The Real Issues: Economics
Tax Breaks or Government Direct Spending - Is There a Right Answer?
By Michael Mohr, Jan. 6^th, 2009

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Regardless of actual effectiveness, a tax break is a common political response to any recession. The hope is to energize spending with a wealth effect, which jump starts personal consumption. But, in contrast to recessions of our recent past, I do not believe the wealth effect will occur in our current crisis. The difference in 2008/2009 is primarily a change in consumption, stemming from job market instability. I predict this fundamental shift in consumer behavior will prevent a tax break mechanism from making any improvements in the recovery process.  

First, examine the graph below from the WSJ (source: "Hard Hit Families Finally Start Saving, Aggravating Nation's Economic Woes").   The take away is that Americans are not spending... anything. For the first time in a very long time Americans are actually saving money! 

For a tax cut to be effective in our economy, one simple mechanism would need to function: citizens would get a check in the mail from the government and would then go out and spend it. A stimulus would generated by the heightened consumer activity, which would raise demand for goods. This would stimulate businesses to produce more goods, hire more people to meet the demand etc. And so the wheels of the economy would turn again. This is how the mechanism would function in a perfect world, where every $1 of tax cut is spent within the U.S. economy. The reality, I believe, lies in stark contrast to this scenario. I think it will be more like this: U.S. citizens get a check in the mail and use it for: (1) credit card bills with now exorbitant interest rates, (2) towards a mortgage they can't afford anyway (the real problem here is explained in my article "Truly Understanding The Credit Crisis...") or (3) Hoard it for a rainy day. Each of these three uses reflects very rational behavior for the common citizen in today's world. If nothing else, the gloom of an impending deepening recession, and the possibility of massive layoffs would lead someone to hoard their dollars to float them through possible unemployment. None of these three realistic outcomes will lead to the kind of economic stimulus the President-Elect is hoping for, it will just increase the debt burden of the federal government. 

As I discussed in previous articles, the federal government has extremely advantageous access to low-cost capital. With historically low rates on treasuries, the government is in a great position to spend -- but there should still be some thought to spending wisely. Cutting taxes will not give the economy the jolt it needs, but I do have two suggestions for plans that I believe might make a wider impact. Firstly, direct government spending, and secondly, support for weak state and local governments.

Obama is a champion of direct infrastructure improvements, I can only hope he does not lose his focus on this productive stimulus option. Direct government spending may remind us of the Great Depression, but it may not be a bad idea. I realized that the tenor of financial markets was really dire when the short term treasury rate dipped below 0% in December at the same time the Federal Funds Rate was at 0% (see related article Money Does Grow On Trees...). Investors just do not trust private investment right now. The solution to restoring confidence is to stabilize consumption, which can only be done with a stable job market. When people know their next paycheck will definitely be there, they will spend today. It is scary to say it, but with private business contracting, and private cost to capital extremely high, the logical solution is for government to employ its citizens directly. It stabilizes the job market and will give a lot of attention to some much needed infrastructure improvements. Sounds like socialism? Call it what you want, it will be effective. People will be employed, consumer confidence will return, Americans will soon start consuming in massive quantities, the consumption will spur private activity, the activity will stem the risk of lending to private companies, and the lending will get the whole economy back on track. 

Some attention also needs to be paid to state/city government budget deficits, which I have not heard addressed on the national level. Many states are in some serious trouble, with California and New York at the top of the list.  Since states and local governments are responsible for all the services that stabilize communities like fire, police, and health, allowing these governments to become delinquent on their debts would further destabilize economic recovery. States do not have the same spending luxury as the Federal Government. With dropping income taxes from rising unemployment, states are looking at some serious deficits. Compounding the problem is the municipal bond market which is the way many state and local governments take on debt (the state version of treasuries). This market has slowed rapidly in recent months, loosing a large number of buyers because of the wall street fallout. As fewer and fewer people have confidence in states' abilities to pay, the cost for states of taking out loans from the public in the form of bonds goes up. This will begin to stall a state's access to capital. This should be on the radar for the federal government. A bailout for some states will probably be inevitable, and should be funded to keep basic services running. 

Shifting the gears of pessimism, I want to briefly look at why a tax break does not necessarily need to work1 to be  effective2, maybe there is a much bigger plan. This tax break may be a move by Obama to start restoring the spirit of Americans. Consumer confidence is simply all about confidence in one's government and the stability of their lives. The policy for this administration, at least in the short term, is to use everything at its disposal. Money is cheap, treasuries remain low, and moving the Fed Funds rate hasn't given the effect the Federal Reserve was hoping for. As a result, Obama is pulling out all the stops. He is vying for the American spirit, comforting citizens by having them believe he is doing everything possible and thereby restoring their confidence in the free market. I personally think $300 billion is a high price to pay for the spirit of Americans, but I suppose it may not be the worst idea as long as the government doesn't run out of money (or have to start paying a significant interest rate). I have outlined more worthy 3 (from an investment perspective) uses for the funds, but can accept that there are less tangible victories than the return on investment. I just hope Obama is not expecting some traction from this plan, because it is unlikely to come.

1. Work meaning actually cause economic stimulus. 

2. Effective meaning making some kind of impact or change. 

3. I determine them to be more worthy because i think they will have a wider impact on the overall economy.

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