4.1   THE PHOTON

It is proposed that a photon is a pair of a positrin and a negatrin traveling together at light speed ç and at a force equilibrium distance λ/2 where λ is determined by the Corrected De Broglie formula.

      The photon has mass m and verifies the Corrected De Broglie formula (See Section 6.2):

r = λ/2

λ = h/mf(v_A) ≈ h/mç

( f(ç) ≈ ç,  f(c) = c)

As we mentioned in Chapter One the velocity of light, that is the velocity of the photons, is named ç in this text and can vary. Particularly the Emission Theory states that:

 ç = c + u

where u is the velocity of the source of the light and c is the constant velocity at which the source emits the photons.

NOTES:

_ The concept of fields propagating at light velocity sustained by Relativity and Electromagnetic Waves theories are not compatible with this model of the photon because in that case the fields of one ring would not affect the other ring.

    They must be considered wrong theories (Chapters One, Two and Seven).

_ Although the particles are traveling at light speed ç the electric and magnetic forces are not affected by the factor s because it is a relative factor that involves only the relative velocity v_R = 0 between one particle and the other (s = 1).

 _ The E and B fields of the particles that are at rest do not affect the traveling photons because the couple of rings travels at velocity ç relative to that particles (s = 0). In the cases of collisions is the Ultimate Force F_U that acts.

It is important to observe here that the photon have mass and so it have:

Kinetic Energy E_k = ½mç²

It is known that a photon has the Planck-Energy: E_TOTAL = hυ. This relation is considered to be valid exactly under the assumption of u=0 only (source at rest).

If we consider now that υ = c/λ and that λ = h/mc, by substitution we have a “Total Energy”:

 
E_TOTAL = mc²

The difference will be accounted next:

The two rings that compose the photon have Electric and Magnetic fields and there is energy stored in the fields. We will call this energy the Electro-Magnetic Potential P_EM of the structure of the photon.

It is proposed that the energy difference in the above relations is due to the Electro-Magnetic Potential P_EM of the photon in equilibrium:

P_EM = ½ m_fc²

where m_f  is the sum of the masses of the rings (that are equal).

The Electro-Magnetic Potential P_EM can be also called the “Mass Energy” (Em) of the photon. This name remembers us that the value depends only in the mass involved.

E_m = ½ m_f c²

We will use the name “Mass Energy” (E_m) when we refer to the “inner” potential energy of the basic particles like photons, electrons, neutrinos, etc.

We will use the name Electro-Magnetic Potential (P_EM) when we are referring to the energy stored in the fields of the equilibrium between those basic particles as we will see later in the text.

But we must remember that they both mean the same Electro-Magnetic Energy stored in the structure.

Then actually exists an energy associated with the mass but we have found a different value than that of the Relativity Theory. We found E = ½mc². E = mc² is valid for the photons considering E = E_TOTAL = E_m+ E_k what means the addition of their “Mass Energy” and Kinetic Energy and providing the source of the photons is at absolute rest. In Chapter Five, sections 5.2 and 5.3, it can be seen how the equation E_TOTAL = mc² applies in practice.

As was mentioned at the beginning, the photon has mass and verifies the Corrected De Broglie formula. Then there’s a correspondence of the mass with the length λ (and so with the frequency υ). This implies that the type of photon is determined by its mass and the mass is related to the γ value. Each photon has its own γ value (of course there is also a dependency with the velocity ç and so, with the velocity of the source of the photon). The quantum variation of the special value γ will be treated in details in Chapter Five.

The photon can be called an “electromagnetic particle”, a particle with a special electromagnetic structure.

NOTE:

One of the most celebrated experiments by Relativity Theory is the experiment that proved the existence of a curvature of the direction of the light when passing very near to the sun. It is proposed here that the curvature happens simply because the photons have mass (hυ = mc²) and so they are attracted by the gravitational field. Calculations for single photons have already been done in the past and showed discrepancy with experimental data but now new calculations for photons traveling in arrangements of trains of photons as proposed in the next Section 4.2 must be done.