4.8    PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

Protons and neutrons present diffraction patterns that obey the De Broglie formula. This suggests us that probably protons and neutrons could be made of simple structures like that for the electron.

The elementary particles, the positrin and the negatrin, are so successfully in the representation of the photon, the electron and as we will see in following chapters, in the physical behaviors of them (creation/annihilation of pairs and the photons' absorption and emission), that it is natural to think that they can be the elementary particles with which protons and neutrons can be made of. It is natural to think that they will have structures coherent with the new theories. Particularly it is assumed that they are composed by rings and that these rings can rotate to produce currents that produce magnetic fields that can interact with the magnetic field of other particles.

It is proposed that the proton is composed by the same structure as the positron. It is a sequence of a positrin a negatrin and a positrin again with the difference in the γ value. A γ_P value with γ_P << γ_e that determines a mass m_P >> m_e.

 It can be considered that the protons are near other protons and neutrons of the nucleus because of the equilibrium that can be reached between the Paramagnetic Force, generated by equally charged particles, and the Ultimate Force F_U (see Section 3.4Case B). The Paramagnetic Force between elementary rings is a very good candidate for the Strong Nuclear Force that links protons with other protons and with neutrons since it have exponent four in the distance greater than that of the Electric Force (exponent two) and, as we saw in Section 3.4 Case B, its attraction begin to act only at a certain distance when it is greater than the repulsive Electric Force.

A different structure is conceived for the neutron:

It is proposed that the neutron has a structure made with four elementary rings, two positrins and two negatrins in an alternating sequence.

The free neutron (outside the nucleus of an atom) has a natural “decay” into a proton or an anti-proton and so its structure is unstable.

This can be explained if we consider that the rings of the neutron have the same γ value than that of the rings of the proton (γ_P) but their v_t is smaller such that the total mass of the four rings in the neutron is quite the same as that of the proton. This configuration is not in equilibrium.

The r distance between the rings of a neutron inside an atom is different from the λ/2 of  a proton but when isolated it verifies the De Broglie relation for the same λ of the proton. This could be because when isolated the neutron is unstable and in process of decaying in a proton.

Currently the neutron beta decay is thought as:

N → P + e + antineutrino

In the new theory it is thought as:

N + neutrino → P + e

In terms of the structures: pnpn + pn →  pnp + npn

The neutron interacts with a neutrino to produce a proton and an electron, actually not decay. It must be considered that neutrinos exist everywhere and in large amount.

In Section 5.1 it is presented the possible sets of variation of the special value γ and they determine why only the basic particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos and their “anti-particles” can be stable particles.

In nature there is no other basic stable particle outside the nucleus of the atoms than photons and electrons and their anti-particles so, no stable structures with more than three rings are expected. This remains to be demonstrated may be with computational simulations of the behavior of the particles.