# The Isomerization of Safrole: A Review by Rhodium ### Introduction Many ways of isomerizing safrole (3,4-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene) into isosafrole (3,4-Methylenedioxy- propenylbenzene) can be found in the literature. The isomerizations, which in all reviewed cases are catalytic, often have high yields, but differs greatly in easiness and reaction times. The availability and costs of the catalysts also differ over a broad range. The reaction, which is general for the conversion of nearly all allylbenzenes (like safrole, apiole, dillapiole and elemicin) to their corresponding propenylbenzene isomer, is usually carried out by heating the allylbenzene together with an inorganic catalyst or catalyst mixture under reflux, with or without the use of a solvent. After the reaction is finished, the catalyst is removed by filtration, any solvent removed under vacuum, and the residue is distilled to purify the propenylbenzene from unreacted allylbenzene and polymerized material. The isomerization always gives a mixture of both cis- and trans- isomers of the propenylbenzene (approx 30:70 using standard hydroxide ion catalyzed isomerization). The trans-propenylbenzene is thermodynamically more stable than the cis-propenylbenzene, so with longer reaction times, the ratio of the trans-isomer is increased in respect to the cis. As increasing the reaction time beyond the necessary for converting the allylbenzene will lower the yield of the product propenylbenzenes (due to side reactions), so attempts to influence this ratio is usually not made. Because the reaction produces mixture of isomers rather than a single compound, the boiling point of the propenylbenzene is never sharp. In the case of isosafrole, the trans isomer boils at approx 10°C higher than the cis, so the isosafrole isomers are usually collected as a mixture over a temperature range, rather than trying to collect each fraction separately. For all practical purposes, cis- and trans-isosafrole reacts just the same, so there is no real point in separating the isomers. Physical properties of safrole and isosafrole
Compound | Melting Point | Boiling Point
Safrole | ~11°C | 232-234°C
trans-Isosafrole | 8.2°C | 253°C (760mm), 179.5°C (100mm), 135.6°C (20mm), 85-86°C (3.5mm)
cis-Isosafrole | -21.5°C | 77-79°C (3.5mm)
#### Vacuum Reflux Using only KOH as catalyst and doing the reflux under vacuum with no solvent[1] is preferable for several reasons. First, the vacuum helps removing the water (~15%) present in the KOH, and the lower reflux temperature prevents excessive side reactions. Experimental: Potassium hydroxide (10-12g, 1-2 per cent equivalent) was added to 800g safrole (from sassafras oil fractionally distilled twice) situated in a 2000ml round-bottomed flask (never fill a flask more than half full), equipped with an efficient reflux condenser, and with the top of the condenser attached to a vacuum source of approximately 10-20 mbar capacity. Magnetic stirring was initiated in the flask, and the suspension was brought to reflux under vacuum, which was typically attained at approximately 120°C. The reflux was continued overnight, the vacuum source disconnected, and the reflux condenser was replaced by a fractional distillation setup with a vigreux column and the isosafrole was distilled, again with good magnetic stirring. Refraction index measurements shows the reaction to be mostly completed after approximately 3 hours, but the reaction was still typically refluxed overnight. Stronger vacuum means longer reaction times, because of lower reflux temperature. Bigger reactions than 1000ml of safrole that have the tendency to bump violently, apparently magnetic stirring isn't good enough anymore. For our industrially oriented bees: using a capillary to introduce a stream of air bubbles, comparable to good old-fashioned vacuum distillation should work to circumvent the batch size limitation. The KOH residue in the distillation flask can be reused to isomerise another batch of safrole. The vacuum limits reflux (=reaction) temp and also helps in removing water formed by the reaction of KOH with the safrole. The higher the temperature, the faster this reaction will be over. As a rule of thumb, half the vacuum means lowering the boiling point about 10°C. A substance boiling at 200° at 1000mbar (athmospheric) will boil at 190° at 500mbar, 180° at 250mbar, 170° at 120 mbar, 160° at 60 mbar, 150° at 30mbar and so on. This is not exact, but can be used to estimate the expected boiling points roughly. Magnetic stirring is absolutely necessary. Don't do this with more than 1L safrole, strong bumping was experienced with bigger amounts. Use distilled safrole! When there's too much water present, reaction fails. Distill the iso with column, preferrably collecting the middle 80%. Recycle the first and last 10%. Regulating a vacuum and keeping it constant is quite difficult. It's best to use a diaphragm pump at full vacuum. Using a rotary vane oil pump here doesn't work, because it pulls too much vacuum. #### Isomerization with KOH/CaO[9] If calcium oxide is added to a mixture of potassium hydroxide and safrole, the reaction becomes less water-sensitive as the CaO reacts with any water present to form Ca(OH)2. The reaction is also very fast. The downside is that the CaO forms a black insoluble gunk in the reaction flask, and has to be removed by vacuum filtration with a filter aid before the isosafrole can be distilled off. Experimental: 100 grams of safrole was placed in a 250 ml RB flask fitted with a water-cooled Allihn reflux condenser, and was heated with good stirring. When the solution started to boil, 1 gram of KOH pellets was added through the condenser, and the safrole immediately took on a brown color. Next, 15 grams of CaO was also added through the condenser, and the solution was allowed to reflux for 15 minutes, and the heat was turned off, and the solution was poured into a beaker and was allowed to cool. The dark brown suspension was vacuum filtered through a pad of celite, and the filter cake was washed with 2x50 ml of CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 was removed through distillation at atmospherical pressure, and unreacted safrole was also distilled off at 240°C (bath temperature), and amounted to about 1 ml. The residue was distilled at aspirator vacuum (~25 mmHg), and the isosafrole came over at 120-130°C as a water-white oil, weighing 70 grams (70%). #### Base catalyzed isomerization using Microwaves[4] Safrole and eugenol isomerization reactions were carried out under microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure and homogeneous medium with various alcohols used as solvents and different base concentrations. The rate reaction enhancement shown was 2.3 to 13.2 times faster than conventional reflux. To study the microwave irradiation effect over isomerization reactions of safrole at atmospheric pressure and homogeniuous medium, experiments with various alcohols used as solvents and different base concentrations were carried out in an adapted microwave oven and in conventional reflux.
Solvent | KOH | Reaction Time (Conventional reflux) | Yield | Reaction Time (Microwave reflux) | Yield
EtOH | 2M | 25h | 88% | 240 min | 90%
EtOH | 4M | 5h | 98% | 30 min | 99%
EtOH (+ 2M KCl) | 4M | 4h | 99% | 20 min | 99%
2-BuOH | 2M | 4h | 95% | 60 min | 96%
1-BuOH | 2M | 1h | 98% | 20 min | 99%
1-BuOH | 4M | 15min | 99% | 3 min | 99%
Experimental: The alcoholic alkaline solution is prepared by the prolonged stirring of 8.8g (or 4.4g for 2M) of KOH pellets in 30ml EtOH. The KOH and the alcohols were of analytically purity grade. The alkaline solutions is placed in a RB flask provided with reflux condenser then 4.0g of safrole is added and the solution heated. The microwave oven used for this study was a continental 2001/500W. the reflux system was pyrex and adapted through a hole in the ovens upper wall, having a diameter smaller than half wavelength to avoid microwave radiation escapes. #### Phase Transfer Catalyzed Isomerization[5] This is a method of isomerising allyl-benzenes to propenyl-benzenes in aqueous conditions at only 70°C. Allylbenzene was isomerized to trans- and cis-propenylbenzene. The reaction was run under varying conditions of mechanical stirring speed, PTC structure, initial catalyst concentration, temperature, catalyst counterion, and aqueous NaOH concentration. Standard reaction conditions consisted of 1.42 M allylbenzene in toluene, 5 mol% tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), 40-50% aqueous NaOH, 75°C and stirring speed of 850 rpm [at least 550 rpm is needed]. Other phase transfer catalysts can be used. But ethyl-tri-octyl-ammonium undergoes extensive decomposition within 1.5 h due to the available ethyl group being convenient for Hoffman elimination. Quats below a minimum organophilicity (eg. tetra-propyl-ammonium) are ineffective. Catalyst decomposition may effectively stop the reaction at 70%-98% conversion, depending on reaction conditions. Solventless PTC variation[7] In this reference there is a procedure for isomerization of safrole under solvent-free conditions. The scale is low, but scaling up with some modifications shouldn't be a problem. To 10 mmol safrole (1.62g) are added 12 mmol of solid crushed KOH (480mg) and 5 mol% (168mg) Aliquat 336 (common PTC). After shaking vigoruosly, the mixture is warmed to 80°C and held there for 5 minutes. After cooling 50ml CH2Cl2 is added and the the rxn mixture is filtered over 5g florisil. CH2Cl2 is removed under vacuum and isosafrole is obtained in 96% yield after distillation. #### Transition Metal Catalyzed Isomerization[6] According to this patent, safrole isomerization can be effected with various transition element salts. A suspension of the specified amount of transition metal salt in 50g safrole is heated to 130°C for some time, and then the mixture is distilled to give isosafrole with a minimum (<5%) of safrole forerun. The following are the amounts used, heating time and yields with selected salts tried by the authors of the patent. Ruthenium(III)chloride (200mg, 3h, 98%) Ruthenium(III)bromide (10.7mg, 3h, 98%) Osmium(III)chloride (38mg, 10 min, 90%) #### Iron Pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 (iron pentacarbonyl) and NaOH has been shown to be a very effective catalyst pair, giving a 97% yield of isosafrole at 99% purity [2-3]. A downside with this method is that Fe(CO)5 is a both toxic and expensive reagent, but on the other hand, the reaction is very rapid and the molar consumption of the catalyst is low. Experimental: Safrole (500g), iron pentacarbonyl (2.5g) and sodium hydroxide (1.6g) were mixed in a one litre flask equipped with stirrer, thermometer and reflux condenser. The well-stirred reaction mixture was heated to 110°C at which temperature a vigorous reaction commenced, causing the temp. to rise to 180°C in 6 min. After cooling the mixture, 250ml of 2N acetic acid were added. The organic layer was separated from the aqueous phase and washed with brine to neutrality. After drying and evaporation of the solvent the mixture was distilled from a Claisen flask and gave 485g (97%) of isosafrole. #### Alumina/Sodium[8] Allylbenzenes can be isomerized to propenylbenzenes either in a batchwise or continous mode by letting it react with a catalyst prepared by fusing activated alumina, sodium hydroxide and sodium metal. The catalyst can also be reused. Catalyst preparation: In a 100 ml four-necked flask, activated alumina (50 g) was charged and stirred at 380-400°C for 2 h under nitrogen. Sodium hydroxide (8.7g) was portionwise added thereto at the same temperature, and the resultant mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. Then, metallic sodium (2.0 g) was portionwise added thereto, whereby the mixture became black but turned gradually white. After being stirred for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to give a catalyst product. The product was not ignited upon exposure to air, and generation of hydrogen was not seen on admixture with water. Experimental: In a 25 ml flask, safrole (5.0 g) was charged, and the atmosphere was replaced by nitrogen. The catalyst (1.0g) was added thereto, and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1h. After elimination of the catalyst by filtration, the filtrate was distilled to give isosafrole (4.9 g), bp 135°C at 20 mmHg. Continous operation: In a reactor of 10 mm in inner diameter and of 50 cm in length, the catalyst (15 g) was charged under a nitrogen stream. Safrole was continuously introduced therein from the upper part at a rate of 1.1 g/min., and the reacted product was taken out from the lower part. No depression in the catalytic activity was seen even after introduction of 200 g of safrole. The product was confirmed to be 100 % purity of isosafrole by gas chromatography. ### References [1] Osmium, communication at The Hive (1998) [2] Chem. Abs. 66, 85716y (1967) [3] Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 86(1), 31-32 (1967) (in english) [4] Syn. Comm. 27(24), 4335-4340 (1997) [5] J. Org. Chem. 48, 1022-1025 (1983) [6] US Pat 4,138,411 [7] Syn. Comm. 23(10), 1379-1384 (1993) [8] US Patent 3,852,305 [9] Chemical Abstracts Volume 47, 9360c + 10005h