4.11    EXPERIMENTALLY DETECTED PARTICLES

Many “strange” particles have been detected experimentally in high energy collisions between protons, neutrons, electrons and atoms.

They are unstable and have a very short lifetime (in the order of microseconds) after which they decay into other particles.

We will see here how those particles are predicted by the new theories.

To explain the existence of those experimental particles we must consider first the important proposition introduced at the beginning of Section 3.4 which governs the behavior in the interactions of particles when they are very close and can also be described as:

When close enough particles have the tendency to establish structures of parallel rings with the same velocity of rotation v_t in magnitude and direction but never changing their direction of rotation.

The mechanism that works is magnetic induction between rings of current.

This way there is a transfer of Mass Energy (and so mass) between rings trying to establish a symmetrical structure with the same rotation in all the rings. The “Mass Energy” is the Electromagnetic Potential Energy stored in the rings as introduced in Section 4.1.

Let we apply the principle in the prediction of some particles.

The collisions with high energy enough provide that the interacting particles get close enough for the principle to apply.

An important feature present is that in general the interactions do not happen directly with the colliding particles but with surrounding neutrinos also participating.

1)      A neutron N interact with a neutrino υ:

In terms of rings: pnpn + pn → pnp + npn

Verifying the conservation of Energy half of the Mass Energy of the Neutron ( and so the mass) is transferred to the neutrino and so a pair of a “half-proton” and a “half-antiproton”, proton-like particles with half the mass of the proton, can be produced:

N + υ → half-P⁺ + half-P^-

These “half-P⁺” and “half-P^-” hypothetical particles well correspond to the known “kaons” particles K⁺ and K^-.

Further if by another collision with some other high energy particle the structure of the half-P particles is broken in their individual rings, now isolated, we obtain new particles with (1/2)/3 = 1/6 the mass of the original proton.

This new particles well correspond to the known “pions” particles П⁺ and П^-.

2)      A neutron N interacts with two neutrinos υ:

In terms of rings: pnpn + pn + pn → pnpn + pnpn

Verifying the conservation of Energy half of the Mass Energy of the Neutron ( and so the mass) is transferred to the neutrinos and two “half-neutrons”, neutron-like particles with half the mass of the neutron, can be produced:

N + υ + υ → half-N + half-N

This “half-N” hypothetical particle well corresponds to the known “kaon” particle K⁰.

Further if by another collision with some other high energy particle the structure of the half-N particles is broken in their individual rings, now isolated, we obtain new particles with (1/2)/4 = 1/8 the mass of the original neutron.

This new particles well correspond to the known “muons” particles μ⁺ and μ^-.

The known “tau” particles, τ⁺ or τ^- can be produced by the combination of a “half-P⁺” with a “half-N” or a “half-P^-” with a “half-N” to produce structures of eight rings with double the mass of a proton or a neutron.

May be other possible interactions can produce results similar to those described above. There can be other ways to produce the same particles.

Other kind of interactions will produce the remaining of the experimentally detected particles. This subject needs further development.

Inexactitudes in the values of the mass of the produced particles are expected since conversions between Kinetic Energy and Mass Energy of the particles can be present and also because the mass of protons and neutrons admit small variations (See Sections 5.3 and 5.4).

The unstable and short life-time characteristic of the produced particles is well explained with this new approach since the γ value of the rings of the original particles remains the same and do not verify the equilibrium conditions described in Section 3.4. The produced particles can interact again with other produced particles “backwards” to produce now stable particles or can interact with other surrounding ones producing other kind of particles like photons and massive neutrinos (Section 5.2 shows how photons can be produced).

The principles of conservation of energy and the linear and angular momentum are verified in the described interactions. The conservation of the currently named “spin” of the particles could be not conserved and it is because that “spin” is not directly related to the angular momentum as shown in Section 4.10.