Online Revision of the Calašan Dictionary

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Calašan Verbs

Basic Structure of a Verb

In Calašan, all verbs are comprised of two parts: a root and an ending. Verbs are listed in the dictionary by their infinitive form, where the ending, or suffix, is –ur. Verbs are conjugated by changing the suffix. The root gives the meaning of the verb, and the suffix gives information such who is the person that is doing the verb.

For example, the verb corrur (run) has the root corr- and the suffix -ur. The root will usually stay the same, allowing the speaker of Calašan understand the meaning. If the root ends in the same vowel sound as the suffix, drop the vowel sound at the end of the root.

Tenses of Verbs

Infinitive Tense

The infinitive tense is formed in English by placing the word before the verb (run, walk, etc.) In Calašan, instead of using a word such as to, the suffix –ur is used. Examples include:

Present Tense

The present tense (I walk, he walks, etc.) is formed by adding the correct ending the root for the correct person. See the following table:

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -u	We -um
Second person	You -us	You-all -am
Third Person	He/She/It -es	They -un

The present tense is used for both “they fight” and “they are fighting”.

For example, the phrase they are fighting a battle could be expressed in Calašan simply by saying rocroiun.

Present Progressive Tense

The present progressive tense is expressed in English as “They are fighting”. In Calašan, it is more common use the present tense, but for added emphasis this tense is used by using the correct conjugation of estur (be) in the present tense and adding the progressive ending -ani the root. For example, they are fighting a battle could be expressed as estun rocroiani.

Preterit Tense

The preterit is a past tense, used describe something that happened at a certain point in time. In English, we would say “They fought”. Like the present tense, the correct ending is used specify a preterit tense verb.

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -a	We -ame
Second person	You -as	You-all -im
Third person	He/She/It -esa	They -an

For example, the phrase they fought a battle could be expressed as rocroian.

Future Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -o	We -om
Second person	You -ose	You-all -en
Third person	He/She/It -is	They -on

Therefore the phrase they will fight a battle is expressed as rocroion.

Imperfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -ai	We -ion
Second person	You -ais	You-all -id
Third person	He/She/It -ei	They -in

Therefore the phrase they used fight a battle or they were fighting a battle is expressed as rocroiin. Notice the double I. This is important because the last vowel sound in the root is –oi, which is not the same as the –i in –in.

Conditional Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I Infinitive +ia	We Infinitive +oi
Second person	You Infinitive +ias	You-all Infinitive +io
Third person	He/She/It Infinitive +is	They Infinitive +i

Therefore the phrase they would fight a battle is expressed as rocroiuri.

Present Perfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I su + past participle	We sum + past participle
Second person	You sus + past participle	You-all sam + past participle
Third person	He/She/It ses + past participle	They sun + past participle

The su, sus, ses, sum, sam, sun, come from savur, which is the auxiliary verb have. The stem is shorted s-. Therefore the phrase they have fought a battle is expressed as sun rocroiadi.

Past Perfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I sai + past participle	We sio + past participle
Second person	You sais + past participle	You-all sid + past participle
Third person	He/She/It sei + past participle	They sin + past participle

The sai, sais, sei, sio, sid, sin, come from savur, which is the auxiliary verb have. The stem is shorted s-. Therefore the phrase they had fought a battle is expressed as sin rocroiadi.

Future Perfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I so + past participle	We som + past participle
Second person	You sose + past participle	You-all sen + past participle
Third person	He/She/It sis + past participle	They son + past participle

The so, sose, sis, som, sen, son, come from savur, which is the auxiliary verb have. The stem is shorted s-. Therefore the phrase they will have fought a battle is expressed as son rocroiadi.

Conditional Perfect Tense

	Singular	Plural
First person	I savuria + past participle	We savuroi + past participle
Second person	You savurias + past participle	You-all savurio + past participle
Third person	He/She/It savuris + past participle	They savuri + past participle

Savur, which is the auxiliary verb have, is regular in the conditional. Therefore the phrase they would have fought a battle is expressed as savuri rocroiadi.

Participles

Past	-adi
Present	-ani

Fighting a battle is expressed as rocroiani. Fought a battle is expressed as rocroiadi.

Imperatives

Unlike most Calašan verbs, the imperative tense has different forms depending on the vowel preceding the infinitive suffix.

Examples:

hablur = a-class čenur = e-class escribur = i-class

antwortur = o-class gustur = u-class yur = consonant-class (no vowel preceding)

A-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -ac	We -ams
Second person	You -ans	You-all -ans
Third person	He/She/It -anc	They -anci

Hablans! (you) speak!

E-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -ec	We -ems
Second person	You -ens	You-all -ens
Third person	He/She/It -enc	They -enci

Čenems. Let’s eat dinner.

I-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -ic	We -ims
Second person	You -ins	You-all -ins
Third person	He/She/It -inc	They -inci

Escribins (you) write!

O-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -oc	We -oms
Second person	You -ons	You-all -ons
Third person	He/She/It -onc	They -onci

Antwortons! (you) answer!

U-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -uc	We -ums
Second person	You -uns	You-all -uns
Third person	He/She/It -unc	They -unci

Gustuns! Like it!

Consonant-class verbs

	Singular	Plural
First person	I -ui	We -uir
Second person	You -u	You-all -ur
Third person	He/She/It -ul	They -ulir

You must also place an i- before the consonant-class infinitive verb!

Iyuir. Let’s go.

Poetic Subjunctive

Normally, Calašan does not distinguish the subjunctive mood. However, most poetry and some formal documents use the “poetic subjunctive”.

Singular

Plural

Poetic Subjunctive

ezh-

ezhr- (if verb begins with vowel)

ezher- (if verb begins with consonant)

Irregulars: If the verb begins with zh, the endings become eš-, ešr-, and ešer- respectively.

Examples: Es vazhnotanti ke ezhvenu. It’s important that I come.

Es vazhnotanti ke ešerzhieream cha. It’s important that you all freeze it.

The poetic subjunctive should be used sparingly, if at all.

American English to Calašan

Calašan Prefixes

ing- un-, not

le-^¹ in memory/honor of

ne- negative

in- im-, not

de- two

asin- beyond, outside, extra-

ancha- fore, front

ma- incorrect, bad

rei- again

za- after, post-

na- before, pre-

ocu- full of, characterized by, -ful

ši- without

voje- against, anti-, counter-.

suvi- sub-, below

sovure- super-, above

Calašan Suffixes

-(a)chi expresses a poor opinion of the object or action, for example: aisachi (from ais, or land), meaning bad country, poor land, etc.

-(a)dzho a concrete or visual manifestation, for example: palavradzho (from palavra, word) meaning word written down, visible on paper, etc. To clarify this concept: A word spoken is a palavra, but when you write it down it can (but does not have be) called a palavradzho because it can be seen visually.

-(a)l equivalent of –al in English.

-(a)ru a collective group, for example: prehuntaru (from prehunta, question) meaning a set of questions. Also acceptable: prehuntar, questions (plural).

-(a)tanti equivalent of –ant in English.

-(e)bli possible, equivalent of –able, -ible in English, for example, posebli, possible. See also -tom

-(e)ce an abstract quality, for example Calašace, meaning a quality associated ith Calaša, Norbalarece, a quality associated with Norbalar, binoce, goodness.

-(e)ma having a tendency, for example: hablema, talkative

-(e)nta mandatory, for example leenta, required reading.

-(e)tro leader, boss, for example cevitsotro, (from cevitso, city) meaning mayor

-eg- augmentative placed before the final syllable, for example Germanegi, meaning Greater Germany, kaegša, meaning large mansion (kaša meaning mansion or large house). Note that the a and the e are pronounced separately (kah-ehg-SHA)

-eho a place characterized by the root, for example correho, literally a place for running, meaning running track.

-et- diminutive placed before final syllable, for example libuetre, booklet.

-(i)cho male, for example kuonicho, male dog

-(i)lo instrument, for example, one who helps is an ayuduthor, but an instrument that helps is an ayudilo (from ayudur, help).

-(i)mda suggested, for example leimda, suggested reading.

-(i)men equivalent of English -ly and Spanish -mente (Action, state of, result of).For example, facilimen, easily.

-(i)na female, for example kuonina, female dog.

-(i)nzhe a holder, for example pafilonzhe (from pafilo, gun or weapon), meaning holster.

-(i)tadi equivalent English –ty, -ness, etc.

-te placed after a noun, means and. Similar to –que in Senatus Populusque Roma (The Senate and People of Rome). For example, bolir bolielethirte, meaning pens and pencils.

-(i)to relating to, for example militato, (from milita, soldier), meaning military, or literally relating to soldier(s).

-(i)tom capable of, for example ingzhistom (from zhistur, perish) meaning imperishable, literally unable to perish, not capable of perishing.

-(i)zeto relating to, for example militazeto, military, from milita, soldier.

-(i)zo diminuitive suffix, for example furzhazo, (from furzha, force) meaning little force.

-(i, u)thor equivalent English -er, for example compututhor, (from computur, compute), meaning computer, or cantuthor (from cantur, sing), meaning singer.

-ichi equivalent of –ic in English.

-ismo equivalent of -ism in English, for example, komunismo, communism.

-isti equalivent of -ist in English, for example, dentisti, dentist.

-iu country named after a geographic feature or ethnicity, for example: Nijeriu, Nigeria, from Nijer, the Niger River. Other example: pateriu, fatherland.

-izh- meaning make or cause, placing before the ur in the root of the verb, for example, viaizhur, (from via, road, and the ur infinitive suffix) meaning make or build a road.

-nai creates a question. Place after first verb, for example Tam dormaisnai?, meaning “You used sleep there?”

-(o)n a demonym, a member, a follower, inhabitant, for example: spanyon (from Span, Spain), meaning Spanish, Spaniard.

-thi masculine affectionate form, used after the first syllable of the name, for example: Aulthi, from Aulo. Yakthi, from Yakovo, Jacob. Kuonthi, meaning doggy.

-tuno equivalent of English –tion or Spanish –ción (act or state). For example, natuno, meaning nation.

-ya feminine affectionate, for example, matya from mater (mother.)

If the root is one syllable and ends in a vowel, do not delete the vowel at the beginning of the affix.