Homo (Pithecantropus) erectus
Homo (Pithecantropus) erectus, 1929 Eugene Dubois
Homo erectus was first recognised in Java, when Eugene Dubois (1858 -1940) discovered a tooth, skullcap and femur in 1892. He named his discovery Pithecanthropus erectus believing that the specimens represented a human ancestor that was too primitive to be included in the genus Homo. Pithecanthropus means 'ape-man', and the species name erectus reflects the very human-like femur which told Dubois that this early human ancestor walked upright. It was not until 1960 that the name Pithecanthropus was formerly revised to Homo. Subsequent to Dubois' discovery, Davidson Black worked in the Chinese site of Zhoukoudian and in 1929 discovered a skull cap more complete than Dubois' but very similar in shape. This was followed by further specimens a swell as stone tools.
To understand what we mean today by "Homo erectus", some history of paleoanthropological thought is needed. The first early human fossil found outside of Europe was the Trinil 2 fossil skullcap from the Solo River in Java, pictured to the right. The fossil was placed in the species Pithecanthropus erectus by its discoverer Eugene Dubois. Almost 40 individuals have been recovered from Java to this day, roughly equivalent to the number of fossils found at the caves of Choukoutien in China. The Choukoutien fossils found were originally assigned the species name Sinanthropus pekinensis. It was not until the 1950's that Ernst Mayr proposed that all of the specimens from these two roughly contemporaneous locales, along with others localities from Europe and Africa, represented a single species, Homo erectus. Since the 1950's, however, the early African populations of what Mayr termed Homo erectus have once again been split into a separate species Homo ergaster.
Extinct hominid living between 1.6 million and 250,000 years ago. Homo erectus is thought to have evolved in Africa from H. habilis, the first member of the genus Homo. Anatomically and physiologically, H. erectus resembles contemporary humans except for a stouter bone structure. The size of its braincase (850—1000 cc), approaches that of H. sapiens, but the cranial bones are more massive than either those of H. habilis or modern humans.
Homo erectus exhibits many features particular to the species, including a long skull shaped with thick cranial walls. The back of the skull is marked with a protruberance known as a transverse torus. Over the eyes is a large and prominent browridge, or supraorbital torus, which joins the rest of the frontal bone at a depression called the sulcus. Cranial capacities of Homo erectus average around 1000cc, which is far greater than earlier australopiths and even early Homo. The dentition of Homo erectus is nearly identical to modern humans, although the cheek teeth do remain larger, and the mandible is generally more robust.
The species Homo erectus is thought to have diverged from Homo ergaster populations roughly 1.6 million years ago, and then spread into Asia. It was believed that Homo erectus disappeared as other populations of archaic Homo evolved roughly 400,000 years ago. Evidently, this is not the case. Recent studies into the complicated stratigraphy of the Java Homo erectus sites have revealed some surprising information. Researchers have dated the deposits thought to contain the fossils of H. erectus near the Solo River in Java to only 50,000 years ago. This would mean that at least one population of Homo erectus in Java was a contemporary of modern humans (Homo sapiens).
