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ڡšʮڡ




1998.12.28sd9812c
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 Ļƽģ                             

֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
й½һԵʼݵ־ּڴƵ
ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
Ըṩţַǣģ
磮ǽÿڵ־Щַ־ʲô
ͽ飬ҲַͬʱϣͶƼģ
磮־ĵַܱ仯֡

  ֡лзҵƺʹ

עΪ˽Լǲıʽñ༭кĶ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡



 Ļƽ 

                                                          


    ʮй˼һ켣ǴӰʮĩʼ
˼˱塣ֱĻ
̬Ϊ֮ͺͷƽȣǰνġ
ɡһе Ȩ˾еġȨ
ʵϣ֪ʶӶĸ̸Ҫ̸ϰɼ֪ʶ
˵ɣ༴Ǹ˵ɡǿ˵ɡ˵ɣͬʱտڲ̸
Ȩ۵ĳе˵ȨΪҪرǿЩ
Լ˵ȨߵȨߵȨ˵Ȩ͹Ȩ
֪ʶߵȨ˵һогɹϵ֥Ӹ羭ѧ
ɽأFrank Knight侭 
ѧ ĪڰɺɾΪһ̸No error is 
more egregious than that of confounding freedom with free competition
ôǡǡй֪ʶļ༴Ѱ
ԼΪгɣΪɾԶʵɡְ汾
Уݳ޵ģƽȸģǿʳĵһ
ԭ

     ҰּΪ й֪ʶļ°ܻ֢Ϊ
ֻܱй֪ʶ缸ѾɥʧĵкСּͬ
ʱԳΪй֪ʶļ֪Ե֢Ϊй֪ʶû
յѧֵ̽Ļʶʶǰᣬǣһ
֪ʶּ̽޲ķʽ롰ÿһ˺˶ƽ
ɵĵ¸塱һƽȵɡ̽ʲô谭֮̽
ʲôƶȰŽܽӽ֮̽һڡ
й֪ʶ缸ټ෴й֪ʶֵʵǡƽ
ɡ们ǣڷӶ˵ĲƲв
˵ĻʱȴҡͷԵ̸ʲôı
֪ҪҫԼո֪ᵼ¶Լ仹Ǵ
ҲڡڡȻθһأ

    й֪ʶ粻ҪƵһٷĵ˴Ӷ
Լǡ䡱ˣװʲôǻʲôأѵй֪ʶг
岻ͨĹٷӲѵڻбг
ʶ̬Ϊʲôʵһ㣬ԼһΪٷһΪ
ĵͣΪʲôó̷ʡһ£ڵй֪ʶ絽
Լ֪ʶȨ˵ġȨ˵ġȨ 

    áй֪ʶ硱һ˵ȻδʵΪʵԽԽ
˲ָͬ򣬲κθˡ


һ

    ͼԾʮйһЩм֡
Ļʽг壬Ҹ
ƽȣݲֱг⣬ͼ
ĹϵһЩۡ

    ƽȵĹϵ۵⡣ۣ
һһѹһķʽ༴ƽȵɡ롰
ɵƽȡǲɽܵģؼۺʵϾܱ
ʵƽ⡣Уɵرյų⣬
ƽȵܵϿɣ֪ʶرбҪ߶ͻɵ
ҪԡʵҲҸҪŬڡ

    Ժе˼·ľԡΪһ˼·ȥ
ػĳ֡ʱ֢anachronismǲĤݡǰ
ʱӢ弴壬Ӷǡǡŷر
ӢڷԺ塱һؼʷת
̡潫ָģпά֮תо
ǡӢԭΪǰӢ
1688Ϊǰʱ壬ַľʽ
Ѿ԰ʱսпάɴ
ʱζšҪһµοѧΪִġ
ⲻؽᣬҪʹɴ֮
ʱ塣пά˸߶۲ʾȫ
ͬʱӢɡEnglish Radicalsĸĸʹڴ
ӦеͳελʹܹͳΡʹ˶ԣΪԽйн
ֵӢ徭鲻16881870ĸ˹ٸĸ
Gladstonian Reform,1867-1895ΪֻڴԺӢ𽥿ʼ
ΣӢҲӦ䡣

    Ұӹ̬ת̬Ϊпά⡱
Ϊ˼ʷϣпάһ壬
ת⣬ӶʹԳߵ˶شһ
⣺һʲô壿Ƿ
壬壿

    пά⡱ͬʱҲΪпά˼
й֪ʶ˼൱Ժԡ˵й֪ʶҪ
ɶʮйʹַйӰ죬ôпά
ԷζŸֱӵĸʹͼͥ磬Ϊпάһʵ
뷨в֮пάڸֲʱͦ
Ϊ·ʮα绤ʦӶȫŷΪż÷
ЪMalesherbes绤ʧԼ϶ͷ̨ͬпά游
Ҳһпάĸ»ʱڱд̣
ΪڵȴʱŸר̨ŻпάĸѾΪ
񾭾֡пάСļͥΧ˳޴Լ廳
ĹաпάĲͬѰڣڶʮ֮ǰͿʼ
ԽԼͥԼԼײҰͱ
Լͬԭ壬˽żжһǿ
ģʹжĲǸ˶ǼᶨҪǵԭκ
ƻǵԭ˵ֻ1789ԭ򡱡ʹп
άԷļ־Ȼͬڰؿ Edmund BurkeԷȫ
񶨣пά۰ؿʱָؿ˶ԴķȻ
ϲؿȫȴǡһȫ̴ͼ󡱣a false 
picture altogetherΪһƷԡձ麬壬Լ
ԤףӶ㣬ȫڰؿ˵Ұ֮⡱ԭ
ڡؿдھ֮еӢ˲ܰշȫ
֮ձ塱пάԶ߳ؿ֮۶ߵؿ
־šʱĵ

    Ϊй֪ʶĿǰı彫ᵼµϱΣ
ԳʶпάϵġԺ͸ԣΪй֪ʶ
ıһְؿʽй֪ʶԷӢ
ĿҲȻڰؿ˵ҰڣǴֱпάΪд
ھ֮СҰһȸ
Ƭ濴ΪҪǣпάͻǿνԶֻһ
η룬ͬʱᡢĻϰף֪ͥԻ
ʽʽ̬ṹһзձԷ롣ȷе
˵пάǰΪִ˵ĻʽͿģҲ
һֿҰʹرеָĳһ׶λĳһͣ
ǰΪִ˺ִֹս̣Ŀ
ԣѵ˭Ϊڴݻ˷⽨ƶȺʹ˹Ժ󣬾ͻ
׼Ǯǰȴ  

    ҸΪй֪ʶԸͼķʡѾߵ˾
ͷҿʼԼķ档Ϊַʡûʹй֪ʶ
ʶǣûдʹй֪ʶʶִ
ֻ壬óһϵǶǵĽۡ˶
Ϊʮйȫߴ˵·ԭںܲҵûӢ·
Ǵģ˷ģʽʷоһַʷ
ķʽ׷Ϊʲôй˻ߴ·Ϊʲôй˲ҪҪ
߽߼ɰƽȣ׷ɡɡ
ȵȡַʷʷоʵֻܴʹй֪ʶǰʱ
塱ʱʱԴΪƽȣӶ̧
塣

    ΪرбҪܾΪܾӢ
񶨷ܾ԰ؿ˷¬󣬾ܾЩΪ
Ķʮйʷйִ˼ʷ෴ЩӦ
ôпάϵġʱ١һʷҰӡ
ҪģǴмӵ壬ҪͬʱԽ뱣
ء




    ָĿǰΪй֪ʶ൱ϤİֱˣûΪ
ɡ̼־񶨷ûΪԡ
ɡĲӵؿ˵ı壬ǡǡ෴Ѱؿ뷴ߵУ
ǵɡֻش𣺡ҲܲеԼͬ鷨
Ҳ̶ϲܲ𾴵İؿĳ֮ġԭԣ

     ҿȷʵȥƫš
塢̡ѹȡĳӣӶΪɶ
֮󡮷׸˹ഫͳֱԴڷڷʶ
̬ķҰһɴ廮Ϊӵ뷴ԷЩԷ
˶ķӡˣұҪվӣվڷ
һߣЩֲȷʵͬڡ

    սⷬվ԰סνӴΪ
й֪ʶԣ1989˶Լͬма
Լ¼ַͳ¬˼ȣǷǳҪķʡȷ
ʵѲܲʣַʡˮƽΣַʡĽڰй֪ʶ
ַʡ·ǷѾߵһˣ༴һӼַķ
Чȫ񶨷ԼԽйľ޴Ӱ죬
һѰؿ˶ԷеνӢ塱У
صȼƣʿӢͳΡࡰ˷塱ͳͳ
ö֮쾭ġ塱

    һϣֶ԰ؿ˵Ǽֵýй֪ʶ˼ģ
ΪһʵǣԷвͬڰؿʽ
У롰ӡԷȫ̷ͬۡӦһ
ܽĽѵһԺԭΪΡˣ
˵ؿǴӾжġϷԡ
ǡǡȿϴĳ֡Ϸԡһмִ
ʷѧFrancoisGuizot,1787-1874ʷѧʷ״
ʷһӡȥ롰ڡǿʾִԲ
ȥȫ̶ѣǡǡչġϷ̳ˡӶʷѧ
ԡʷĽƳ˱ԡʷȥĶռȨĸ
ڷڼ䱻϶ͷ̨Ĳ»ĸ⣬
ڷԴİؿʽʱһܴǿ
ϷԡĻ˵ʹѴڼ䷢д
жȻҪ˵ǿµϷսterrible but 
legitimate battleȨȨ֮սǷǷר֮
սΩдԼƸҲΩдԼ
ʹ໯񡣡

    ֻ֮ȡվڷһߡмִ
ѧпάܿһ˼תΪֻȡվһߡ
мΪпάıǡ
˵⡣пάɴˡʱ١
һһΰм䡭ƽȵչ
ĳĶһչҪصǣձġͣЪģÿ
ͻΪϰ




    Ķһ㲻пάΪʲôҪԶȥӢ
壬ȴҪȥ֮пάΪʲôҪдΪ
ʲôǡӢʵһⲻ˽пά˼·Ϊ
ؼҶ˽屾ķչǳҪпάԣҰ
תȾΪΪڴԺķŷޣνӢٸ
ģʽʾãǡǡ෴Ӣĸǰʱ
ģֻеطԡֲԵ壬ԡձԣ
ΪⲢǷҪЧӢӢҪϷ·Ω
һֻӢǷֿܱⷨ籩ʽڿ쵱ʱӢ
ĸɴָӢ1832ꡰĸ﷨ıﲻͬӢĸ
֮Ѿŷһ֣ʵǷӢ

    ӦָĿǰ൱еνӢ塱һ
ҲԵΪģӢ֮ش졣
ȣпάʱԣû˻Ӣͬһͣձ
ɴȫͬ෴η򣬲˽һ޷˽пά
ʷ壻ΣӢ1870ĸԺӢǡ
ǡڵ󼫶ˣνͳơӢǡ
ơһ֮£ӰƶȰŵ˼
ʶ̬ķ档νȨǳΪεձƶ
ţʵֻͳµƶȣӢϡƶµİš
̸֮νӢ塱ֻʹһжˡ

    ҪǿǣпάʱӢʵϴַǳ
ͬѡڷԺ󣬷ŷ޵һ˼Χ
˼磬˹ӢģʽͷģʽıȽϣӢ1688ٸ
Ϊؿ˶Էڵʱŷ޶Ե
Ӱ죬ǼȻضӢΪģʽ˼ŷڴԺؽ⡣
ˣпάҲ⣬ôҲ͸ȥġ
ӦȥӢ塣пάǡǡӺ翪ʼͷǳɵʱ
ԱسӢ򣬲ǰдµҪġӢʷ˼еó
ԼĻۡζǣпά۵Ӣ1640
1688νӢٸȴǷԵģΪ
Ϊ1640Ӣƽʤ˹ͣ1688Ƿ⽨Ļس
Ӷʹ1640ΪδɵĸڸĽǰرʾ
ʱڴ1688ʲô洦˵ܽӢʷ󷴾
ӽԼںϿһߣ֣󷨹
¸ɶ֮Ƿ1688ʱпάȴԸ
϶ӢԱ塱뷨

    ȿһǣпάڷʽд
ǰ¾ķ׸Ӣ׿Ժ±ʣԱӡ֤Ļ
ƶȼʹӢҲѲٳִȥοĽȫ֤ʵ
ԤУӢѴСпάӢ
ԥʼȫͶ롶д

    бҪָпάⱾΪֻ
ΪΪпάرǿģⱾҪֻ
һ˼롱a single thoughtǣȫ緶Χڲ
ܵձ١֮пάʱ⣬
ǿ⽫ǡձ־õġuniversal and permanentΩˣ
ŷǿⱾҪ⡰ǽȫأ
ǹغһ壬ǹغȫࡣ֮ر
ȤΪΪʱŷһҪԴݻٹƶΪǰᣬ
ӶԡΪؾ׶ΣΪʷһûСʱ
ĹңˡĶһ޶ԾҪƷƶΪǰ
ӶŷпάΪŷǰ
ϰΪ붯Ҽ֮ĳֱȻϵ
ĿҪǣĶֻתʱڵʱ
ʣΪϵǣԽԽ٣Խ
ܡ




    ֪пάǡߡ෴صʱ
ٵĲɱԼĶظԡԤķȿԱ
绤ֿԱ˵Լһ˫Ŀģϣ
Щӵ˲ҪôãЩ˲Ҫ
ô£ǰһЩȣһЩƣôԸ
ƽȻҪִյ㡣Ĳпά
ۣϣָ֮㣬νĶָơ
aristocracyǷרԶԡʵпά
һǳķϣƵĶԷΪ
Ϊϵġִڡ
ѡҪһִ֡е״ΪϣǰͶ
ƣֻǡ干͹ΪνŴġŵԣ
񡱱һȨı־ʮϵ˿ֻжǹ
ūν󻧡patricians͡ƽ
plebeiansĶпάֻͬһͥڲ֮Ϊȫ
ڹײ㡱ǿŴνġ񡱱ָ壬京
ִν˽Ȼͬ

    ִԵսпάǡǡڣÿһ˶ҪΪ
ƽȵĸԴǹϣϾͲܽܣйŻֻ
ϳϵ޷ʵڡֻܼ衰˰ŷ޾ʽ
岻ӦʱԭҲԡƽȵɡΪ
ֻ˵Ȩÿ˵Ȩʱִĸǡ
ǡֻϡƽȵɡequal freedomɱÿһ˵
ɣÿ˵ƽȨΪһһз

    пά۵شչһ
ʽǰǴΡɡṹһֱ˵˼롢С
̬Ļѧʽһһз涼һ̱仯
ʮпάѧܵг˼ҵƣ
ԭʵҲڣпάָͣԣʹҲ
ֻڱͺҶűԽԽͻνִսŮ
սȵȣʵ϶пάνĻ񻯱֣Ӷ
ҲʹڽӸӻˡпάĹν
ˡdemocratic manִ˵Ļ̬׷󡰸ƽȡ
ǿҡġƶȡ֮ĳִָ
һڣ  ƽȡϽʱ
ȴڡΡ򷴶ͣǰпά
ʱ˰ƽԶڰɵۡпάǿġɡ
ǡǡǡɡβɣ

    ˹Ѿָشʧ֮һڸԴ˹¹
˿ɡεĶӶѡɡҪΪɡ
빫ɴ˺ˡִˡġɡ˽
ɺ͸Ȩıϡ˹ǿŴɡΣվԹ
û˸Ŀռ䣬ͬʱǿִɵΣڣ
һζԼ˽׷棬̫
׵ط˷ȨһǵȨִ֮
Σգġλover politicization͡˽
over privatizationҳǴǰתߣ編
ǡλζ򡰹˽˻Ӷ׵
̨˹ɴͻǿһ˽Ϊϣ
ǶδӶЧԼȨô˽
ûбϵģڶһΰֻ乫ֲʹȨ
ܷչΪ˵ľ񾳽磬˵˼Σܸ
һȺ֪ʴӶ춨ĹٺͲʢˣν˽
βνɡĹϵڹ˹
Ǵ˼˵ĹϵҪǡҪѧɽ

    пά˽˻ήһΣճ
Ϊͻ⡣νʱҪһµοѧҲ
ԣ༴ΪʱȻظķġƽȡͬ
ȻزεֻзǳŬֹܷεʧͺ
Τ˺пάȫһµͻǿˣһ
εûʸε塣Τڡѡ
ڵ¹һĵĽβƪ£

    ζŹһȻҪƽȼṹ޿ɸıʵΨ
һѡǣ߹һֻĿƲơȨҡм
ҲȨҾţԹǽСǹ
ʹǳΪͬͳߡco-rulersķʽϵ֮Сһ
塱ԴֻѡߣΪֻſܺͿڡ
Ρнн𡣳ȻԱһʱ赲ΪȨߵ桢
ƫԼ־֢ȫΪ˺ܿͻḶۣ
ڵȫԣΪǣǲ
Լǹҵһֲ֡ɱκʹĳЩἯŵ棬
ȴȻΥ档






ͶƼģtunnel@earthling.net
ͽģ  voice@earthling.net
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bay/5598/
