APPENDIX B

NEW INTERPRETATIONS FOR “RELATIVISTIC" PHENOMENA

A) A new interpretation of Mercury’s orbital precession.

Classical Physics can explain only part of Mercury’s orbital precession considering the effect of all the planets in the entire solar system.

A physical phenomenon that can explain the other component of the precession of Mercury's orbit differently from the relativistic interpretation is presented in this page. Only Classical Physics laws are applied.

The possibility that Sun's mass distribution could be symmetrical but not uniform must be considered as a possible cause of some of the Mercury’s orbital precession. 

The mass distribution of the Sun can have axial or planar symmetry through its axis of rotation, this way, and with some particular angular rotation and phase relative to Mercury's orbit the precession can be produced.

The distribution must be symmetrical since the gravity center of the Sun appears to be at the center of the observable spherical shape of it.

Let consider an extreme case just as an illustrative case of not uniformly distribution. Let suppose the Sun has its mass divided in two halves concentrated in two points diametrically opposed in the apparent sphere:

 Let consider that Sun rotates such that the two concentrations of mass rotate in a plane with some direction that approximates to the plane of Mercury’s orbit.

Let also consider that the period of rotation is about the half of the period of the orbit of the planet (Mercury’s year) and that they are synchronized in a movement as illustrated in the following figures:

In the two halves of the orbit the planet will “see” the two concentrations of mass of the Sun in different manners. At the right half of the orbit the concentrations seems more aligned with the planet and in the left half they appear more transversal to it. These two cases determine two different gravitational forces acting in the two halves orbits.

It can be demonstrated by geometry that in the right half (figure A) the force is greater than the left half (figure B).

It is evident that this difference will introduce an asymmetry in the orbit. The asymmetry can be seen as a continuous displacement of the axis of an elliptical orbit (anti counter clockwise in the figures) at each cycle and that is the precession of the planet’s orbit.

The effect is also present at sub-multiples of the period (multiples of the angular frequency).

Actually the period of the rotation of the Sun must be a little smaller than the half of Mercury's orbit period to present the same asymmetric pattern as the orbit changes its axis' direction.

 The case presented is a very particular one of a hypothetical possibility of non uniform mass distribution of the Sun well suited to explain how the precession can be generated. The real mass distribution of the Sun is not really known with enough precision.

One possibility to be taken into account is that the Sun could actually be composed by a not complete fusion of two smaller stars.

B) Bending of light by Gravitational Fields

In the new theories the photons have mass that can be calculated from:

E = mc² = hν

then:

m = hν/c²

The problem of the bent of rays of the star's rays by the sun have been calculated for photons with the mass derived as above but only the half of the deflection measured experimentally was obtained.

The new theories introduce another phenomenon to be taken into account, is the fact that in general photons travel in arrays of trains of photons. The calculations must be made for trains of linked photons.

This will produce a different result in the calculations. This hasn’t been done yet. They present some complexity that could be solved with computational methods.

 C) About “time dilation”

Two main kinds of phenomena seem to prove the existence of time dilation:

1) Accelerated muons lifetime.

2) Atomic clocks traveling at "high" velocities.

Both phenomena are based on basic particles interactions.

The muons’ elementary particles interactions towards the muons’ “decay” and the natural photons’ emissions of atoms in atomic clocks.

Those processes have now a new interpretation:

In the new theories the structures of all the basic particles and even the atoms and molecules are based on equilibrium states of the internal forces. The equilibrium states are velocity dependent mainly due to the f(v) factor of the Corrected De Broglie relation.

It is predicted that "matter" structure is velocity dependent (no its mass which remains constant as pointed out in Section 3.4).

The processes above are then expected to be velocity dependent and take different times to happen at different velocities.

In the new theories the forces are weaker as velocity increases and so the time for the processes to happen is expected to be larger in accordance with the experiments.