Shabnam

(a) What is a markup?

Markup languages are designed for the processing, definition and presentation of text. The language specifies code for formatting, both the layout and style, within a text file. The code used to specify the formatting are called tags. HTMLis a an example of a widely known and used markup language.

(b) What is hypertext and hypermedia?

Hypertext is text which is not constrained to be linear.Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. The term was coined by Ted Nelson around 1965.
HyperMedia is a term used for hypertext which is not constrained to be text: it can include graphics, video and sound , for example. Apparently Ted Nelson was the first to use this term too.

(c) What is a doctype and why is it important to include it in every HTML document?

The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the tag. The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version of the markup language the page is written in. The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD).

(d) What lanuage can be used to style web documents?

The unique features are that CSS can be used to style HTML & XML documents. XSL, on the other hand, is able to transform documents. For example, XSL can be used to transform XML data into HTML/CSS documents on the Web server. This way, the two languages complement each other and can be used together.

(e) Which elements are required for a valid XHTML5 document?

1. Elements must be properly nested.
2. Elements must have a start and end tag.
3. Element names are case-sensitive.
4. Attribute values must be enclosed in double quotation marks.
5. Attributes may not be repeated.

(f) What is a self closing HTML element?Give an example.

A self-closing tag is an element of HTML code that has evolved in the language. Typically, the self-closing tag makes use of a “/” character in order to effectively close out a beginning tag enclosed in sideways carets
For example, in XML/XHTML, any tag can be self-closed by the ending slash "<… />". When XML is tested, it is important to make sure that the server is sending the correct Internet media type as XHTML (For example, application/xhtml+xml), otherwise browsers will treat it as HTML, regardless of the DOCTYPE in the file.

(g) What is XML and why is it important to web developpers?

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to describe data. The XML standard is a flexible way to create information formats and electronically share structured data via the public Internet, as well as via corporate networks.
It is important to web developpers as information becomes more accessible and reusable, because the more flexible markup of XML can be used by any XML software instead of being restricted to specific manufacturers as has become the case with HTML. XML files can be used outside the Web as well, in existing document-handling environments (eg publishing).

(h) Describe 4 XML rules.

1.In XML, all elements must be properly nested within each other."Properly nested" simply means that since the <i> element is opened inside the <b>element, it must be closed inside the <b> element.
2.In XML, it is illegal to omit the closing tag. All elements must have a closing tag
3.XML tags are case sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.Opening and closing tags must be written with the same case.
4.XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML.In XML, the attribute values must always be quoted

(i) What is the difference between a "well-formed" and a valid document?

Documents adhering to XML syntax are refered to as "well formed" and are ideal for manipulation by computer programs such as browsers but not necessarily valid .A valid document has to be well formed and be marked up according to a particular html specification.A document that conforms to a particular doctype and is also "well-formed" is considered a valid document and heaven to developers.