(SHORT QUESTIONS.)
Q. 1: why is it insular for European historians to term the centuries after the fall of the Roman
Empire ‘The Dark Ages’?
Ans. After the fall of Roman Empire the Muslim conquered a very large part of the world. At the
same time, the Chinese also founded a great empire and civilization. During this period,
science, philosophy, poetry and arts made a great progress in China and the Muslim world.
Europeans call this period "The Dark Ages" but it was dark only in Christian Europe,
because Spain which was Muslim had a brilliant culture.
Q. 2: On what grounds dose the author argue that communism is the most modern and virulent
from the Western imperialism?
Ans. Russell argues that communism is the most modern and virulent form of Western
imperialism because its philosophy is German and its regime is imposed by military force.
It has no regard for poetry, music, arts, love and simple joys of life.
Q. 3: To what cause does the author attribute the power of England in the early Nineteenth
Century and the power of the United States and Russia today?
Ans. According to the author, the power of England in the early Nineteenth Century was and the
Power of the United States and Russia today is due to their monopoly in machine production.
Q. 4: Why does the author consider it useless to resist industrialization?
Ans. The author consider it useless to resist industrialization because the modern civilization is
based upon science and machinery which is a source of power. Those who are not industrially
advanced, find it difficult to preserve their independence.
Q. 5: Dose the author well come cultural uniformity or not? Who does he justify his attitude?
Ans. The author dose not well come cultural uniformity because it would weaken the natural
develop of newly country.
A.6: How is traditional culture threatened in an age dominated by science and machinery?
Ans. Traditional culture consists of poetry, music, art, love and simple joys of life. These things are
forgotten because the science and machinery have mechanized the human life.
Q. 7: What reasons does the author give for his opinion that the nations of Asia will not find it hard
to keep their independence?
Ans. In the opinion of the author the nations of Asia will not find hard to keep their independence
because the world is divided in to tow hostile camps i-e the U. S .A. and Russia. They are
busy with their own tussle for power. They have no time to interfere the Asian nations.
Q. 8: What, in the author’s view, has been the most serious flaw in the character of the West over
over the last few centuries?
Ans. The most serious flaw in the character of the West is that they loved power. They ruled over
the weaker nations.
Q. 9: What parallels may be drawn between the decline of the power of Europe at the end of the
Roman Empire and the decline in the power of Europe since 1914?
Ans. At the time of the end of the Roman Empire wars between German and Roman had
weakened Europe so much that leadership in power had passed to the East.
Q. 10: What, in the author’s opinion, should Asian countries, accept from the West and what should
they reject?
Ans. Asian countries should accept from the West the spirit of scientific research and should
reject their desire for domination and exploitation.
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MANSOOR ALI SHAH.