1 - SUMMARY
See the FIGURE 1, as it makes things
easier. It will be available in this following site:
http://www.geocities.com/celsosavelligomes/DEFLECTION_NEAR-SUN.xls
In such file, at
bottom, selects "Chart1" to see the deflection near the Sun.
http://www.geocities.com/celsosavelligomes/DEFLECTION_NEAR-SUN.JPG
It is the drawing
version, yet to be scanned and loaded in the NET.
It is easy
to understand such .JPG drawing, as it is similar to the drawing "Chart1" in .xls file.
Consider a "hyperbole like" figure starting in the upper left
side, as tangent to a horizontal line in point A (at – infinite past). Such
horizontal straight line, tangent in point A, is shown going right to the point
F, the interception with the other straight line, tangent in point E at +
infinite future, of hyperbole after departing from A (star) which is the source
of particles. The angle between the straight lines A-F and F-E, in the top
right corner, is "A.D. =Angular
Deflection": the
deflection of trajectory (of tangible particles or light), as measured on Earth
100 years ago due pressure from Relativists (or at point E far from any nearby
Massive Dense Star). In the drawing …Chart1.xls such angle of
deflection at point F is
almost 90 degrees=just for illustration.
The point F
is linked by a straight line to the center "O" of such nearby Massive Dense Star,
having a radius of "r" (from center to its surface) and
over it there is a variable height of orbit, "h", which is "hc" for orbit through the point C, the
point of lowest height over the Massive Dense Star Surface: R=r+h. Thus, at C, particle is at
greatest velocity (and kinetics energy: this is only for tangible matter "m", as electrons, neutrons…, etc.).
In case of
light energy (ruled by "packages" of
PHOTONS, each Ephoton = HPlanck
. f f=frequency), light velocity can’t increase
(Einstein’s model they made dogma)… Thus kinetics energy of light particles
remain the same, from point A to point B (generic one, between points A and C,
in drawing is at half of angle A-O-C) to point C (the lowest point of orbit) to
point D (generic one, between points C and E/ in drawing it is at half the
angle C-O-E) to point E (to be reached in infinite future time): always light particles will have
the same and top velocity "C", in all such intermediate points (A to E), in hyperbole like
pathway orbit around the massive dense star: velocity is constant.
We are only to rethink such Einstein’s model,
because we are assuming Theory of Relativity as being a FIRST "GOOD GUESS" MODEL. Also because such model is so popular even
among common people and in movies. Thus "Einstein’s ideas became as true": as some religious believes
converted into unchangeable Dogmas for some faith/church of some civilizations: as 3 being 1 and vice-versa. Let us respect
such civilizations dogmas and obtain what is good from them. What about keeping
light speed, as first guess, as being top and constant value to obtain what is
good from model?
Thus we are
accepting, as first good guess, the centenary old model… Thus we must keep top
velocity as constant for any light energy (as particles of energy which have
inertia "worth" that of usual tangible mass "m", but true tangible
mass can’t reach light
velocity because its "true inertia mass").
"BUT” for imposing light speed being
constant and the maximum velocity, we have to change the way we measure
distances and time intervals. What
about if there are Outer "Civilizations" measuring "Their"
time in not Our linear standard time (as in Lorenz΄s theory) but based on
Their TIME intervals changing in exponential power relationship in relation to
Our time intervals. Should "They" change their TIME referential to
our referential for measurements of our "time" for theory
of relativity become universal?
Or should They
keep Their peculiar TIME referential in which velocity of light changes with "TIME", as measured in Their
DAYS? With Their DAYS linked to our years as 1 Their DAY = ours 1,000 of our years?
(And Their NIGHT=DAY/2 being huge amount of our months = 400, in Kadr night
event?). "Our time in Our Years referential" = 10Theirs TIME in
Their DAYS+3 and at Their TIME=0 it started our mortality. At Their
TIME=7 DAYS started Creation. Such Their TIME is worth, "in our mortality
time referential, = 107+3 =
10,000,000,000 = 10 billions ours mortality years ago"! Quite strange as
cultural speculations as 3 in 1 and 1 in 3.
Such OTHER TIME referential for measuring TIME is very strange! As
strange as the way we measure time in Einstein’s referential: it became like
Dogma for those having faith on theory of relativity as if being something
divine revelation. ALL IS RELATIVE... Worst is that such "DAYS TIME
measurement" are at the foundations of 3 main Earth civilizations: all are
the same monotheism but with some cultural heritage divergences. Their equal
small intervals of THEIR TIME are related to growing worth of our time,
expressed into very huge number of years according our usual time. See above! Thus
our light speed is decreasing if measured with Their general TIME referential
used since Creation. Thus our "speculations" about our "time
referential and speed of light being our limit" are nothing so important
if we don’t understand about what is "time" x "TIME"…
Thus we can
change "real trajectory" of the
orbit, quite like a hyperbole from A to C and to E, without changing the trajectory itself, but changing the way we measure time and distance
intervals, for them provide light velocity remaining a constant. That way our
civilization "imposed" that orbit velocity is constant
(something "arbitrary", as first
good guesses…). Thus we
must distort measurements of time and space, imposing conversion rules on how
to convert measurements "to fit into model".
We impose
such type of distortions, even in usual real world, as when we try to provide
some "worth values" that are not based on
standard physics principles, rather are very "intellectually
arbitrary" ones. It is like energy light being similar to SOME aspects of
usual matter: as having
gravitational attraction… Thus light energy is handled like we do with "present worth" of billed water becoming "worth", in present, into much smaller
value than adding up historic volumes, because they are not added as the
original tangible billed volumes. It is not used the plain addition of volumes: correct for the physics scientists…
Thus present volume is "worth" to such
series of old billed volumes, computed in "other way and purposes": distorted
as Theory of Relativity…
We can do the same, using not REAL time and distances in orbit going from A to
B and to C… and to E, BUT using WORTH like values we impose to fulfill some our
desire!
WELCOME TO the THEORY OF RELATIVITY, for our
referential = "usual time"!!!
2. SOME MATHMATICAL SPECULATIONS ON PARTICLES OF "mass m"
It is "believed" (as if supported by FAITH and
DOGMA) that a particle of "mass m" is coming
from a far away distant (infinitely) star, and is traveling in a straight line "A to F", with a velocity "v" of "v/C" <1 if tangible matter and =1 if light energy particles (FOTONS). In
fact particle at initial position A, has some start velocity, usually
omitted.
In both
case (light and tangible matter) such particles have ENERGY, as KINETICS
ENERGY, as they are traveling as particles and behaving as such. It is part of
our cultural "faith" that usual tangible matter "m" has an internal energy contents of
Elight = m . C2 being the so top greatly famous Einstein’s equation
relating usual tangible matter "m" and
energy "E". Such equation was greatest
supporter for nuclear program (for nuclear bombs and fission reactors as source
of useful energy).
Einstein’s
famous equation is quite FALSE or TRUE, depending the way we use or understand
it. It is like the equivalence of heat energy (thermal) to work energy, similar
to relationship "1 calorie
= 4.185 Joules", or
something like that. Elight =
m . C2 tells us a similar relationship. But in fact
it does not include the notion of "nobleness of energy" being changed from less noble energy stage requires a great amount of
residual less noble energy (as heat). We have such law making Elight
= m . C2 being of limited value, because usually only less than 1%
(up to 2%, in theory) of usual matter "m" can be
converted into light energy, even in the best theoretical reactors yet devised.
It is like trying to convert quite cold steam (thermal energy) into 100% work
energy. Impossible!
Elight = "EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION (is missing)”. "m" . C2
Using such
Einstein’s (incomplete)
equation in the opposite way, as mworth = Elight/C2: such mworth provides "some aspects" of light behaving as usual tangible
matter "m".
If
particles of usual tangible matter "m" are being
accelerated at a velocity "v" smaller than to "C = light speed", they increase their ENERGY
CONTENTS, because it is as if MATTER (INERTIA) is increasing, according this
relativistic model and believes:
Etotal = Mrelativistic . C2 = mtangible . C2 / [ 1 -
(v/C)2 ](1/2) Eq.
1
Thus Mrelativistic = mtangible
. 1/ [ 1 - (v/C)2 ](1/2)
Eq.2
As result,
as v/C increases, approaching 1, Mrelativistic becomes very huge, approaching
infinite. Almost infinite Energy is required to create additional mass into Mrelativistic
We can
develop in Taylor’s series the above expression ETaylor=1 / [ 1 - (v/C)2
](1/2)
ETaylor = 1 +1/2 . (v/C)2 + 3/8
. (v/C)4 + 5/16 . (v/C)6 + 35/128 . (v/C)8 + 63/256 . (v/C)10 + 231/1024 . (v/C)12 + 3003/14336 . (v/C)14 +
45045/229376 . (v/C)16 + … Eq. 3
Replacing
Eq.3 into Eq.2, we multiply ETaylor by mtangible and we obtain:
Mrelativistic = mtangible + ½ . [1 +
3/4 . (v/C)2 + 5/8 . (v/C)4 + 35/64 . (v/C)6 +
63/128 . (v/C)8
+ 231/512 . (v/C)10 + 3003/7163 . (v/C)12 +
45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…] . mtangible
. (v/C)2 . Eq.4
Mrelativistic = mtangible + FUNCTION of (v/C)2 times mtangible Eq.5
We can reason (SPECULATE) that it is not the usual mtangible that
is increasing. But we can see that the original mtangible remained
the same: it is not depending on velocity "v" or "C" or
ratio "v/C". In fact the SECOND TERM in Equation 5 is telling that a
SECOND TYPE OF FIELD OF ENERGY, quite like GRAVITATIONAL (Egravity =
m . g.
h), is acting ((v/C)2 as some type of g), on mtangible,
generating the storage of a 2nd type of gravitational potential
energy. But such 2nd gravitational (or alike in electricity or
magnetism fields) field is not our usual gravitational field, which doesn’t
have such properties. In fact, it is a second type of gravitational energy that
opposes to all change of velocity and/or
direction, for all type of particles, including of light.
This is just one speculation originated from
Einstein’s equations reasoned in other way, thus stretching the limits of the
theory of relativity. Without increasing of RELATIVISTIC MASS, but with
increase of a 2nd type of Universal Gravitational Field in which
energy is stored (when opposing to increase of velocity, as to approach to
"C", to velocity of light) or restored (when the light particles
would tend to slow down their light velocity, as trying to leave a black hole
star; also it acts when tangible particles are decreasing their velocity, as
when "fired out" from the surface of a massive dense star, to move
outward (vertically or in ballistic trajectory). It is as if such particles
have available energy greater than only their visible kinetics energy… Not all
energy added for acceleration becomes kinetics energy in accelerated particle
and at greater and greater speed, less efficient are the accelerators, as most
of the energy is stored in the field of 2nd type of Universal
Gravitation and such conversion (or leakage of energy into such hidden field)
is reasoned as being the increase of INERTIA, of RELATIVISTIC MASS of particle
being accelerated…
The traditional Gravitational Field is based on mass
(INERTIA) of particles interacting and on their distances: only. The 2nd
law of gravitation is based only on the mass of the particle that will change
or start movement and/or change direction of velocity: it is for storing such
inertial energy or for providing it for event being feasible. What reacts
against such change of situation or start of movement or change of direction of
velocity? THE WHOLE UNIVERSE through 2nd type gravitational
field. Thus it is something beyond
Newton’s law on usual gravitation.
According
Equation 1, the mworth of light particles energy worth to tangible
mass ""m", such light energy would have
infinite energy, as such mass "m" would be
increasing to Mrelativistic = infinite with infinite energy at v =
C. But this is not true, as particles of light energy travel always at v = C
and don’t have infinite energy, but usually having only modest quantum of
energy, in packages having energy amount provided by the Planck’s equation, as
Elight = hPlanck . f, with "f " being frequency of light. Thus it
is related to the nobleness level of light energy. As if "hotter light = more noble energy at
greater light frequency". The nobleness of energy increases when v/C increases. When approaching 1, Mrelativistic becomes huge, approaching infinite.
Thus infinite Energy is required to create additional mass to keep increasing Mrelativistic
and increasing the nobleness of energy in particle, as is typical in accelerator of
particles: very noble
energy in them.
3 –
MEASURING ANGULAR DEFLECTIONS DUE TO MASSIVE DENSE STARS
Let us
return to the FIGURE 1, which is originated from Physical phenomena (well
known) that was foreseen based on theoretical modeling. It was almost confirmed
in field measurements, during eclipse phenomena, some 100 years ago by
measuring the angular deflection, between lines A-F and F-E. We should have in
mind that not all the measurements were in agreement with the theoretical
value. But it was adopted some type of average, quite like adopting and
justifying the best approaching values. In any way it was a good start,
considering it was just the FIRST GUESS for a new model. But such values, not
in perfect accordance, became the support and foundation of the theory of
Relativity, since its first days, some one century ago. What was to become a
new pathway, very soon was turned into dogma, closing the road to further
advancements.
4 – CONSIDERATION FOR TANGIBLE
MASS PATHWAY NEAR MASSIVE DENSE STARS.
The model shown in FIGURE 1 is only reasonable for
tangible particles, of mass m, like electrons, neutrons, etc. coming from very
far away stars. Their open orbit will be HYPERBOLIC, following the pathway A to
B to C to D to E, and having the Angular Deflection, measured at point F,
between the tangent lines A-F and E-F, with A and F being sited at infinite
distance.
This orbit is SIMILAR to the parabolic (closed) orbit
followed by the most far away comets orbits of our Sun solar system. They orbit
with HUGEST VELOCITY at the point C, the most nearby position of Sun crust
surface (the least distance "hC"). What happens is that
the hugest potential gravitational energy in the comet, that one stored between
point A (at greatest distance from Sun) and C (at shortest distance "hc"
from surface of Sun), is converted into huge free additional kinetics energy at
point C. Such total kinetics energy at point C generates a huge centrifugal
force (outward) that counter-balances the most intense gravitational field and
attraction force at point C. Thus the minimum radius "Rc” is
determined by the equilibrium of such forces. Greater the kinetics energy of
the particle at point A (as at infinite distance, like originated from a far
away star…), greater is the total kinetics energy at point C": thus
greater is the radius "Rc" and "hc"
over star surface.
Fatraction
= Fcentrifugal = Kuniv. gravity . mpart . Mstar
/ R2 = mpart . vc2 / R Eq. 6
vc = ( Kuniv. gravity . Mstar / R)(1/2) or
R = Kuniv. gravity . Mstar / vc2 Eq, 7
Kinetics energy at "C" = kinetics energy
already at "A" (mparticle . vA2 /2)
+ stored potential gravitational energy released as work between "A and
C" = mparticle . vc2 /2 Eq. 8
It is not possible to reach V = light speed because
the stored potential gravitational energy released as work between "A and
C" is CONVERTED INTO ADDITIONAL MASS, which is added to the conventional
mass "m" of tangible matter. Thus the gravitational potential energy,
released as work, is converted into matter, making Mrelativistic = min usual particles + converted
gravitational energy into work and then converted such energy into
"additional mass" and this becomes into INFITINITE MASS when V is
just becoming equal to C = light speed. Thus all converted gravitational energy
is being converted into additional mass Δm=ΔE/C2.
Such energy becomes slaved into mass (pitfall) and is not usable for kinetics
energy. It is not possible to eat (or
make use) twice of the same meal (or energy). Such energy ΔE used to
increase RELATIVISTIC INERTIA (MASS) is not more available to increase velocity
of such new additional relativistic mass Δm. Thus is not providing
required kinetics energy to make additional mass Δm keep original orbiting
trajectory. Thus for the whole relativistic mass (tangible matter) the global
kinetics energy increases at much slower speed than the increase of additional
mass, as we approach velocity in relation to "C"= light
speed. Thus less centrifugal force is generated: with smaller "vc" the result is greater
"Rc" orbit.
Thus, the
most energetic are the particles, with high kinetics energy (as electrons,
neutrons, etc.) at A, as coming from far away distant and energetic stars, and
passing nearby the edge (surface) of dense and massive stars, the SMALLER is
the ANGULAR DEFLECTION measured at point F. We could guess this is the effect of
tangible mass "m" increasing its INERTIA, as if gaining additional
mass Δm=ΔE/C2, which is added to usual mass reaching
greater and greater RELATIVISTIC MASS. The extrapolation, based on tangible
particles with velocity very near light speed since point A, orbiting since
point A, is that their angular deflection will be very small value at point F.
Thus the same should take place with particles of light energy, orbiting since
point A: no angular deflection at point F. This is something not in agreement
with theory of relativity.
5 – LIGHT ENERGY PARTICLES PATHWAY NEAR MASSIVE DENSE
STARS.
In case of
light energy particles we should apply the above reasoning for tangible
particles. BUT THERE IS A HUGE PROBLEM. It is not possible to increase the
velocity of particles of light, as that is a physical limit (the arbitrary
dogma of nowadays civilization. We should accept that as a first good guess).
We could imagine vparticle as being just an infinitesimal value
smaller than light velocity v = C. Thus falling into an intense gravitational
field we would increase the worth mass of light particles to infinite mass,
consuming all gravitational energy converted into work energy and mass, making
light velocity remains nearly the same. But light energy particles would have
so great mass INERTIA that it would be infinite, meaning the light would
continue in its original light pathway, from point A to point F. We would have
none Angular Deflection. We could guess that light particles would follow also
such same straight-line pathway A-F.
For sure we
can INVENT that it is possible to create MASS (inertia) from "the nothing", as some civilizations speculate
about some Great Creation… Thus gravitational released energy, near v=C, could not
be converted into kinetics energy particles of total Mrelativistic mass
and very near light trajectory should be a straight line. Light energy is just
one type of condensed (trapped) energy, as originated from other noble
energies, as energetic light noble energy (mworth = Elight/C2). It is absurd the
idea of one electron starting to breed additional .35 electrons with 0.35 of
negative electrical charges at some velocities of acceleration. As with Planck,
things take place like walking in full steps on stairway, not as in a
continuous way of increasing, as suggested by the Relativity equations.
If we reason the "worth mass mlight" is not increasing while light particles energy are moving closer and
closer to a massive dense star, and also that the kinetics energy of light
particles remains the same (because light particle velocity "v = C" can’t be increased, as it is at the
limit), the gravitational force making the light particles moving down (toward
the center of the Star), should release gravitational energy, from A to C, that
should be converted into "something". One guess is that frequency of light energy
is increasing in the trajectory pathway from A to C (deviation to blue) and is
decreasing in the trajectory pathway from C to E (deviation to red), according
Planck’s equation, as Elight = hPlanck . f, with "f " being frequency of light. But what
would make light energy particles change their inertial original pathway, of
trajectory A-F, into the hyperbolic like pathway A-B-C-D-E? Remember light particle energy
remained always the same, as we had NONE INCREASE of KINETICS ENERGY (none
conversion of gravitational energy into kinetics energy and into centrifugal
inertial force for orbiting).
Should the orbit trajectory (pathway) A-B-C-D-E be very almost the same
(with only very minor differences, as on value of height of orbit "hc" over star surface at the lowest
point C of orbit) for a light energy
particle and for an electron
traveling at (vat A)/ (light velocity) = 99.99999% and for 99.999999999999999999999%? What makes light energy
particles behave like having tangible worth mass "m" as mworth = Elight/C2?
6 – 2nd UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION x PATHWAY of high
velocity PARTICLES NEAR MASSIVE DENSE STARS.
There is other reasoning, originated from
equations 1 to 4, already reasoned as being something awkward, very un-usual in
modern physicists’ minds.
Mrelativistic = mtangible + ½ . [1 +
3/4 . (v/C)2 + 5/8 . (v/C)4 + 35/64 . (v/C)6 +
63/128 . (v/C)8
+ 231/512 . (v/C)10 + 3003/7163 . (v/C)12 +
45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…] . mtangible
. (v/C)2 . Eq.4
Mrelativistic = mtangible +
[FUNCTION of mtangible and of of
(v/C)2] Eq.5
We can reason (SPECULATE) that it is not the usual mtangible which is increasing (breeding
reproducing, as if a living organism…), but we can see that the original mtangible remained the same: because it is not
linked or depending on changes of velocity "v" or "C" or
ratio "v/C".
In fact the
SECOND TERM in Equation 5 is telling that a SECOND TYPE OF FIELD OF ENERGY,
quite like GRAVITATIONAL (Egravity = m . g.
h), is acting ((v/C)2 as some type of g), on mtangible,
generating the storage of a 2nd type of gravitational potential
energy. But such 2nd gravitational (or alike electricity and/or
magnetism fields) field is not our usual Newton’s gravitational field, which
doesn’t have such properties. In fact, we are proposing the second type of
gravitational energy which acts opposing
to all change of velocity and/or direction (as if INCREASING some type of INERTIA,
gravitational inertia), for all type of particles, including of light. Thus
its line of action has nothing to do with the straight line linking the center
of the star with the center of the particle while it is orbiting nearby the
star, from point A to C to E, as it is not always attraction force and it is
not based on 1st law of gravitation which is for force being in the
same straight line linking the center of mass of attracting objects.
When a PHOTON is orbiting the quite Hyperbolic
pathway, since point A to B to C to D to E, "because it has worth mass
m", it is subject to the 1st type of universal gravitational
attraction, according Newton’s law, and thus such attraction FORCE (due
gravitational field) makes the particle of light energy of worth mass
"m" move down along the vertical straight line linking the center of
star to the center of the particle, in all points along its trajectory from A
to E. This force makes particle of light energy of worth mass "m"
moves vertically down releasing gravitational energy into work energy (kinetics
energy) and the particle would accelerate toward star center, reaching greater
and greater vertical velocities. This is NOT TRUE, and velocity (and kinetics
energy) grows slower and slower, in relation to Newton’s formula, as (v/C) is
increasing more and more. The gravitational energy not converted into kinetics
energy is converted into the 2nd type of gravitational energy, and
stored as some type of GRAVITATIONAL INERTIA.
See the end of this text… But the composition of such
falling (vertical) velocity (having kinetics energy) with the tangential
velocity along the orbit A to B to C to D to E (LIGHT VELOCITY, having other
kinetics energy, in near horizontal direction, it is at point C), generates a
TRIANGLE, with vertical velocity being computed in the above mentioned way
(some of acceleration energy, Star gravitational field, is stored as 2nd
type of gravitational energy). Thus the composition of a triangle of
velocities, with one side being "C=speed of light" (almost at
horizontal inclination, it is horizontal at lowest orbital point "C")
with other being the velocity of fall (or upward) into Star would result a
hypotenuse with VELOCITY GREATER THAN VELOCITY OF LIGHT. Thus the resulting
velocity is the NEW DIRECTION of LIGHT (thus vertical velocity and
gravitational field makes light deviates its trajectory to A-B-C-D-E) and the 2nd
gravitational field opposes to increase of velocity, thus resulting velocity
(at orbit) is reduced to the velocity of the light, but a force that opposes to
such change. In case of orbit C-D-E the gravitational velocity will decrease
the resulting velocity (in the triangle), thus 2nd type of
gravitational inertial energy will provide energy for velocity of travel, along
orbit pathway, from C to D to E, remains velocity of light.
Let us reason in the orbit pathway from point A to
point B to point C. In this case the velocity of attraction is vertical,
attracting from center of sun to the center of each particle. As result of
gravitational field, falling from the distance RA = infinite at
point A to the radius distance RB (the distance from the point
"B" to the center "O" of the Star) will release a
gravitational energy, that is converted into kinetics energy. Thus in lower
orbit position (minimum "hc" height at point C) we will
have the greatest kinetics energy and the greatest vertical velocity of fall
(v=vC) and eq.4:
Fattraction = Kuniv.const. . Mparticle
at great velocity . Mstar / R2 = Kuniv.const.
. Mstar / R2 . Mparticle
at great velocity =
= Kuniv.const.
. Mstar / R2 . mtangible + Kuniv.const. . Mstar
/ R2 . ½
. [1 + 3/4 . (v/C)2 + 5/8 .
(v/C)4 + 35/64 . (v/C)6 + 63/128 . (v/C)8 + 231/512 . (v/C)10 +
3003/7163 . (v/C)12 + 45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…] .
mtangible .
(v/C)2 =
= Kuniv.const. .
Mstar / R2 . mtangible + Kuniv.const.
. Mstar / R2 . mtangible .
. ½ . [1 + 3/4 . (v/C)2 + 5/8 . (v/C)4 +
35/64 . (v/C)6 + 63/128
. (v/C)8 + 231/512 . (v/C)10
+ 3003/7163 . (v/C)12 +
45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…] . (v/C)2 =
= = Kuniv.const. . Mstar / R2 . mtangible + Kuniv.const.
. Mstar / R2 . mtangible . FUNCTION (v/C)2 Eq. 9
FUNCTION (v/C)2 = ½ . . (v/C)2 .
[1 + 3/4 . (v/C)2 +
5/8 . (v/C)4 + 35/64 . (v/C)6 + 63/128 . (v/C)8 + 231/512 . (v/C)10 + 3003/7163 . (v/C)12 +
45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…]
Eq.10 (depends only of relative
velocity (v/C)2 affecting mtangible).
We can see that the conventional gravitational force (the first term of
equation) is being increased only by the 2nd
type of force, which is linked to opposing the increase of velocity to
reach the velocity of light. According the second term of equation 9, we can
expect such "strange
conservative force" becomes
INFINITE, because function (v/C) becomes infinite when "v" is an
infinitesimal value smaller than light speed. Into practice it becomes, even
for moderate values v/C, is almost impossible to increase further V as we are facing huge growing gravitational
INERTIA. Should it be MASS INERTIA, increase of MASS?
No… it can be something similar to Electrical and Magnetism field for
storing energy or providing it, as required, as in gravitation…
A direct impact of one particle (even of light energy particles), on Sun
surface, according the pathway of a straight line A–O, would release, at the
impact, all such energy added to the particle (and also that present at A…), as
potential gravitational energy converted into kinetic energy, available as
particle velocity… the energy converted into additional mass (relativistic one)
is to "burst" and release noble light energy and
originate particles with high speed (energy) as in accelerators...
But there is another
type of GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, implicit in equation 10
In the part of orbit A-B-C we have (according Galileo’s principle of
independence of movements) the falling of particle in vertical movement,
releasing gravitational energy which is converted into kinetics energy, which
generates the centrifugal energy which causes the trajectory of the particle be
curved, around the Star, in one open orbit, according an open trajectory which
counterbalance centrifugal forces and gravitational forces, with creation of
mass (inertia) as approaching the velocity (v/C) = 1.
Because there is a NET RESULTING VERTICAL FORCE, toward the center of
the Sun, in all points of trajectory from A to B and to C and to D and to E,
and some velocity is available at point A (or particles would have a free fall
up to collide toward the center of the Star), it is evident that the LIGHT
PARTICLES (and even USUAL MASS m) have to FALL toward the surface of the STAR,
following a HYPERBOLE LIKE trajectory, as in FIGURE 1. Because some of the
conventional gravitational energy is not converted into kinetics energy, but
rather into the 2nd type of gravitational energy (conservative one),
conventional tangible particles (as electrons) "m" will travel slower at their lowest
point C and thus they will follow more distant orbits (requires less kinetics
energy) and will provide smaller ANGULAR DEFLECTIONS from point A to E (all the
orbit).
In the case of net VERTICAL FALL VELOCITY (when downward and then
upward), it is usually so small relative to velocity of light, that its main
effect is to cause the small CHANGE OF DIRECTION of a greater velocity, which
is of LIGHT SPEED and it is kept tangent to each point of ORBIT, from A to B to
C to D to E, thus from – infinite (coming from a distant star, having some self
velocity…) to + infinite (to physicians at future infinite distance: yet making measurements to be sure
about relativity model!).
Let us see, again, the file
http://www.geocities.com/celsosavelligomes/DEFLECTION_NEAR-SUN.xls
In such file, at bottom, select "Chart2" to see what causes
and how to evaluate the angular deflection of the velocity of light (and of
other particles) near the sun.
Let us reason, first on VERTICAL FORCES and on VERTICAL VELOCITIES. It
the particle had none velocity when departed from point A (like from a distant
Star), it would be difficult for it reach a massive and dense star (quite like
a black hole), or even our Sun (assumed as being almost massive and dense, but
not so much…) . In fact instead of ORBITING around such dense and massive star
(as shown in Chart2) it would fall as a stone according to the vertical line
from it (point A) to the center of the star, with collision taking place at the
surface of star (in worst situation, as some collisions could take place in the
pathway through sun atmospheres…). In such situation, all the energy the
particle had in position A (entering the solar system, is more correct) and
that it gained (as gravitational potential energy converted into kinetic
energy) it would be released, as a "burst (sudden explosion)" when collision is against planets without atmosphere (as our Sun…). For
sure gravitational energy that was converted into relativistic mass (making
mass "m" increase, something ABSURD!…) and
even conventional tangible mass "m" (having
internal energy Elight = "m" . C2)
also can release their stored energy, generating huge emission of light and of
high speed particles… This is what takes place in our accelerators, when
particles collide against a target, releasing the huge useful energy that was
added to particles. "Thus" what
about the HUGE added energy (for acceleration) that was not used to increase
RELATIVISTIC MASS? And in fact is
a NOBLE ENERGY stored as 2nd type of GRAVITATIONAL INERTIA energy.
Thus a free fall of particles directly toward the center of the star,
requires no another inclined velocity, as they could cause particles to ORBIT
(in open orbit) around the star, or even collide with surface of star, in other
points, like the result of ballistic trajectory, if such inclined velocity is
too small. Human accelerators of particles are like making the perfect
accelerators of particles, in perfect vertical pathway all the way down, using
gravitational energy field, which is being converted into kinetics energy and
also into 2nd type of gravitational energy (as if some type of
inertia, going against increase or decrease of velocities or change of
direction) which becomes infinite at speed of light. None tangible mass "m" increase. Because humans yet don’t
understand how to handle gravitational field, they use electrical and/or magnetic fields, heat and
radiation pressure. All such means are very less efficient. Otherwise nuclear
fusion would be at hand/easy.
CHART 2 is an attempt to evaluate the problem of ORBITING not only in
one straight line, but along a pathway which is alike a HYPERBOLE, as shown
from points A, to B, to C, to D and to E (as shown in CHART1). This is the
composition of ORBITING only in vertical line A-O and if an endless hole
crosses the star (as if the deep well in which fell Alice in Wonderlands) the
particle will continue traveling to point E, now symmetrical to point A, in
relation to "O", the center of star. What makes the
difference is that vertical velocity, along A-O-E, is turned into centrifugal
force (related to inertia of mass "m") which
allows the particle to orbit around the star and it defines the minimum height "hc" particles will reach traveling over
the star surface (see Chart1).
Thus what is more important is the VERTICAL FORCE making the FALL DOWN,
toward star center, and the WORK generated by such attraction force, which is
the gravitational field energy converted into it and into fall vertical force
(at very high velocities, near the speed of light, greater and greater of such
usual gravitational energy of attraction is stored not as WORK but as 2nd
type of gravitational inertia energy, which increases more and more intensely
as the particle velocity is reaching the velocity of light, making acceleration
less and less effective… it is like stealing most of useful required energy
with electricity leaks as a motor is approaching some top velocity…).
In CHART2 we have a figure showing in O the center of a dense massive
star, and C being the lowest height position "hc" of the particle orbiting from A to
B to C to D to E. Guess G – C as representing the total force of gravitational
attraction, according to Newton’s theory, for our normal conventional mass "m": see equation 6
Fattraction = Fcentrifugal = Kuniv.
gravity . mpart . Mstar / R2 = mpart
. vc2 / R Eq. 6
Kuniv. Gravity is known. mpart
is known. Mstar is known. With the maximum force of attraction, and
minimum R and with the height of orbit above the star surface at position
"C" (with height "hc") we
can compute the whole orbit trajectory pathway, from C toward A and toward E:
as with comets. Better: we can compute directly from A to B and to C, and (by
symmetry) to D and to E.
In case of very intense gravitational field
nearby a massive dense star, it is replaced mpart by mrelativistic for
computing the trajectory of particle orbiting around the star. This is one
approach. The other is to use equation 9:
Fattraction = Kuniv.const. . Mstar / R2
. mtangible
+ Kuniv.const. . Mstar / R2
. mtangible . FUNCTION (v/C)2 Eq. 9
FUNCTION (v/C)2 = ½ . . (v/C)2 .
[1 + 3/4 . (v/C)2 +
5/8 . (v/C)4 + 35/64 . (v/C)6 + 63/128 . (v/C)8 + 231/512 . (v/C)10 + 3003/7163 . (v/C)12 +
45045/114688 . (v/C)16 +…]
Eq.10 (depends only of relative velocity (v/C)2 affecting mtangible).
In this way the problem is the composition of
two problems, one (first part) based on classic Newton’s model for attraction
according universal gravitation and the other (second part) based on 2nd
law of universal gravitation, which is ruled by the values (v/C). The reasoning
is the OPPOSITE people make use.
Fattraction - Kuniv.const. . Mstar / R2 . mtangible . FUNCTION
(v/C)2 =
NET 2nd GRAVITY FORCE = Kuniv.const. . Mstar / R2 .
mtangible traditional Newton’s gravitational attraction
force. Eq. 11
This means that ALLWAYS the "tangible
conventional mass m" remained the same (no mass increase with velocity v
approaching light speed (v/C almost 1), as when without velocity (v=0 / C=light
speed) and that it remains like the fall of a particle "m" (tangible,
or "m" as worth light particle energy) over a planet without
atmosphere: that is shown in the right side (end) of equation 11.
The first part of equation 11, Fattraction, shows that the
usual gravitational field energy converted into work is mostly released to
become stored as 2nd type of gravitational inertial energy: such
amount of stored inertial energy grows very fast and strongly. Thus only a
small amount (and decreasing very fast…) of total released gravitational energy
will be left (available) to accelerate the particle "m" (which
remains the same conventional tangible matter "m", without breeding
new particles and new electrical charges…), now storing in it the inertial
energy.
Thus let return to CHART2. G-C is the total
gravitational energy released since infinite distance to the point C, here
replaced with Fattraction. (Or make the integration, considering
Newton’s law). Also in scale, G-H is the inertial energy stored based on the 2nd
type of gravitational energy (stored into the particle, quite like light) and
thus it is not something tangible (as conventional matter) and it is the 2nd
term of first side of equation 11.
Thus H-C is the classic Newton’s force, from
conventional gravitational energy field, used to accelerate a particle, with
(tangible or WORTH) mass m, but as if acts only the LEFT (NET) AVAILABLE
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE, which is becoming weaker and weaker, as particle velocity
approaches of light speed.
Lets return to CHART2. Particle was ORBITING
around the STAR according the pathway trajectory C-I (traveling at the SPEED OF
THE LIGHT, or other value: you may decide, as to "accommodate measurements
results") and now, WHAT IS LEFT FROM GRAVITY RELEASED ENERGY, was able to
become accelerated to the velocity "v" (at ratio v/C) plain particle
of mass "m" (tangible or "worth value m"). Because of
Galileo’s principle, of independence of movements, we compose such vertical
velocity (H-C = I-J) with the orbit velocity at C (C-I = velocity of light) and
we obtain the composed velocity, C-J, and it will be greater than the velocity
of light. Thus such excess of kinetics energy, in the combination of movements,
is converted in a FORCE that OPPOSES to the excess of movement, and thus excess
energy is stored as 2nd type of gravitational inertial energy.
Energy to break the excessive velocity is not originated from the NOTHING….
The excess of velocity is only BECAUSE OF OUR
ARBITRARY MODEL. We IMPOSED the RULE that the MAXIMUM SPEED is only the SPEED
OF LIGHT (for light energy particles and for tangible mater, any as
"m" or "mworth"). THUS we deformed the space and
time: the new vector of velocity will be C-J. Only in such way it is possible
to change the direction of orbit, along the trajectory pathway, using vertical
velocity (which is changed when we make a satellite, at 38,000. km, to orbit
according a perfect geo-stationary circle): Fa=Fc. It is as if the satellite is
constantly falling down while centrifugal force is pushing it up.
END