively exploits all the possible positions of the veins Cu1, As and Mt. As observed, he basal side of the hindwing triangle of each variant occupy only two out of the three possible positions - one located directly opposite the arculus and one found between the base and arculus of the hindwing.
Table 17. Qualitative characters in the fore- and hindwings used to describe the different variants of Species L.
Distribution: var. 1 and var.2 - Mt. Gabunan of Rogongon, Iligan City.
The variations observed within a single species of dragonflies were due to fluctuating symmetry in wing venational characters. A number of these species variants are highly localized in distribution and are therefore of important considerations within the scope of conservation management.
II. Cluster Analysis of the Taxonomic Relationships of the Different Dragonfly Species.
Cluster analysis was done to establish the taxonomic relationships of the different species of dragonflies collected at various streams, ponds and montane forests of Mindanao. A dendrogram was constructed to show how the various species are grouped and this is shown in Fig 3.
Cluster 1.
Characteristic to all the members of cluster one (1) is the possession of a radial planate on each side of the forewing. They also have both lobes of their eyes contiguous for only a short distance. The upper sides of the forewing triangle of these species are considerably shorter than twice the length of the inner side. These group have triangles in their fore and hindwing different in size and shape with that of the forewing extending rearward towards the margin of the wings and that of the hindwing elongated lengthwise of the wing. The triangle is also nearer to the arculus in the hindwing than in the forewing.
Cluster 2
Cluster 2 stems out from the group of dragonflies belonging to the family Libellulidae. This group is composed of seven species namely: A, B, D, H, N. terminata terminata, N. palliata and T. aurora. Nearly all species composing this cluster have their abdomen colored with different shades of brown except for species H which has its abdomen colored jade green. The relationships of all these species are as follows:
Fig.3. Dendrogram showing the relationships of all dragonfly species from selected areas in Mindanao based on selected qualitative characters.
N. terminata terminata is strongly associated with N. palliata. These species of dragonflies share innumerable qualitative characters. They differ only in that the former species has the colored area of its wings squarely truncated upon reaching the stigma. The latter however has the brown area of its wings reaching the stigma but abbreviated and rounded posteriorly. These species of dragonflies are members of a larger assembly composed of all the Neurothemis species and species H. The dragonflies under the genus Neurothemis are remarkably distinct from the other dragonflies in that they possess a riot of crossveins in both their fore and hindwing triangle. The color of their thorax ranges from brown to red brown depending on the sex of the individual. Aside from the differences in their color, Neurothemis sp. differs from N. terminata terminata and N. palliata in having a nearly flat basal portion of the anal loop.
Like the three Neurothemis species however, species H has well-rounded apices in both sides of its forewing and a well-developed anal foot with several ankle cells in it. Species H differs from the three other members of this cluster in having a nearly straight midrib in its anal foot while the others have their midrib angled at some point beyond the middle. Furthermore, its supratriangle is marked by the presence of cross veins.
Species D on the other hand is strikingly similar to species B in many aspects. These two species of dragonflies have their abdomen colored brown with the latter slightly tainted with shades of red. They both have nonmetallic colored frons and have less than three bridged cross veins. Both have foot shaped anal loops with no ankle cells present. The midrib running inside their anal loops are angled. They have complete and well-developed toes in their anal loops. Furthermore, these species have their veins M4 and Cu1 divergent towards the margin of their hind wings.
These species of dragonflies are part of a larger cluster composed of all variants of species A and T. aurora. The members of this cluster of dragonflies have their abdomen colored with different shades of brown. The abdominal segments of both species B and T. aurora are red brown in color. Species D has a brown abdomen. On the other hand, the abdominal segments of species A have a lighter shade of brown.
All four species of dragonflies belonging to this cluster have foot shaped anal loops, the midribs of which are entire and angled. The toes of the anal foot of each species are complete and well developed. The heel of the anal loops of these species of dragonflies projects posteriorly toward the margin of the hindwing. Except for species D, all three species have characteristic colored markings in the basal area of their hind wings. All four however have four paranal cells in the hindwing, numerous intermedian cross veins, one to two cross veins under the stigma, less than three bridge cross veins, and veins M4 and Cu1 that are strongly divergent towards the margin of the wings.
Cluster 3
Cluster 3 is composed of all variants of D. triviales, T. tillarga, P. obscura, T. festiva and species K. The relationships of these species of dragonflies are as follows:
There is a close association between P. obscura and T. festiva. These species of dragonflies have blue colored abdomen and thorax. They also share a number of wing characters such as an undulated Rs vein and a radial planate that subtends only a single row of cells. The anal loops of these dragonflies are characteristically ragged complete with well-developed toes. The midrib running inside their anal loops are entire and angled at some point beyond the middle. These species also have no cross veins in the supratriangle. The stigmas found on the apices of the wings of these two species are thin, about three times as long as wide. Nonetheless, T. festiva differs from P. obscura since the lobes of its eyes are metallic. The former also has characteristic dark brown markings extending from the base of the hindwing towards the base of the triangle, which is absent in P. obscura.
This assembly composed of the variants of T. festiva and P. obscura is joined by all the variants of the species Ptholymis tillarga forming a larger cluster. P. tillarga have dark brown markings in the basal area of the hindwing similar to T. festiva. Like the other two species, P. tillarga has a ragged and foot-shaped anal loop complete with a well-developed toe. The midrib is also angled beyond the middle. This species of dragonflies differs from the other two since it has its thorax and abdomen red orange in coloration. The radial planate of this species also subtends only one row of cells. The arculus in the hindwing of T. tillarga is positioned near the first antenodal crossvein just like that of T. festiva. The cluster composed of T. festiva, P. obscura, and P. tillarga. is therefore characterized by the jagged anal loop in them, undulant vein Rs and the radial planate present in both sides of the forewing subtending only a single row of cells.
The close association of all Group B D. triviales dragonflies and species K as evidently seen in this cluster can be attributed to the similarity in the color of their thorax and abdomen. All the same, the group B D. triviales dragonflies including species K join the other groups of D.triviales forming a group characterized distinctively by the thick pterostigma in both their fore and hind wings. These species also have one end of the arculus in their hind wing positioned near the first antenodal cross vein, an uncrossed supratriangle, divergent discoidal field in the hindwing, rounded apices in the forewing, nonmetallic eyes, foot shaped anal loop with no distinct ankle cells but with a well-developed toe and an angled midrib, and a smoothly curved vein Rs. In addition, D.triviales and species K have only 5 paranal cells before the subtriangle.
Cluster 4
Cluster 4 is composed of the species C, G, I, J and L. These species of dragonflies is characterized by the absence of colored markings at the basal areas of their wings. The colors of their abdominal segments range from light brown to black. All of these species have ragged anal loops complete with well-developed toes but with no ankle cells present. The midribs of these species are entire and angled at some point beyond the middle. The strong association between the species I and J can be attributed to the similarity in the color of their thorax. All of these species have six paranal cells before the subtriangle of their forewing.
Cluster 5
Cluster five (5) is composed of six species of dragonflies that includes the following: O. sabina, P. flavescens, D. braueri, A. panorpoides, species F and one representative from the genus Onycothemis. The relationships between these species are as follows:
P. flavescens and O. sabina are strongly associated with each other. The yellow brown markings at the basal areas of their hind wings may have contributed much to the aggregation of these two species. Other wing venational characters of P. flavescens that parallel that of O. sabina includes the following: foot shaped anal loop with no associated ankle cells but with well-developed toes and an angled midrib, undulant vein Rs, diverging borders of the discoidal field in the hindwing and a crossed supratriangle. Furthermore, both species of dragonflies have six paranal cells before the subtriangle in the forewing.
A representative from the genus Onycothemis joins both P. flavescens and O. sabina forming a higher assembly. This dragonfly has a blue colored thorax and red colored abdomen and just like the other two species, this has a dark brown marking on the basal area of the hindwing filling the first antenodal cell and rounded posteriorly heavily coating the paranal cells and a portion of the anterior part of the anal loop.
Species F and A. panorpoides also have brown marks at the base of their hindwing. They share a number of characteristics, which are as follows: both have rounded forewing apices, nonmetallic eyes, foot shaped anal loops with no associated ankle cells and an angle midrib, a radial planate on each side of the wing subtending only a single row of cells, smoothly curved vein Rs and thin pterostigma.
All six species belonging to cluster six have distinctive brown spots at the basal areas of their hindwing. These characteristics have therefore contributed much to the segregation of these species from the other members of cluster 1.
Cluster 6
Cluster six (6) is composed of the species G. subinterrupta and T. bakeri. These dragonflies are relatively large when compared to all the other species collected. Unique to these species of dragonflies is the possession of relatively large eyes the lobes of which are contiguous and are broadly meeting on top. These dragonflies have triangles in their fore and hindwing similar in size and shape. The distance from the arculus and triangle in the forewing is the same in the hindwing. The two also have the bases of their hindwing greatly broadened. The number of paranal cells located just before the subtriangle of their forewing greatly exceeds the number of paranal cells of those species in cluster 1.
III. Population diversity.
Diversity in each of the study areas was computed using the different measures of diversity and richness (Table 18).
As can be observed from the table, Mt. Gabunan (57) has the most number of species variants followed by Luyong (33) and MSU-IIT (27). The areas around Mt. Gabunan in Rogongon Iligan City, which includes Gimabalolan creek, Mesaledeng, and Purok Bayanihan also showed a moderate number of species variants. On the other hand, only two species variant were found and collected from San Juan, Surigao del Sur.
Camiguin has a relatively low number of species variant found (20) which is less than half the number of species variant in Mt. Gabunan. This species poverty is also true for all other island biota. Generally speaking, all islands make a contribution to biodiversity out of proportion to their areas (Whittaker, 2000.) This species poverty is always accentuated with increasing isolation and decreasing island relief and altitude.
The Simpson's diversity index, which shows the proportional importance and the number of species variant found in each locale is highest in Mt. Gabunan (0.96) followed by the two sites contiguous to it - Mesaledeng and Gimbalolan creek both of which have an index of 0.93. This means that the diversity exhibited by these sites is highly distributed. Luyong, which is also located in Iligan City, also showed an equal index value with the other two. The diversity of anisopterous odonata in Camiguin is also well distributed with an index value of 0.87. Mainit, still in Surigao del Sur however exhibited the least value.
Table. 18 Dragonfly diversity and richness at various locations in Mindanao.
Looking at the Shannon-Weiner index values of the different sites, Mt. Gabunan showed the highest index value of 3.75, followed by Luyong, Gimbalolan and Mesaledeng. Both Mainit and San Juan in Surigao del Sur showed very small index values.
All Anisopteran species variant from Gimbalolan and NSC field are proportionally abundant with an E value of 1. Collectively speaking, All sites in Rogongon all showed relatively high evenness values ranging from 0.93 to 0.98. This means that all species variant from Rogongon are proportionally abundant.
The different diversity indices point to the high Anisopteran diversity in Rogongon. This can be attributed to the fact that Rogongon is the most remote barangay in Iligan City. Consistent with the general observation that species diversity increases with the increase in altitude, Mt. Gabunan stands out from all other sites and showed high index values. The number of species found from the mountain, which are similarly abundant in number is exceedingly high compared to the other lowland barangays. MSU-IIT however, which is located in the northern tip of Iligan City and facing Iligan Bay has a relatively high number of species. This figure can be attributed to the number of microhabitat this site offers. The swamp which is located behind one of its building is host to a number of insects which is a source of food for the anisopteran fauna found in this site. Many D. triviales variants were found from this site. The fact that there are considerably less anisopteran predators in the area (i.e small number of insectivorous birds) could have contributed much to the high species variant count in MSU-IIT.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study was conducted to determine the distribution and diversity of anisopterous odonata from selected areas in Northern Mindanao. The study was aimed at documenting and describing the species variants of dragonflies in the study areas not only for taxonomic purposes but also as a logical basis for conservation of these invertebrate species. Identification of the individual dragonflies was done with the aid of existing taxonomic identification keys and pictorial guides. Cluster analysis, species richness and other diversity indices were used to determine variability within, between and among species variants of dragonflies. Results identified 16 known and 13 unknown species of dragonflies out of the 594 individuals examined. Results also showed fluctuating symmetry in wing venational characters of the different species of dragonflies examined. As a result, species variants of dragonflies were identified and which were observed as highly localized in distribution. The different diversity indices based on species richness and equitability showed variation between populations of dragonflies. Sadly, these areas are also prone to the devastating effects of urbanization and other anthropogenic activities. This fact coupled with the observation that many of the species variants of dragonflies are rare and localized in distribution demand a re-evaluation of these areas within the scope of conservation management.