| State | Capital | Ind. | Lang. | Head of state | Head of government (or titular prime minister) |
| Republic of Abkhazia¹ | Sukhumi | 1992 | Abkhaz Russian |
President Sergey Bagapsh | Prime Minister Aleksandr Ankvab |
| Islamic Republic of Afghanistan² | Kabul | 1747 1919 |
Pashto Persian |
President Hamid Karzai | |
| Republic of Albania | Tirana | 1912 1944 |
Albanian | President Bamir Topi | Prime Minister Sali Berisha |
| People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | Algiers | 1962 | Arabic | President Abdelaziz Bouteflika | Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia |
| Principality of Andorra | Andorra la Vella | 1278 | Catalan | Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Bishop of Urgel Co-Prince Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French Republic |
Head of Government Jaume Bartumeu Cassany |
| Republic of Angola | Luanda | 1975 | Portuguese | President José Eduardo dos Santos | Prime Minister Paulo Kassoma |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Saint John's | 1981 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Dame Louise Lake-Tack |
Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer |
| Argentine Republic | Buenos Aires | 1816 | Spanish | President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | |
| Republic of Armenia | Yerevan | 1918 1991 |
Armenian | President Serzh Sarkisyan | Prime Minister Tigran Sarkisyan |
| Commonwealth of Australia | Canberra | 1901 1942 |
English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Quentin Bryce |
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd |
| Republic of Austria | Vienna | 1918 1945 1955 |
German | President Heinz Fischer | Chancellor Werner Faymann |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | Baku | 1918 1991 |
Azerbaijani | President İlham Əliyev | Prime Minister Artur Rəsizadə |
| Commonwealth of The Bahamas | Nassau | 1973 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Arthur Dion Hanna |
Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham |
| Kingdom of Bahrain | Manama | 1971 | Arabic | King Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa |
| People's Republic of Bangladesh | Dhaka | 1971 | Bengali | President Zillur Rahman | Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina |
| Barbados | Bridgetown | 1966 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Clifford Husbands |
Prime Minister David Thompson |
| Republic of Belarus | Minsk | 1918 1991 |
Belarusian Russian |
President Alyaksandr Lukashenka | Prime Minister Syarhey Sidorski |
| Kingdom of Belgium | Brussels | 1830 | Dutch French German |
King Albert II | Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy |
| Belize | Belmopan | 1981 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Colville Young |
Prime Minister Dean Barrow |
| Republic of Benin | Porto-Novo Cotonou (de facto) |
1960 | French | President Yayi Boni | |
| Kingdom of Bhutan | Thimphu | 1907 1949 |
Dzongkha | King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk | Prime Minister Jigmi Thinley |
| Plurinational State of Bolivia | La Paz Sucre |
1825 | Aymara Quechua Spanish |
President Evo Morales | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | 1992 | Bosnian Croatian Serbian |
Presidency of the Republic: Nebojša Radmanović, Željko Komšić, Haris Silajdžić | Prime Minister Nikola Špirić |
| Republic of Botswana | Gaborone | 1966 | English | President Ian Khama | |
| Federative Republic of Brazil | Brasília | 1822 | Portuguese | President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | |
| Negara Brunei Darussalam | Bandar Seri Begawan | 1984 | Malay | Sultan and Prime Minister Sir Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin Waddaulah | |
| Republic of Bulgaria | Sofia | 1879 1908 |
Bulgarian | President Georgi Pŭrvanov | Prime Minister Boiko Borisov |
| Burkina Faso | Ouagadougou | 1960 | French | President Blaise Compaoré | Prime Minister Tertius Zongo |
| Republic of Burundi | Bujumbura | 1962 | French Kirundi |
President Pierre Nkurunziza | |
| Kingdom of Cambodia | Phnom Penh | 1945 1953 |
Khmer | King Norodom Sihamoni | Prime Minister Samdech Hun Sen |
| Republic of Cameroon | Yaoundé | 1960 1961 |
English French |
President Paul Biya | Prime Minister Philemon Yang |
| Canada | Ottawa | 1867 1931 |
English French |
Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Michaëlle Jean |
Prime Minister Stephen Harper |
| Republic of Cape Verde | Praia | 1975 | Portuguese | President Pedro Pires | Prime Minister José Maria Neves |
| Central African Republic | Bangui | 1960 | French Sango |
President François Bozizé | Prime Minister Faustin Archange Touadéra |
| Republic of Chad | N'Djamena | 1960 | Arabic French |
President Idriss Déby Itno | Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas |
| Republic of Chile | Santiago | 1818 | Spanish | President Michelle Bachelet | |
| People's Republic of China | Beijing | 1949 | Mandarin | President Hu Jintao | Premier Wen Jiabao |
| Republic of China³ | Taipei | 1912 1945 |
Mandarin | President of the Republic Ma Ying-jeou | President of the Executive Yuan Wu Den-yih |
| Republic of Colombia | Bogotá | ? | Spanish | President Álvaro Uribe Vélez | |
| Union of Comoros | Moroni | 1975 | Arabic Comorian French |
President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kinshasa | 1960 | French | President Joseph Kabila | Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito |
| Republic of the Congo | Brazzaville | 1960 | French | President Denis Sassou-Nguesso | |
| Republic of Costa Rica | San José | 1838 | Spanish | President Óscar Arias Sánchez | |
| Republic of Côte d'Ivoire | Yamoussoukro Abidjan (de facto) |
1960 | French | President Laurent Gbagbo | Prime Minister Guillaume Soro |
| Republic of Croatia | Zagreb | 1941 1991 |
Croatian | President Stipe Mesić | Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor |
| Republic of Cuba | Havana | 1868 1902 1934 |
Spanish | President of the Councils of State and of Ministers Raúl Castro | |
| Republic of Cyprus | Nicosia | 1960 | Greek Turkish |
President Dimitris Christofias | |
| Czech Republic | Prague | 1993 | Czech | President Václav Klaus | Prime Minister Jan Fischer |
| Kingdom of Denmark | Copenhagen | ? | Danish | Queen Margrethe II | Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen |
| Republic of Djibouti | Djibouti | 1977 | Arabic French |
President Ismail Omar Guelleh | Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita |
| Commonwealth of Dominica | Roseau | 1978 | English | President Nicholas Liverpool | Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit |
| Dominican Republic | Santo Domingo | 1821 1844 1863 |
Spanish | President Leonel Fernández | |
| Republic of Ecuador | Quito | 1830 | Spanish | President Rafael Correa | |
| Arab Republic of Egypt | Cairo | 1922 1956 |
Arabic | President Hosni Mubarak | Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif |
| Republic of El Salvador | San Salvador | 1841 | Spanish | President Mauricio Funes | |
| Republic of Equatorial Guinea | Malabo | 1968 | Spanish | President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang |
| State of Eritrea | Asmara | 1993 | Arabic English Tigrinya |
President Isaias Afewerki | |
| Republic of Estonia | Tallinn | 1918 1944 1991 |
Estonian | President Toomas Hendrik Ilves | Prime Minister Andrus Ansip |
| Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | ? | Amharic | President Girma Wolde-Giorgis | Prime Minister Meles Zenawi |
| Republic of the Fiji Islands | Suva | 1970 | English Fijian Hindi |
President Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda | Interim Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama |
| Republic of Finland | Helsinki | 1917 | Finnish Swedish |
President Tarja Halonen | Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen |
| French Republic | Paris | ? | French | President Nicolas Sarkozy | Prime Minister François Fillon |
| Gabonese Republic | Libreville | 1960 | French | Interim President Rose Francine Rogombé | Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba |
| Republic of The Gambia | Banjul | 1965 | English | President Yahya Jammeh | |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | 1918 1991 |
Georgian | President Mikheil Saakashvili | Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri |
| Federal Republic of Germany | Berlin | 1871 1949 1991 |
German | President Horst Köhler | Chancellor Angela Merkel |
| Republic of Ghana | Accra | 1957 | English | President John Atta Mills | |
| Hellenic Republic (Greece) | Athens | 1822 | Greek | President Karolos Papoulias | Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis |
| Grenada | Saint George's | 1974 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Carlyle Glean |
Prime Minister Tillman Thomas |
| Republic of Guatemala | Guatemala City | 1839 | Spanish | President Álvaro Colom | |
| Republic of Guinea | Conakry | 1958 | French | President Moussa Dadis Camara | Prime Minister Kabiné Komara |
| Republic of Guinea-Bissau | Bissau | 1973 | Portuguese | President Malam Bacai Sanhá | Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior |
| Co-operative Republic of Guyana | Georgetown | 1966 | English | President Bharrat Jagdeo | Prime Minister Sam Hinds |
| Republic of Haiti | Port-au-Prince | 1804 | Creole French |
President René Préval | Prime Minister Michèle Pierre-Louis |
| Republic of Honduras | Tegucigalpa Comayagüela |
1838 | Spanish | President Roberto Micheletti | |
| Republic of Hungary | Budapest | 1849 1918 |
Hungarian | President of the Republic László Sólyom | Minister-President Gordon Bajnai |
| Republic of Iceland | Reykjavík | 1809 1918 1944 |
Icelandic | President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson | Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir |
| Chechen Republic of Ichkeria¹ | Grozny (de jure) | 1991 | Chechen | vacant | Chairman of the Cabinet Akhmed Zakayev |
| Republic of India | New Delhi | 1947 | Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Nepali Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu |
President Pratibha Patil | Prime Minister Manmohan Singh |
| Republic of Indonesia | Jakarta | 1945 1949 |
Indonesian | President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono | |
| Islamic Republic of Iran | Tehran | ? | Persian | Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad |
|
| Republic of Iraq | Baghdad | 1932 | Arabic Kurdish |
President Jalal Talabani | Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki |
| Ireland | Dublin | 1916 1919 1931 |
English Irish |
President Mary McAleese | Prime Minister Brian Cowen |
| State of Israel | Jerusalem (claimed) Tel Aviv |
1948 | Arabic Hebrew |
President Shimon Peres | Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu |
| Italian Republic | Rome | 1861 | Italian | President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano | President of the Council of Ministers Silvio Berlusconi |
| Jamaica | Kingston | 1962 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Patrick Allen |
Prime Minister Bruce Golding |
| Japan | Tokyo | ? | Japanese | Emperor Akihito | Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | Amman | 1946 | Arabic | King Abdullah II | Prime Minister Nader Dahabi |
| Republic of Kazakhstan | Astana | 1991 | Kazakh Russian |
President Nursultan Nazarbayev | Prime Minister Karim Masimov |
| Republic of Kenya | Nairobi | 1963 | English Swahili |
President Mwai Kibaki | Prime Minister Raila Odinga |
| Republic of Kiribati | Tarawa | 1979 | English | President Anote Tong | |
| Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Pyongyang | 1919 1945 1948 |
Korean | Chairman of the National Defense Commission Kim Jong Il Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong Nam |
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kim Yong Il |
| Republic of Korea | Seoul | 1919 1945 1948 |
Korean | President Lee Myung Bak | Prime Minister Han Seung Soo |
| Republic of Kosovo³ | Prishtina | 1991 2008 |
Albanian Serbian |
President Fatmir Sejdiu | Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi |
| State of Kuwait | Kuwait City | 1961 1991 |
Arabic | Emir Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah | Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser Muhammad Al Ahmad Al Sabah |
| Kyrgyz Republic | Bishkek | 1991 | Kyrgyz Russian |
President Kurmanbek Bakiyev | Prime Minister Igor Chudinov |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | Vientiane | 1945 1953 |
Lao | President Choummaly Sayasone | Chairman of the Council of Ministers Bouasone Bouphavanh |
| Republic of Latvia | Rīga | 1918 1991 |
Latvian | President Valdis Zatlers | Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis |
| Lebanese Republic | Beirut | 1941 1943 |
Arabic | President Michel Suleiman | Prime Minister Fouad Siniora |
| Kingdom of Lesotho | Maseru | 1966 | English Sesotho |
King Letsie III | Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili |
| Republic of Liberia | Monrovia | 1847 | English | President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf | |
| Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | Tripoli | 1951 | Arabic | Leader of the Revolution Muammar al-Qaddafi Secretary of the General People's Congress Mubarak Abdallah al-Shamikh |
Secretary of the General People's Committee Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi |
| Principality of Liechtenstein | Vaduz | 1806 | German | Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II Hereditary Prince Alois (Regent) |
Head of Government Klaus Tschütscher |
| Republic of Lithuania | Vilnius | 1918 1941 1990 |
Lithuanian | President Dalia Grybauskaitė | Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius |
| Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Luxembourg | ? | French German Luxembourgish |
Grand Duke Henri | Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker |
| Republic of Macedonia | Skopje | 1991 | Albanian Macedonian |
President Gjorge Ivanov | Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski |
| Republic of Madagascar | Antananarivo | 1960 | English French Malagasy |
President of the High Authority of Transition Andry Rajoelina | Prime Minister Monja Roindefo |
| Republic of Malawi | Lilongwe | 1964 | English | President Bingu wa Mutharika | |
| Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya (administrative center) |
1957 1963 |
Malay | Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud, Sultan of Terengganu | Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak |
| Republic of Maldives | Malé | 1965 | Dhivehi | President Mohamed Nasheed | |
| Republic of Mali | Bamako | 1960 | French | President Amadou Toumani Touré | Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé |
| Republic of Malta | Valletta | 1964 1979 |
English Maltese |
President George Abela | Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi |
| Republic of the Marshall Islands | Majuro | 1990 | English Marshallese |
President Litokwa Tomeing | |
| Islamic Republic of Mauritania | Nouakchott | 1960 | Arabic | President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz | Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf |
| Republic of Mauritius | Port Louis | 1968 | English | President Sir Anerood Jugnauth | Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam |
| United Mexican States | Mexico City | 1813 1821 |
Spanish | President Felipe Calderón | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | Palikir | 1990 | English | President Manny Mori | |
| Republic of Moldova | Chișinău | 1991 | Romanian | Acting President Mihai Ghimpu | Prime Minister Vlad Filat |
| Principality of Monaco | none | ? | French | Prince Albert II | Minister of State Jean-Paul Proust |
| Mongolia | Ulaanbaatar | 1911 1921 1945 |
Mongolian | President Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj | Prime Minister Sanjaagiyn Bayar |
| Montenegro | Podgorica Cetinje |
1878 1941 2006 |
Serbian | President Filip Vujanović | Prime Minister Milo Đukanović |
| Kingdom of Morocco | Rabat | 1956 | Arabic | King Muhammad VI | Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi |
| Republic of Mozambique | Maputo | 1975 | Portuguese | President Armando Guebuza | Prime Minister Luisa Diogo |
| Union of Myanmar | Naypyidaw | 1943 1948 |
Burmese | Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe | Prime Minister Thein Sein |
| Nagorno-Karabakh Republic¹ | Stepanakert (Xankəndi) | 1992 | Armenian | President Bako Sahakyan | Prime Minister Araik Arutyunyan |
| Republic of Namibia | Windhoek | 1990 | English | President Hifikepunye Pohamba | Prime Minister Nahas Angula |
| Republic of Nauru | none
| 1968 |
Nauruan |
President Marcus Stephen |
| |
| Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal | Kathmandu | 1768 1923 |
Nepali | President Ram Baran Yadav | Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | Amsterdam The Hague (seat of government) |
1581 1954 |
Dutch | Queen Beatrix | Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende |
| New Zealand | Wellington | 1907 1947 |
English Māori |
Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand |
Prime Minister John Key |
| Republic of Nicaragua | Managua | 1838 | Spanish | President Daniel Ortega | |
| Republic of Niger | Niamey | 1960 | French | President Mamadou Tandja | Acting Prime Minister Albadé Abouba |
| Federal Republic of Nigeria | Abuja | 1960 | English | President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | |
| Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus¹ | Nicosia | 1983 | Turkish | President Mehmet Ali Talat | Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu |
| Kingdom of Norway | Oslo | 1905 | Norwegian | King Harald V | Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg |
| Sultanate of Oman | Muscat | 1971 | Arabic | Sultan and Prime Minister Qabus bin Said | |
| Islamic Republic of Pakistan | Islamabad | 1947 | Urdu | President Asif Ali Zardari | Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani |
| Republic of Palau | Melekeok | 1994 | English Palauan |
President Johnson Toribiong | |
| Palestinian National Authority¹ | none | none | Arabic | President Mahmoud Abbas | Prime Minister Salam Fayyad |
| Republic of Panama | Panama City | 1903 1979 |
Spanish | President Ricardo Martinelli | |
| Independent State of Papua New Guinea | Port Moresby | 1975 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Paulias Matane |
Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare |
| Republic of Paraguay | Asunción | 1813 | Guaraní Spanish |
President Fernando Lugo | |
| Republic of Peru | Lima | 1821 | Spanish | President of the Republic Alan García | President of the Council of Ministers Javier Velásquez |
| Republic of the Philippines | Manila | 1898 1943 1946 |
English Filipino |
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | |
| Republic of Poland | Warsaw | 1918 | Polish | President Lech Kaczyński | Prime Minister Donald Tusk |
| Portuguese Republic | Lisbon | 1139 1822 |
Portuguese | President Aníbal Cavaco Silva | Prime Minister José Sócrates |
| State of Qatar | Doha | 1971 | Arabic | Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani | Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al Thani |
| Romania | Bucharest | 1859 1861 1877 |
Romanian | President Traian Băsescu | Prime Minister Emil Boc |
| Russian Federation | Moscow | 1721 1991 |
Russian | President Dmitry Medvedev | Prime Minister Vladimir Putin |
| Republic of Rwanda | Kigali | 1962 | English French Kinyarwanda |
President Paul Kagame | Prime Minister Bernard Makuza |
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic³ | El Aaiún (de jure) | 1976 | Arabic | President Mohamed Abdelaziz | Prime Minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar |
| Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis | Basseterre | 1983 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian |
Prime Minister Denzil Douglas |
| Saint Lucia | Castries | 1979 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Dame Pearlette Louisy |
Prime Minister Stephenson King |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Kingstown | 1979 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballantyne |
Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves |
| Independent State of Samoa | Apia | 1962 | English Samoan |
O le Ao o le Malo Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi | Prime Minister Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi |
| Republic of San Marino | San Marino | 301 | Italian | Captains-Regent Massimo Cenci and Oscar Mina | Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Antonella Mularoni |
| Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe | São Tomé | 1975 | Portuguese | President Fradique de Menezes | Prime Minister Joaquim Rafael Branco |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Riyadh | 1926 1932 |
Arabic | King and Prime Minister Abdullah | |
| Republic of Senegal | Dakar | 1960 | French | President Abdoulaye Wade | Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye |
| Republic of Serbia | Belgrade | 1878 2006 |
Serbian | President Boris Tadić | Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković |
| Republic of Seychelles | Victoria | 1976 | Creole English French |
President James Michel | |
| Republic of Sierra Leone | Freetown | 1961 | English | President Ernest Bai Koroma | |
| Republic of Singapore | none | 1965 | English Mandarin Malay Tamil |
President S. R. Nathan | Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong |
| Slovak Republic | Bratislava | 1939 1993 |
Slovak | President Ivan Gašparovič | Prime Minister Robert Fico |
| Republic of Slovenia | Ljubljana | 1991 | Slovenian | President Danilo Türk | Prime Minister Borut Pahor |
| Solomon Islands | Honiara | 1978 | English | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Frank Kabui |
Prime Minister Derek Sikua |
| Somali Republic² | Mogadishu | 1960 | Arabic Somali |
President Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed | Prime Minister Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke |
| Republic of Somaliland¹ | Hargeisa | 1960 1991 |
Somali | President Daahir Riyaale Kaahin | |
| Republic of South Africa | Pretoria (executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial) |
1910 1931 1994 |
Afrikaans English Ndebele Sepedi Sesotho Setswana Siswati Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu |
President Jacob Zuma | |
| Republic of South Ossetia¹ | Tskhinvali | 1991 | Ossetic Russian |
President Eduard Kokoyty | Prime Minister Vadim Brovtsev |
| Spain | Madrid | 1492 1714 |
Spanish | King Juan Carlos I | President of the Government José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
| Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | Colombo Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte |
1948 | Sinhala Tamil |
President Mahinda Rajapakse | Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickremanayake |
| Republic of Sudan | Khartoum | 1956 | Arabic | President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir | |
| Republic of Suriname | Paramaribo | 1975 | Dutch | President Ronald Venetiaan | |
| Kingdom of Swaziland | Mbabane Lobamba |
1968 | English Siswati |
King Mswati III | Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini |
| Kingdom of Sweden | Stockholm | 1523 | Swedish | King Carl XVI Gustaf | Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt |
| Swiss Confederation | Bern | 1648 1848 |
French German Italian |
President Hans-Rudolf Merz | |
| Syrian Arab Republic | Damascus | 1920 1941 1946 1961 |
Arabic | President Bashar al-Assad | Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-Otari |
| Republic of Tajikistan | Dushanbe | 1991 | Tajik | President Emomalii Rakhmon | Prime Minister Akil Akilov |
| United Republic of Tanzania | Dar es Salaam Dodoma |
1964 | English Swahili |
President Jakaya Kikwete | Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda |
| Kingdom of Thailand | Bangkok | ? | Thai | King Bhumibol Adulyadej | Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva |
| Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | Dili | 1975 2002 |
Portuguese Tetum |
President José Ramos-Horta | Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão |
| Togolese Republic | Lomé | 1960 | French | President Faure Gnassingbé | Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo |
| Kingdom of Tonga | Nukuʻalofa | 1970 | English Tongan |
King Siaosi Tupou V | Prime Minister Feleti Sevele |
| Transnistrian Moldovan Republic¹ | Tiraspol | 1991 | Romanian Russian Ukrainian |
President Igor Smirnov | |
| Republic of Trinidad and Tobago | Port of Spain | 1962 | English | President Maxwell Richards | Prime Minister Patrick Manning |
| Tunisian Republic | Tunis | 1956 | Arabic | President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi |
| Republic of Turkey | Ankara | 1923 | Turkish | President Abdullah Gül | Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |
| Turkmenistan | Ashgabat | 1991 | Turkmen | President Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow | |
| Tuvalu | Funafuti | 1978 | Tuvaluan | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Filoimea Telito |
Prime Minister Apisai Ielemia |
| Republic of Uganda | Kampala | 1962 | English | President Yoweri Museveni | Prime Minister Apolo Nsibambi |
| Ukraine | Kiev | 1918 1991 |
Ukrainian | President Viktor Yushchenko | Prime Minister Yuliya Tymoshenko |
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 1971 | Arabic | President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan, Emir of Abu Dhabi | Prime Minister Sheikh Muhammad bin Rashid Al Maktum, Emir of Dubai |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | London | ? | English | Queen Elizabeth II | Prime Minister Gordon Brown |
| United States of America | Washington | 1776 | English | President Barack Obama | |
| Republic East of the Uruguay | Montevideo | ? | Spanish | President Tabaré Vázquez | |
| Republic of Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 1991 | Uzbek | President Islam Karimov | Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyayev |
| Republic of Vanuatu | Port Vila | 1980 | Bislama English French |
President Iolu Abil | Prime Minister Edward Natapei |
| Vatican City State | Vatican City | 1929 | Latin | Pope Benedict XVI | President of the Governorate Giovanni Cardinal Lajolo |
| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | Caracas | ? | Spanish | President Hugo Chávez | |
| Socialist Republic of Vietnam | Hanoi | 1945 1976 |
Vietnamese | President Nguyễn Minh Triết | Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng |
| Republic of Yemen | Sanaa | 1990 | Arabic | President Ali Abdullah Saleh | Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar |
| Republic of Zambia | Lusaka | 1964 | English | President Rupiah Banda | |
| Republic of Zimbabwe | Harare | 1980 | English | President Robert Mugabe | Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai |
| State | Capital | Autonomy | Head of state | Head of the local executive |
| Aruba | Oranjestad | 1986 | Queen Beatrix Governor Fredis Refunjol |
Prime Minister Nelson Oduber |
| Bermuda | Hamilton | gradual | Queen Elizabeth II Governor Sir Richard Gozney |
Premier Ewart Brown |
| Cook Islands | Avarua | 1965 | Queen Elizabeth II Queen's Representative Sir Fred Goodwin |
Prime Minister Jim Marurai |
| Faroe Islands | Tórshavn | 1948 | Queen Margrethe II High Commissioner Dan M. Knudsen |
Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen |
| French Polynesia | Papeete | 1977 1984 2004 |
President Nicolas Sarkozy High Commissioner Adolphe Colrat |
President Oscar Temaru |
| Greenland | Nuuk (Godthåb) | 1979 2009 |
Queen Margrethe II High Commissioner Søren Hald Møller |
Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist |
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | none | 1997 | President Hu Jintao | Chief Executive Donald Tsang |
| Macau Special Administrative Region | none | 1999 | President Hu Jintao | Chief Executive Edmund Ho |
| Netherlands Antilles | Willemstad | 1954 | Queen Beatrix Governor Frits Goedgedrag |
Prime Minister Emily de Jongh-Elhage |
| Niue | Alofi | 1974 | Queen Elizabeth II Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand |
Premier Toke Talagi |
| Commonwealth of Puerto Rico | San Juan | 1952 | President Barack Obama | Governor Luis Fortuño |
| Åland Islands | Mariehamn | 1922 | President Tarja Halonen Governor Peter Lindbäck |
Chief Minister Viveka Eriksson |
| State | Capital | Existence | Fate |
| Austro-Hungarian Monarchy | Vienna | 1867–1918 | Split into Austria, Hungary, and various other fragments |
| Republic of Biafra | Owerri | 1967–1970 | Overrun by Nigerian military |
| Republic of Bophuthatswana | Mmabatho | 1977–1994 | Abolished by South Africa in preparation for black majority rule |
| Federal Republic of Central America | San Salvador | 1823–1841 | Gradually split into Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua |
| Republic of Ciskei | Bisho | 1981–1994 | Abolished by South Africa in preparation for black majority rule |
| Confederate States of America | Danville | 1861–1865 | Defeated by the United States of America |
| People's Republic of the Congo | Stanleyville | 1964 | Fled into exile |
| Republic of Cracow | Cracow | 1815–1846 | Annexed by Austria |
| Czech and Slovak Federal Republic | Prague | 1918–1992 | Split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia |
| Fante Confederation | Mankessim | 1868–1873 | Dissolved under British influence |
| German Democratic Republic | East Berlin | 1949–1990 | Incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany |
| Republic of Hawaii | Honolulu | 1795–1898 | Annexed by the United States of America |
| Hyderabad | Hyderabad | 1947–1950 | Incorporated into India |
| State of Katanga | Élisabethville | 1960–1963 | Retaken by Congolese government |
| Federation of Malaya | Kuala Lumpur | 1957–1963 | Merged with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to form Malaysia |
| Mali Federation | Dakar | 1960 | Split into Sudanese Republic (later renamed Mali) and Senegal |
| State of Maryland in Liberia | Harper | 1854–1857 | Incorporated into Liberia |
| Republic of Rhodesia | Salisbury | 1965–1979 | Briefly re-colonized by the United Kingdom and later independent as Zimbabwe |
| Serbia and Montenegro | Belgrade | 1992–2006 | Split into Serbia and Montenegro |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Moscow | 1922–1991 | Split into Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan |
| Republic of Tanganyika | Dar es Salaam | 1961–1964 | Merged with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (later renamed Tanzania) |
| Republic of Texas | Austin | 1836–1846 | Incorporated into the United States of America |
| Republic of Transkei | Umtata | 1976–1994 | Abolished by South Africa in preparation for black majority rule |
| Tuvinian People's Republic | Kyzyl | 1921–1944 | Incorporated into the Soviet Union |
| United Arab Republic | Cairo | 1958–1971 | Union for practical purposes dissolved by the secession of Syria in 1961, but Egypt retained the UAR name until 1971 |
| Republic of Venda | Thohoyandou | 1979–1994 | Abolished by South Africa in preparation for black majority rule |
| Democratic Republic of Vietnam | Hanoi | 1945–1976 | Merged with the Republic of South Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| Republic of Vietnam | Saigon | 1955–1975 | Merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| People's Democratic Republic of Yemen | Aden | 1967–1990 | Merged with the Yemen Arab Republic to form the Republic of Yemen |
| Yemen Arab Republic | Sanaa | 1918–1990 | Merged with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen |
| Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Belgrade | 1918–1992 | Split into Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro and dissolved in 2006) |
| People's Republic of Zanzibar | Zanzibar City | 1963–1964 | Merged with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (later renamed Tanzania) |