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MIL
MIL
MI-28 |
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La combinación de helicóptero cañonero con el de transporte, en la serie Hind, no proveyó grandes beneficios, y la fábrica Mil decidió mejorar la aeronave con líneas parecidas a los helicópteros del Oeste, así fue como nació el Mi-28 Havoc. Los trabajos de diseño comenzaron en 1980 con los primeros tres prototipos, realizando su primer vuelo el 10 de noviembre de 1982. El Havoc tenía una configuración similar al AH-64 Apache, pero llamarlo "Apachski" sería injusto, al diferir en bastante detalles. Posee una configuración de rotor principal y rotor de cola, se encuentra potenciado por dos turbinas Klimov TV3-117KM con 2200 shp cada una y un tren de aterrizaje fijo. El rotor principal consta de cuatro palas. El rotor de cola, en los dos primeros prototipos, constaba de tres palas, pero a partir del tercero contó con un rotor tipo tijera de dos palas cada uno. El artillero y el piloto tiene su propia cabina, con el piloto sentado en la parte superior. Los tripulantes se sienta sobre asientos absorbedores de impactos. Las ventanillas están blindadas y blindaje de titanio y cerámica es utilizado para proteger a la tripulación y al sistema de rotor. La máquina posee un sistema de escape que expulsa al rotor e infla una vejiga que protege a la tripulación al saltar. El armamento consiste de una torreta con un cañón de 30 mm. Esta se puede elevar 13 grados, descender 40 grados y girar 110 grados a cada lado. Dos rondas de 150 municiones son montadas en la misma torreta. El arma puede selectarse para disparar a 300 ó a 900 vueltas por minuto. Cada una de las alas posee dos pilones, con un total de cuatro. Cada pilón es capaz de transportar 480 Kg. (1058 Lb) y puede transportar 4 lanzadores AT-6 de misiles antitanque. Cada puntera alar posee un dispenser de serpentinas para disturbios de misiles y los motores poseen salidas de escape con supresores de rayos infrarrojos. Posee también un pequeño compartimiento que lo habilita a rescatar a otra tripulación en el campo de batalla. Debido al colapso de la Unión Soviética, el Mi-28 no entró en producción. Las Fuerzas Armadas post-soviéticas tenían un nuevo requerimiento, pero el Havoc perdió la competencia en 1994 contra el Kamov Ka-50 “Hokum”. Algunos observadores creen que el Hokum es inferior y solo ganó por presiones políticas. Un rotor coaxial provee buena capacidad de sustentación y es bueno para el uso en buques y tiene buena respuesta a los vientos cruzados, pero los críticos dicen que el peligro de colisión entre los rotores, limita la maniobrabilidad de la máquina, un punto muy importante en este tipo de helicópteros. En cualquier caso, en 1994, las Fuerzas Armadas Rusas anuncian que financiarían el desarrollo de una máquina para vuelo nocturno y todo tiempo del Havoc. En la primavera de 1997, la fabrica Mil publicita el prototipo del mejorado Mi-28N Havoc B, donde la “N” es por Nochoy (Noche). El primer vuelo de esta máquina es realizado el 14 de noviembre de 1996. El prototipo del Havoc B fue una reconstrucción del prototipo del Havoc original. VERSIONES
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The
mixed cargo-gunship configuration of the Hind-series helicopters
having proven no great benefit, the Mil bureau decided to follow up with
an improved machine much more along the lines of Western helicopter
gunships, the Mil "Mi-28 Havoc". Design work began in
1980, with the first of three prototypes performing its initial flight
on 10 November 1982. The
Havoc has a general configuration similar to that of the US
AH-64 Apache, but calling it an "Apachski" would be
unfair, as it clearly differs in detail. It has a conventional main-tail
rotor configuration; is powered by twin Klimov TV3-117KM turboshafts
with 2,200 horsepower each; and has fixed landing gear. The main rotor
has four blades. While the first two prototypes were fitted with a
three-blade tail rotor, the third has twin "scissors"-type
two-bladed rotors. The
gunner and pilot have their own cockpits, with the pilot in the
staggered-up back cockpit. The crew sit in shock-absorbing seats that
can handle crash landings at up to 12 meters (40 feet) per second. The
cockpit windows are plated with flat no-glint armor glass, and titanium
and ceramic armor is used to protect the aircrew and vital rotorcraft
systems. Systems are arranged so that the most critical are the least
exposed, and redundancy is used to help ensure survivability. The
machine has an escape system that blows off the rotors and inflates air
bladders that protect the crew while they are bailing out. Built-in
armament consists of a turret with a single-barreled "2A42" 30
millimeter cannon. The turret can elevate 13 degrees, depress 40
degrees, and traverse 110 degrees from each side of the centerline. Twin
150-round ammunition boxes are mounted on the turret itself, to reduce
the probability of jammed ammo feeds. The gun can be selected for a 300
round per minute rate of fire for surface targets, or a 900 round per
minute rate of fire for air combat. Each
of the stub wings has two pylons, for a total of four plyons. Each pylon
has a carriage capability of 480 kilograms (1,058 pounds) and can carry
a four-round launcher for AT-6 Spiral antitank missiles, an unguided
rocket pod, or other stores. Sensor and targeting systems are fitted.
Each wingtip has a chaff-flare dispenser, and engine exhaust infrared
suppressors are fitted. The
Havoc actually has a small cargo compartment of sorts, though its
main rationale is to allow one helicopter to rescue the crew of another.
It could almost certainly be used to carry some ammunition reloads as
well. Due
to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Mi-28 did not enter
production. The post-Soviet Russian Army did have a requirement for a
new gunship helicopter, but the Havoc lost that competition in
1994 to the Kamov Ka-50 "Hokum". Mil
didn't give up on the Mi-28, however. Even though the Hokum
had "won" the competition, the Russian Army didn't have the
funding to commit to production, making the win meaningless. If and when
the Russian Army got funding, it was likely to be after a period of time
that rendered the service's original specifications irrelevant, leading
to a new competition. Some
observers believe the Hokum was the inferior choice in the first
place, and that it only won through political lobbying efforts. A
coaxial-rotor helicopter does provide good lift capability and is
well-suited for shipboard operation, due to its small footprint and
insensitivity to crosswinds. However, critics claim that the danger of
collision between the coaxial rotorblades limits such a machine's
maneuverability, a definite drawback in a helicopter gunship. In
addition, damage to the rotor system that a conventional helicopter
might survive will very likely lead to a rotor collision that will send
a coaxial-rotor machine into the ground. In
any case, in 1994, the Russian Army announced that they had funded
development of a night / all-weather attack version of the Havoc.
In the spring of 1997, the Mil bureau publicly unveiled the prototype of
the improved "Mi-28N Havoc-B", where "N"
stood for "Nochoy (Night)". First flight of the Mi-28N
prototype was on 14 November 1996. The Havoc-B prototype was a
rebuild of the original Havoc prototype. The Mi-28N features a daylight TV / FLIR turret embedded in the nose, and a mast-mounted millimeter-wave Kinzal-V or Arbalet targeting radar. Other improvements include an enhanced cockpit layout; slightly improved 30 millimeter cannon; modified rotor blades with swept tips; and uprated TV3-117VK engines with 2,500 horsepower each. There has been no commitment to production of the Havoc-B, either, and the Mil organization has sought foreign sales. VERSIONS
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Characteristics |
Information |
Characteristics |
Information |
First
Flight Primer Vuelo |
1982 |
Engine Motor |
2 Klimov |
Seating
Capacity Plazas |
2 |
Power Potencia |
2200 SHP each |
Empty
Weight Peso Vacío |
7890 Kg |
Hover
Ceiling O.G.E. Estacionario O.G.E |
10454 Ft |
Maximum
Weight Peso Máximo |
11500 Kg |
Hover
Ceiling I.G.E. Estacionario I.G.E |
NA |
Vel.
Cruise Vel. crucero |
155 Kts |
Service
Ceiling Techo de Servicio |
19000 Ft |
V.N.E. V.N.E |
167 Kts |
Maximum
Range (Std) Alcance (Std) |
253 NM |
Dimensions / Dimensiones |
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Fuselage
Length Fuselaje Largo |
55 ft 10 in |
Main
Rotor Diameter Diam. Rotor Principal |
56 ft 5 in |
Total
Height Alto Total |
15 ft 5 in |
Tail
Rotor Diameter Diam. Rotor de Cola |
12 ft 7 in |
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