CHAPTER NO. 1

Grammar:

Grammar teaches us how words are written and arranged in sentence.

The Sentence and the phrase: ( )

When we say something or express ( ) our thoughts to others, we use words.

In order to express our thoughts completely, we use words in groups and in some definite order.

  1. This boy weeps.
  2. The brave man.
  3. They have finished their work.
  4. In the ground.

The first and the second groups of words express a complete thought. Therefore these are called sentences. But the third and forth groups of words do not tell full meaning. Therefore these groups of words are not sentence but are phrases.

Kinds of a Sentence:

There are five kinds of a Sentence.

1. Assertive Sentence:

Assertive Sentences are those which give positive statements; as,

  1. The boy is eating an apple. (Affirmative)
  2. He did not write a letter. (Negative)

2. Interrogative Sentences:

Interrogative Sentences are those which ask question; as,

  1. Did you see the moon yesterday?
  2. Do you play hockey?

3. Imperative Sentences:

Imperative Sentences are those which express ( ) command, request, prohibition or advice ; as,

  1. Lend me your watch, please. (Request)
  2. Stop writing. (Command)
  3. Do not make a noise. (Prohibition)
  4. Give up smoking. (Advice)

4. Exclamatory Sentences:

Exclamatory Sentences are those which express strong feeling or emotions ; as ,

  1. What a lovely scene!
  2. Hurrah! We have won the match.

5. Optative Sentences:

Optative Sentences are those which express some wish ; as,

  1. May you succeed.
  2. Would that he were a king.

The Sentence and the clause:

When a sentence express a single thought, it is called a simple sentence; as,

  1. Two and two make four.

  2. He is a brave man.

But when it express more than one thoughts, it is complex or compound according to the thoughts. These are interdependent ( ) or independent. ( )

  1. If you work hard, you will succeed in, because hard working is a key to success.

    2. (Complex Sentence)

  2. Dogs bark, and cocks crow, but lions roar.

(Compound Sentence)

In the first, there are three thoughts, and in the second there are also three thoughts. Each of these thoughts is called a clause. Thus a clause is a simple sentence which forms part of a longer sentence.

Vowels and Consonants:

The alphabet ( ) of all languages consists of letters ( ) which make words. The English alphabet has twenty six letters. Out of these letters five are called VOWELS (a, e, I, o, u.) and the rest are called Consonant.

Words and Syllable:

A sound which has some meaning is called a word, but a syllable is the part of a word that can be sounded ( ) at once. For example "Differ" is a word but "dif-fer" has two syllables. "Increment" is another word but "in-cre-ment" has three syllables.

From above examples it is quite clear that a word may have one or more syllables. But every syllable must have one vowel.

Parts of speech:

The groups or kinds into which words are divided according to their function in sentences are called parts of speech. There are eight parts of speech. These are

  1. The Noun.
  2. The Pronoun.
  3. The Adjective.
  4. The Verb.
  5. The Adverb.
  6. The Preposition.
  7. The Conjunction.
  8. The Interjection.
  1. The Noun:

A Noun is a naming word used for a person, place, thing or an idea; as,

Ahmed, Ali, house, city, table, stone, heat, etc.

Note: - The word "thing"means

  1. All objects ( ) that we can see, hear, smell, touch or taste; as,

    2. water, noise, scent, table, stone.

  2. All things we can think of ; as,

death, truth, love, hate, rage, etc.

2. The Pronoun:

A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a Noun. It is used to avoid repetition of the same word; as.

  1. Ali is my friend. His father is a doctor.

  2. When the lion saw the man, it sprang on him.

In above sentences, His, it, him are used instead of the Nouns-Ali, lion and man therefore they are pronouns.

3. The Adjective:

Some words are used with nouns and they modify or add to the meaning of the noun with which they are used; as,

  1. This house is very old.

  2. Tahir is a brave boy.

The words brave and old are Adjectives.

4. The Verb:

Verb is a word which denotes action, process or an event.

OR

A verb is a word which we used to say or tell something about a person, a thing or a place;as,

  1. Aslam wept bitterly.
  2. Lahore is a beautiful city.
  3. The chair has four legs.

In these sentences wept, has and is tell us something about Aslam, chair and Lahore. Therefore these are verbs.

5. The Adverb:

An Adverb is a word that modifies or adds something to the meaning of any part of speech except Noun or Pronoun; as,

  1. This house is very old.

    2. (Here very adds to the meaning of an Adverb old)

  2. Tahir writes slowly.

    3. (Here slowly adds to the meaning of a verb writes)

  3. The young man walks very quickly.

(Here very adds to the meaning of an Adverb quickly.)

6. The Preposition:

A Preposition is a word used to show the relation of a Noun or a pronoun to something else; as,

  1. The dog is under the table.
  2. The book is on the desk.

7. The Conjunction:

A Conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases or clauses; as,

  1. These tables and chairs are for sale.
  2. He is poor but honest.

 

8. The Interjection:

An Interjection is a word used to express some sudden feeling; as,

    1. Hurrah! I have won the match. (Joy)

EXERCISE.
  1. Good boys obey their parents.

    2. (sentence or phrase)

  2. On the wall. (sentence or phrase)
  3. He bought two books and four chairs.
  4. Ali Raza promised to help my brother in Eng.
  5. A black cow was grazing in the field.
  6. This old man walks very slowly.
  7. Hurrah! I have won the match.
  8. Aslam and Hanif are swimming in the river.
  9. Oh ! you have made a mistake.
  10. This house is very old.

 

 

CHAPTER NO. 2

"THE NOUN."

A Noun names a person, place, thing or an idea.

Kinds of Noun:

  1. Concrete and Abstract Nouns:

    2. A Noun which names a physical object that can be realized by the senses known as Concrete Noun; as,

    Table, book, stone, pen, chair etc.

    Abstract Noun:

    There are certain nouns which do not have a physical object that can be tasted, smelled or touched, they simply stand for a concept or an idea which exists in mind only, such noun is called Abstract Noun; as,

    Beauty, happiness, worry, torture etc.

  2. Singular and Plural Nouns:

    3. The Noun which represents one person, place or thing is known as Singular Noun; as,

    Purse, pen, flower, fish, advice etc

    While the Noun which stands for more than one person, place or thing is known as plural Noun.

    Spoons, stones, papers, feet etc.

  3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns:

The Nouns which can be easily Counted are known as

Countable Nouns; as,

Knife, plate, eggs, pens etc.

All such words which do not tell the number but give the quantity which measured are known a un countable Nouns; as.

Mankind, milk, tea, coffee etc.

Certain uncountable Nouns can be converted into countable Nouns; as,

A piece of bread.

4. Collective Nouns:

There are certain Nouns which are neither singular nor plural but they stand for a group of people, animals or things can be used in singular as well as plural sense. They are called Collective Nouns ; as,

Army, public, crowd, team etc.

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