4.9        NUCLEUS' STRUCTURE

The new theory proposes special structures with the elementary positrins and negatrins for the proton and the neutron. They are presented in Section 4.8.

Here it is described how is the structure of the nucleus of an atom that maintains protons and neutrons together at the very small nuclear dimension.

In the new theory it is proposed that the “strong nuclear force” that binds protons together in the nucleus of an atom is the Magnetic Force (paramagnetic) existent between rings with equal type of charge. The force is attractive and greater than the repulsive Electric Force when the distance between the positive rings at the extreme of two protons are small enough.

It must be considered that in the creation of an atom protons are approximated together at such small distance.

The Magnetic Force can attract the protons until the repulsive Ultimate Force becomes greater. An equilibrium point can be established where the Magnetic and the Ultimate forces are equal (see Section 3.4 - Case B). Protons can stay in equilibrium at a very small distance, smaller than their length.

The Paramagnetic Force between elementary rings is a very good candidate for the “Strong Nuclear Force” that links protons with other protons and with neutrons since it have exponent four in the distance greater than that of the Electric Force (exponent two) and, as we saw in Section 3.4 Case B, its attraction begin to act only at a certain distance when it is greater than the repulsive Electric Force.

Neutrons have a similar structure to protons with one more ring and can also establish equilibrium with a proton or another neutron by the positively charged ring of one of its extremes.

The description above determines that two protons, two neutrons or a proton and a neutron can stay in equilibrium at a distance smaller than their length. With the exception of hydrogen atoms have many protons and neutrons in their nucleus and structures with many protons and neutrons in equilibrium exist. It is proposed that all atoms have their protons and neutrons establishing equilibrium with the positive rings of the extremes of protons and neutrons at the center of the nucleus and the other extremes spreading out.

The atoms are neutralized by electrons situated near the outer extremes of protons in a way that each proton has one electron associated to it. The electrons also establish equilibrium with associated protons but between the Magnetic (diamagnetic) and the Electric forces of the rings with opposite type of charge. Section 5.3 describes how discrete equilibrium states between protons and electrons are possible accordingly with Quantum Physics.

The following image illustrates the structure of a neutral helium atom:

NOTE:

The image does not represent real dimensions of the rings and relative distances. The dimensions of the rings are not known yet.

NOTE:

The structures of the basic particles and that of the atom is based on equilibrium states affected by the factor f(v_A) of the Magnetic Force. This implies that the structure of the atoms is velocity dependent.

The structure of “matter” is then velocity dependent (not the mass which remains constant as pointed out in Section 3.4).