NT Reference (reference.txt)  12 Oct 98

% Disk Time - indicates the load on a disk drive.  Don't use on RAID devices.

3.51 to 4.0 - boot with 4.0 install disks; install \windows directory; boot to 3.51; run winnt32.exe

account enabled - to re-enable an account that expired, set a future Eod of date in the Account Information window.

Account Operators - can create new user accounts.  Can't assign user rights.

accounts - can't be recreated once they have been deleted.  SIDs can't be re-used once accounts are deleted.

Administrative alerts - double click on computer name in server manager, click alerts, enter username, click add.

alert - if an alert is generated from performance monitor, the alerter service could automatically execute a program,
switch to alert view, log an application event, or send a network message to a user.  Only one user, machine, or
group can be selected for a network group, unless it is an administrative alert.  An alert cannot send a
network message to 2 users on the domain who are in the same group.  There are 2 types of alerts -admin and
performance monitor alerts.  The Alerts option only sends alerts from the operating system to the users that
have been added to the send administrative alerts to box.

AppleMac - uses Appletalk card in server

ARC - advanced risc computing.  Name format is multi(x)disk(y)rdisk(z)partition(a).  disk(0) is non scsi (IDE).
If it is scsi then multi(x) is replaced with scsi(x).  all this is found in the boot.ini.

audit policy - minimizes risk of unauthorized use of network resources.  Can be used for resource planning.

audit writes to files - audits changing file data and changing file attributes

audited groups - server ops, default groups, everyone

Authentication - allow any authentication including clear text in RAS because of non-standard systems.
Implementingany type of authentication or data encryption cold prevent access.

Average Disk Queue Length - used to determine how many system requests are waiting for disk access.  For RAID
devices, if the length is greater than the number of spindles in the RAID device plus 2, a problem exists.

Backup - dividing the backup into 2 concurrent backups will reduce the total backuip time.  To save the local
registry using NT Backup, select the drive containing the registry, check the backup local registry box and
run windows NT Backup.  Only the NT Backup gives you the option to back up the local registry.

Backup Operators - have the right to log on to an NT server locally, shut down the server, back up files and
directories, and restore files and directories.  They cannot manage servers remotely.

Balance - used for 10-64 network connections

BDC - to demote a BDC to a file server, reinstall the NT Server.  To promot a BDC to a PDC, use server manager.

binding - move frequently used protocols to the top of the binding order on client machines

Boost - found on performance tab of system properties.  Maximize for maximum foreground processing.

boot.ini - NT will boot from the ARC pathname specified in the boot.ini field.  The mirror partition is not specified
in a boot.ini file.  To do so, modify the ARC pathname specifications in the Operating Systems section.  If the
boot.ini is missing, you get an error message about the ntoskrnl.exe.  The /SOS switch causes the names of the
drivers being loaded during the 4.0 boot process to be displayed.

boot disk - format a blank disk using NT server, copy ntldr, ntdetect.com, ntbootdd.sys, and boot.ini.  Bootsect.dos
is for multiple-boot computers.

boot failure - When NT fails to boot, try Last Known Good configuration when prompted.

bootsect.dos - controls access to the DOS environment

bridge - segments networks; does not distinguish between protocols

cacls.exe - used to edit access control lists

Client-based Network Administration Tools - can be installed on an NT worksation, Windows 95, or Windows for
Workgroups.  Can allow a user at a workstation on a domain to manage many domain resources.

Client Service for NetWare - for NT workstations that require a direct link to NetWare servers.  You need a
user account on the netware server and the nwlink protocol.

communication - connection-oriented communication assures packet delivery

convert.exe - change FAT to NTFS.

delete - you cannot delete system partitions or any part of a partition set without deleting the entire set.  Error message.

device.log - enabled by editing the registry.  Captures the RAS dialog between the system and the modem.
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\RasMan\Paramaters\Logging\1.  Log found in \winnt\system32\RAS.

DHCP - can assign netbios name resolution type, dns server address, wins server address, and default gateway address.

Directory Replicator Service - export server on an NT Server configured as PDC, BDC, or member server.
They control the timing of directory export notices and are not on workstations.  Used to make sure logon scripts are
the same on all domain controllers.

Disk Administrator - used to partition or create drives

disk duplexing - h/w enhancement to disk mirroring in which each physical disk in the mirror has its own controller.
Used for fault tolerance.  You need 2 physical disk drives, each attached to a separate disk controller.  So you
need 2 disk controllers and 2 hard disks.

disk mirroring (RAID level 1) - used for fault tolerance.  Supports only 2 hard drives.  Can include the system
partition or the boot partition.

disk striping - uses areas of free space that are the same size on each disk.

disk striping with parity (RAID Level 5) - requires at least 3 physical disks.  Protects the system against data loss if a
single disk fails.  1/3 of total drive capacity is used for storing parity information on 3 disks.  1/4 on 4 disks.  It
cannot include the system or boot partition.  Created from the fault tolerance menu in disk Administrator.  To 
regenerate the data for a failed disk, use the regenerate command on the fault tolerance menu in Admin tools.

disk striping without parity  (RAID Level 0) - provides no fault tolerance.  Can be implemented on FAT or NTFS.  Needs 2 hard disks.  Has better performance since no parity info has to be calculated.  If the partitions are not the same size,
then Disk Administrator will make them about the same size.

diskperf.exe - allows physical disk counters to be activated for use with performance monitor.

display - if you have problems with the display, it is easier to use the VGA option from the boot loader startup
screen and configure the display properties in control panel than to reinstall NT.

DLC (Data Link Control) protocol - used to connect HP LaserJet on the network

Domain Settings - found in network option in control panel.  Users can connect to only 1 domain at a time.

DOS - if selected from operating system menu and fails to run, check bootsect.dos

drives - not created until you choose commit.

duplexing - requires 2 hdds and 2 scsi cards

ERD - used to recover system and boot files.  Not bootable, so you need the installation disks.  Created with rdisk.

Everyone Group - user accounts cannot be removed from the everyone group.

export files - only servers can be configured to export files during replication.  Exported files are located in
\winnt\system32\repl\export on the PDC or BDC.  Import and export folders are at \winnt\system32\repl

FAT - required for Windows 95 and MS-DOS.  Supports long filenames.  FAT32 is not supported under NT.
FAT can't be audited.

FAT partition - you can't assign local permissions for a file or folder.  But it can support long filenames.

fault tolerance - provided by mirror sets and stripe sets with parity.

FILES AND OBJECT ACCESS - select to audit directories, files, and printers

gateway - works at the application model of the OSI; used as a protocol translater

gateway activiation - enable an NT gateway to a netware resource and map an NT server drive letter to the
shared netwar resource.  Enable and activate.

Gateway Service for NetWare (GSNW) - used to allow NT servers to map a drive to a NetWare server.  It provides
access to netware servers for the computers of microsoft network clients that are not running netware client s/w.
Create a group caled NTGATEWAY on the netware server.  You don't need netware client software installed.

Global Groups - created only on PDCs of the domain.  Cannot contain local groups.  Can be assigned to local groups.
Global groups can only contain user accounts from the domain in which they reside.  You cannot create
Global groups on an NT workstation.  Local groups can contain global groups.

GSNW - translates SMB received by the gateway into a NCP packet over IPX and back again.

Hardware profile - stores h/w configuration information.  Found in Control Panel | System | Hardware profiles.
Mandatory user profiles are roaming user profiles that can't be changed or affected by the user.

hidden share - add a dollar sign ($) to the share name.

HKLM - stores configuration setting for all device drivers, services, and s/w config settings.

host - host and lmhost are located in winnt\system32\drivers\etc

IBM mainframe protocol - DLC

IEEE 802.0 - 100baseT fast ethernet standard.  Specifies Cat 5 UTP cable.

IEEE 802.3 - 10BaseT specifies UTP cable.

install NT 4.0 from Windows 95 - boot under Windows 95, change to the CD-ROM, use xcopy to copy the \i386
folder to the hard drive, run winnt.exe.  copy the installation files to a server and runer server-based setup.

IPX - Many problems in IPX networks (NWLink IPX) are caused by incorrect frame types.  IPX is not tied
to any particular fame type.

Last Known Good configuration - best way to recover from problems caused by recently added drivers or
modified value entries in the registry.

Lease Acknowledgment - After 50% of the lease time has expired, a client machine will attempt to renew its
current lease from the DHCP server that issued it.  The client machine will broadcast to any DHCP after 87.5%.

LMHOSTS - file used to map IP addresses to NetBIOS names.

Local Groups - Can be created on any NT workstation or server within the domain.  They can contain global groups.

log on locally to PDC - admin, server operators, account operators, backup operators, print operators

logon scripts - on PDCs or BDCs only.  Others cannot authenticate.

MAC address - unique number programmed onto each network adapter card

Manual Frame Type Detection - Used if frame types are not 802.2.  Frame types belonging to each client
must be added to the frame type configuration list.

map - to map a physical port to the network printer, type "net use LPT x: \\server\print_share"  This is used
to print a report from an MS-DOS

master browser - determined by the role of the system participating in the election.  Order is PDC, BDC, NT Server,
NT workstation, Windows 95.

Maximize Throuhput for File Sharing - used to optimize large file sharing such as an Access database.

Maximize Throuput for Network Applications - used for running distributed apps such as SQL server

Minimize Memory - used for 1-10 network connections

mirror set - only mirror sets can include the system or boot partition.  To restore a mirror set, replace the failed disk
with an identical disk, break the original mirror set from the fault tolerance menu and create a new mirror set.  A
mirror set cannot accomodate 5 disks.

modem - if modem not supported, add string in modem.inf file.  If modem is failing, look in device.log.

mouse change - use NT setup when changing mouse and drivers

MOVE - files that are moved retain their permissions within the new location.

MS-CHAP - Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.  Also called RSA MD4.  Provides the
most security for RAS connections.  Uses RC4 and supports DES.

NetBEUI - not a routable protocol

NetWare - needs NWLink and IPX protocol and file and print services for NetWare.  802.2 frame types are the default frame type.

NetWare to NT 4.0 - use gateway service for netware and nwlink protocol.  Use Migration Tool.

network APIs - windows sockets and NetBIOS.  Supports connections between NTs and 4.0 and netware.

Network Client Administrator - creates network installation startup disk on NT server.  Assists the automation
of 4.0 workstation installation across your network.  Use the create network installation startup disk option.

network home directory - select connect option on the user environment profile in user manager for domains,
select a shared drive letter, enter the full UNC pathname of the user's new home directory.

Network Monitor Agent - to use network performance counters in performance monitor, the NMA must be
installed on your server.  This configures your network adapter to run in promiscuous mode.

Network Startup Installation Disk - specify a shared directory; select "make network installation startup disk"
from the network client administrator dialog box.

NIC card - need I/O address, IRQ, memory address

No Access - if a user has no access for an ntfs directory, he will be denied access to that directory even
if he was added to the Administrators group.  No Access takes precedence over any other permission.

NTFS partition - if you move a file between ntfs partitions, it will copy the file first, then delete the original file.
The file will inherit the attributes of the new target folder within the target partition.

NTFS to FAT - use the Format command in Disk Administrator.  The data will be lost in that partition.  Long file name prserved
but rights lost.

NTGATEWAY - each user account that needs access to the netware server must be included in the ntgateway group
that resides on the netware server.  Rights and permissions must be assigned on the netware server.  Installed on a Novell server.

null modem - rs-232 cable.  Used to attach a workstation to 2 networks that are not physically connected.  Used
to test a RAS server locally.  Allows a workstation without a network adapter card to access a domain.  No routing.

NWLink protocol - allows netware to access client-server applications running on it.  This protocol must be
installed on an NT workstation so that you can use the client services for netware.  Uses winsocket apps.

OS/2 - only 16-bit OS/2 1.x runs under NT

OSI layer - ALL PEOPLE SHOULD TRY NEW DIET PEPSI (APSTNDP)

pagefile extended - NT starts slower and more fragment

paging, excessive - monitor avg disk sec/transfer and pages/sec.  Paging problem exists if over 10%.  To improve
performance, add more physical memory, distribute the paging files across a number of disks, move the paging
file off the dis that contains the NT system files.  Decreasing the paging file does not improve performance.  More RAM.

paging file - if it grows past its initial size, causes fragmentation and apps take longer to start.  Configure by selecting
Change on the Performance tab in the System Properties dialog box.  Paging file should not be place across a
stripe set with parity.  Paging file size is equal to the amount of RAM plus 12 MB.

paging, maximum - monitor usage peak and % usage to determine if approaching maximum size.

partition - not created until you choose Commit Changes Now.  The partition numbering scheme will number all
primary partitions first, starting with the number 1.  

Performance Monitor - has alert, chart, log, and report.  Use report to produce a ledger of performance stats.  
Increasing the time interval settings for each computer would decrease the amount of processor time and memory
used by Performance Monitor.  Chart view displays relationships and trends in real time or from a log.  The
LogicalDisk object monitors the drives associated with logical drive letters.  By default, disk counters are disabled.

port - to redirect print jobs is to add a port to the failed printer.  The new port should point to the UNC path of
another working printer.  Remove the original port.

Power Users - Not on PDCs.  On workstations and member servers.

PPP - good for connecting to UNIX hosts or Internet providers.  Has error checking and recovery.
Supports named pipes, RPC, TCP/IP, and IPX (Winsock APIs).  Provides correction and supports compression.

PPTP - uses the internet as a connection while still providing security.

print spooler - delayed print jobs are stored in the print spooler.

printer driver - best way to update a printer driver is to update the driver on the print server.  Printer drivers
are needed for each version of the operating system.  A wrong printer driver may cause documents to print illegibly.
MS-DOS-based applications provide their own printer drivers.

printer pool - all print devices must be connected to the same print server.  Printers in a printer pool always
share the same printer name and printer driver.  You only need to specify the port for the new printer
when adding a printer to a pool.

printer priority - set using the scheduling tab in printer properties.  Highest is 99.

printer stalled - select services in control panel on the print server, stop the spooler service, then restart it.
When a print device in a printer pool stops working in the middle of a job, the job is held at that printer
until the device is fixed.

processor monitoring - monitor % processor time and system object processor queue length.  When % processor
time counter is high and the queue length counter is greater than 2, it's time for a faster processor.

profile - if mandatory profiles on PDC is down, uses locally cached profile or default profile on workstation.

promiscuous mode - allows your network adapter to real all frames passed over the network and redirect these
frames to the operating system.  Use to check to see if a bridge or router is flooded or if you are establishing
a baseline of bradcast frames received per second.

protocols - protocols used most frequently should be bound first to speed up connections.  The
binding order needs only to be changed on the workstations.

RAM - increasing the amount of RAM in the server can lower the reading of the pages/sec counter in performance
monitor.  It would decrease the paging file usage.

RAS - uses the tcp/ip, netbeui or NWLink protocols.  To optimized static name resolution for a RAS server and its
clients, the hosts file and the lmhosts file should both be placed on the local drive of each ras client.  Make sure
to configure PPP setting for tcp/ip on the RAS server.  RAS on workstation only supports one dial-in user.
Server can support several users.  RAS doesn't support SLIP server.

RAS AutoDial - maps network addresses to RAS phonebook entries, automatically enabled when you
start your computer, requires at least one tapi dialing location.  Uses tcp/ip or netbeui protocol.

RAS MD5-CHAP or RAS MD4 - used for dial-out only.  Built on a 32-bit architecture.  Designed for speed.

RAS protocols - ipx, netbeui, tcp/ip

RAS server authentication - accept MS encrypted, accept only encrypted, accept any authentication.

Remote Access Permission - has Set by Caller option.  Has name, password, callback number.  Default is No Callback.
MD5 encryption is not supported by the RAS server.

repeaters - used to extend the network; passes everything that goes through them;  cant resolve broadcast storms

replication - go to HKLM\system\currentcontrolset\services\replicator\paramaters - pulse and interval

replicator governor - reduces the frequency and buffer size between BDC and PDC

Require Encrypted Authentication - allows connection using any authentication except PAP.

restore - to restore registry information, boot from the installation disks and insert the ERD when prompted.
The ERD is not bootable and created with rdisk.

RIP for NWLink - maintains dynamic routing tables within an environment using Novell's IPX/SPX protocol.

router - works at the network layer of the OSI; connects and forwards data using efficient path to the data destination

SCSI adaapter - install the drivers and restart the computer

separator page - used to identify printed documents.  A separator file can also be used to switch print devices (pcl.sep).

Server Manager - used to manage all servers and workstations; views the role of all computers in a domain.
Used to promote a BDC to a PDC.  Server Manager allows a user to create new shares on remote computers.

Server Operators - Can't create new user accounts.

setup - if it failed to identify some mass storage devices (2nd SCSI), press S or specify 2nd SCSI in Control Panel, SCSI.

setup disks - recreate them by running winnt.exe from the installation cd-rom (winnt /ox)

shared directory - must log off and log back on to take advantage of new memberships.  Shares edited by Admin, power users,
and server ops.

shortcuts - located in \winnt\profiles\user name or all users\desktop

SLIP - requires less system overhead than PPP.  No error checking, flow control or security.

SNMP - allows performance monitor to use tcp/ip related counters.  SNMP is the standard network mgt tool for tcp/ip.

spool folder - to change the location edit HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Printers.
For 3.51 the default spooler location is \winnt35\system32\spool\

sys.com from DOS on an NT hard disk 

SYSCON - used to share the file and printer on Netware server.  CSNW installed as a service.

sysdiff - used to automate the installation of s/w.  Use sysdiff /snap and sysdiff/diff and sysdiff/apply.

system log - contains events related to drivers or services which fail to start or encounter a fatal error.  Examined
using event viewer.  Severe system errors are also written in the memory.dmp file.

system policy - stored on the PDC in its \netlogon directory.

TCP/IP - when installing, you need IP address and subnet mask parameters.  Gateway only for multiple subnets.
It is a standard, routable protocol.   tcp/ip is the default communications protocol on 4.0 servers.

templates - special user accounts that are used to set up new user accounts.  Select in User Manager for
Domains, select Copy under the User menu, enter a user name, and click the Add button.

trusting domain - can provide printer access to a trusted domain.  Provides user account information to a trusting domain.
Can provide file access to a trusted domain.

unattend.txt - also referred to as an answer file.  Has a UDF (uniqueness database file). 

upgrade - to upgrade windows 95 to NT 4.0, install NT in a seperate direcotry and reinstall all apps

UPS - If the UPS interface voltage for the power failure signal is not set correctly, then the power failure
signal sent from the UPS would not be recognized by the UPS service.

User Manager for Domains - create, maintain, delete user accounts.  Best to rename an existing account.
Only on a server.  User Manager for Domains is required to create domain accounts or otherwise
administer a domain-wide database.

user name - as a variable it is %USERNAME%

user profile - sue the Copy Profile to box, copy the workstation profile to a shared network path, enter the
UNC network path in the User Profile Path box.  User Profile is in the System option.

user rights - user rights for a specific machine are et at that machine.

video driver - if changed and won't reboot, select VGA mode and change driver

Virtual memory - set in the system icon in control panel.  Click on performance tab and then the virtual memory button.

Volume Set - collection of free space from physical disks combined in a single logical drive.  Disk access functions
are performed by 1 drive at a time.  To extend the volume set, convert the drive to NTFS and then extend
using Disk Administrator.  Use volume set to use all available free disk space.  A volume set can combine 2
different size partitons on a single hard drive into 1 large partition.  Mirror and Stripe require identical free space.

win32 apps - only work on the platform they were compiled for.  If compiled to work on an Intel machine then
it will only work on an intel machine.  32-bit apps execute within their own protected virtual 2-gigabyte address
space so as not to corrupt other win32 based applications.

Windows Explorer - used to control file permissions.  Part of Windows NT Server Tools for Windows 95.
Can be used to manage the security settings of a printer attached to an NT server.

Windows NT Server 3.51 to 4.0 - run winnt32.exe from the CD-ROM with the /b switch.  The b switch will
not create the 2 installation disks to reduce the downtime.  The default directory for 3.51 is \winnt35.

Windows Sockets - only accessible using the tcp/ip protocol.

winlogon - enter name and password, query SAM, access token granted, new process started with token attached.

WINS server - provides computer name to IP addres resolution that reduces the number of broadcast messages.

winnt.exe - used to install NT server onto an ms-dos machine over the network

winnt32.exe - used to upgrade the operating system on machines already running windows NT.

workstation - to be recognized by a PDC, the workstation name must be added by using the Server Manager on
the PDC, each user's account must be added on the PDC, domain name must be entered in the Domain Settings box
from the network icon.  Workstation on 3.51 only support 20 maximum connections.